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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Theology</h1>
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<a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430), <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> theologian. His writing on <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> remains influential in Western Christendom.</div>
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<a href="/wiki/Albert_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert the Great">Albert the Great</a> (1193/1206–1280), <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> theologians</div>
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<p><b>Theology</b> is the critical study of the nature of <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">the divine</a>. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities, seminaries and schools of divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
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<h2>Contents</h2>
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<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History_of_the_term"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History of the term</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Various_religions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Various religions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Analogous_discourses"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Analogous discourses</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Theology_as_an_academic_discipline"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Theology as an academic discipline</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Theology_and_ministerial_training"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Theology and ministerial training</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Theology_as_an_academic_discipline_in_its_own_right"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Theology as an academic discipline in its own right</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Theology_and_religious_studies"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Theology and religious studies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Criticism_by_philosophers"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism by philosophers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Critics_of_theology_as_an_academic_discipline"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Critics of theology as an academic discipline</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#General_criticism"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">General criticism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definition">Definition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> defined the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> equivalent, <i>theologia</i>, as "reasoning or discussion concerning the Deity";<sup id="cite_ref-Cityof_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cityof-2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a> defined "theology" in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as "the science of things <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The term can, however, be used for a variety of different disciplines or fields of study.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument (<a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> and others) to help <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">explain</a>, test, <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critique</a>, defend or promote any of myriad <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of religious topics">religious topics</a>. Theology might be undertaken to help the theologian:</p>
<ul>
<li>understand more truly their own religious <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li>understand more truly another religious tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li>make <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparisons</a> among religious traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">defend</a> or justify a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> tradition,</li>
<li>facilitate reform of a particular tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li>assist in the <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">propagation</a> of a religious tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> or</li>
<li>draw on the resources of a tradition to address some present situation or need,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li>draw on the resources of a tradition to explore possible ways of interpreting the world,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
<li>explore the nature of divinity without reference to any specific tradition or</li>
<li>challenge (ex. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a>) or oppose (ex. <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a>) a religious tradition or the religious <a href="/wiki/World-view" class="mw-redirect" title="World-view">world-view</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History of the term">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:God" title="Category:God">a series</a> on</td>
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<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></th>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">General conceptions</div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignosticism" title="Ignosticism">Ignosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monolatrism" title="Monolatrism">Monolatrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Specific conceptions</a></div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Greek_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monad (Greek philosophy)">Monad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Being" title="Supreme Being">Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_All" title="The All">The All</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord">The Lord</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ditheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ditheism">Ditheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">In particular religions</div>
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<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none">
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<th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
</ul>
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<th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Attributes</div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li>
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<li>Experiences</li>
<li>Practices</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_theology" title="History of theology">History of theology</a></div>
<p><i>Theology</i> translates into English from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>theologia</i> (θεολογία) which derived from <i>Τheos</i> (Θεός), meaning "God," and <i>-logia</i> (-λογία),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> meaning "utterances, sayings, or <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracles</a>" (a word related to <i>logos</i> [λόγος], meaning "word, <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>, account, or <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a>") which had passed into Latin as <i>theologia</i> and into French as <i>théologie</i>. The English equivalent "theology" (Theologie, Teologye) had evolved by 1362.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The sense the word has in English depends in large part on the sense the Latin and Greek equivalents had acquired in <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristic</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_theology#Medieval_Christian_theology" title="History of theology">medieval</a> Christian usage, though the English term has now spread beyond Christian contexts.</p>
<ul>
<li>Greek <i>theologia</i> (θεολογία) was used with the meaning "discourse on god" in the fourth century BC by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i>, Book ii, Ch. 18.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> divided theoretical philosophy into <i>mathematike</i>, <i>physike</i> and <i>theologike</i>, with the latter corresponding roughly to <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, which, for Aristotle, included discourse on the nature of the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
<li>Drawing on Greek <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> sources, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> distinguished three forms of such discourse: <a href="/wiki/Mythology" title="Mythology">mythical</a> (concerning the myths of the Greek gods), rational (philosophical analysis of the gods and of cosmology) and civil (concerning the rites and duties of public religious observance).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Theologos</i>, closely related to theologia, appears once in some <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">biblical manuscripts</a>, in the heading to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">book of Revelation</a>: <i>apokalypsis ioannoy toy theologoy</i>, "the revelation of John the <i>theologos</i>." There, however, the word refers not to John the "theologian" in the modern English sense of the word but—using a slightly different sense of the root <i>logos</i>, meaning not "rational discourse" but "word" or "message"—one who speaks the words of God, <i>logoi toy theoy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></li>
<li>Some Latin Christian authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, followed Varro's threefold usage,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> though Augustine also used the term more simply to mean 'reasoning or discussion concerning the deity'<sup id="cite_ref-Cityof_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cityof-2">[2]</a></sup></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Patristic</a> Greek Christian sources, <i>theologia</i> could refer narrowly to devout and inspired knowledge of, and teaching about, the essential nature of God.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
<li>The Latin author <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>, writing in the early 6th century, used <i>theologia</i> to denote a subdivision of philosophy as a subject of academic study, dealing with the motionless, incorporeal reality (as opposed to <i>physica</i>, which deals with <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">corporeal</a>, moving realities).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Boethius' definition influenced medieval Latin usage.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> Latin sources, the term came to denote the rational study of the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian religion">Christian religion</a>, or (more precisely) the academic <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> which investigated the coherence and implications of the language and claims of the Bible and of the theological tradition (the latter often as represented in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sentences" title="Sentences">Sentences</a></i>, a book of extracts from the Church Fathers).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li>In the Renaissance, especially with Florentine Platonist apologists of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s poetics, the distinction between "poetic theology" (<i><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Poetica" title="Theologia Poetica">theologia poetica</a></i>) and "revealed" or Biblical theology serves as steppingstone for a revival of philosophy as independent of theological authority.</li>
<li>It is in this last sense, theology as an academic discipline involving rational study of Christian teaching, that the term passed into English in the fourteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> though it could also be used in the narrower sense found in Boethius and the Greek patristic authors, to mean rational study of the essential nature of God – a discourse now sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Theology_Proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology Proper">Theology Proper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li>From the 17th century onwards, it also became possible to use the term 'theology' to refer to study of religious ideas and teachings that are not specifically Christian (e.g., in the phrase '<a href="/wiki/Natural_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Theology">Natural Theology</a>' which denoted theology based on reasoning from natural facts independent of specifically Christian revelation <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>), or that are specific to another religion (see below).</li>
<li>"Theology" can also now be used in a derived sense to mean "a system of theoretical principles; an (impractical or rigid) ideology."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Various_religions">Various religions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Various religions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/200px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" width="200" height="311" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/300px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/400px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="3144" /></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> was the greatest Western theologian of the Middle Ages.</div>
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<p>It is seen by some to be a term only appropriate to the study of all religions that worship a supposed <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> (a <i>theos</i>), i.e. more widely than the Judeo-Christian tradition, and to presuppose belief in the ability to speak and <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> about this deity (in <i>logia</i>). They suggest the term is less appropriate in religious contexts that are organized differently (religions without a single deity, or that deny that such subjects can be studied logically). ("<a href="/wiki/Hierology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierology">Hierology</a>" has been proposed as an alternative, more generic term.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>)</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Analogous_discourses">Analogous discourses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Analogous discourses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Abul_ala_maududi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abul_ala_maududi.jpg/200px-Abul_ala_maududi.jpg" width="200" height="255" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abul_ala_maududi.jpg/300px-Abul_ala_maududi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abul_ala_maududi.jpg/400px-Abul_ala_maududi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4041" /></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a> <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi</a> was the most influential Islamic theologian of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lerman_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerman-28">[28]</a></sup></div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theological</a> discussion that parallels Christian theological discussion is named "<a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a>"; the Islamic analogue of Christian theological discussion would more properly be the investigation and elaboration of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a>. "Kalam ... does not hold the leading place in Muslim thought that theology does in Christianity. To find an equivalent for 'theology' in the Christian sense it is necessary to have recourse to several disciplines, and to the usul al-fiqh as much as to kalam." (L. Gardet)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
<p>Some academic inquiries within <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, dedicated to the rational investigation of a Buddhist understanding of the world, prefer the designation <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> to the term Buddhist theology, since Buddhism lacks the same conception of a <i>theos</i>. Jose Ignacio Cabezon, who argues that the use of "theology" <i>is</i> appropriate, can only do so, he says, because "I take theology not to be restricted to discourse on God ... I take 'theology' not to be restricted to its etymological meaning. In that latter sense, Buddhism is of course <i>a</i>theological, rejecting as it does the notion of God."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
<p>Within <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, there is a solid and ancient tradition of philosophical speculation on the nature of the universe, of God (termed "<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>", <a href="/wiki/Paramatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramatma">Paramatma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> in some schools of Hindu thought) and of the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (soul). The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word for the various schools of Hindu philosophy is <a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a> (meaning "view" or "viewpoint"). <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava theology</a> has been a subject of study for many devotees, philosophers and scholars in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> for centuries, and in recent decades also has been taken on by a number of academic institutions in Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Hindu_Studies" title="Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies">Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_College" title="Bhaktivedanta College">Bhaktivedanta College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> <i>See also: <a href="/wiki/Krishnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnology">Krishnology</a></i></p>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the historical absence of political authority has meant that most theological reflection has happened within the context of the Jewish community and <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, rather than within specialized academic institutions. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish theology">Jewish theology</a> historically has been very active and highly significant for Christian and Islamic theology. It is sometimes claimed, however, that the Jewish analogue of Christian theological discussion would more properly be <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical">Rabbinical</a> discussion of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Jewish Biblical commentaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Theology_as_an_academic_discipline">Theology as an academic discipline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Theology as an academic discipline">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The history of the study of theology in institutions of higher education is as old as the <a href="/wiki/University#History" title="University">history</a> of such institutions themselves. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> was an early centre of Vedic learning, possible from the 6th century BC or earlier;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a> founded in Athens in the 4th century BC seems to have included theological themes in its subject matter;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Taixue" title="Taixue">Taixue</a> delivered Confucian teaching from the 2nd century BC;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Nisibis" title="School of Nisibis">School of Nisibis</a> was a centre of Christian learning from the 4th century AD;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> in India was a site of Buddhist higher learning from at least the 5th or 6th century AD;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> and the Moroccan <a href="/wiki/University_of_Al-Karaouine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Al-Karaouine">University of Al-Karaouine</a> was a centre of Islamic learning from the 10th century,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> as was <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
<p>Modern Western universities evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> institutions and (especially) cathedral schools of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (see, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris University">Paris University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> From the beginning, Christian theological learning was therefore a central component in these institutions, as was the study of Church or <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a>: universities played an important role in training people for ecclesiastical offices, in helping the church pursue the clarification and defence of its teaching, and in supporting the legal rights of the church over against secular rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> At such universities, theological study was initially closely tied to the life of faith and of the church: it fed, and was fed by, practices of <a href="/wiki/Preaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching">preaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> and celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></p>
<p>During the High Middle Ages, theology was therefore the ultimate subject at universities, being named "The Queen of the Sciences" and serving as the capstone to the <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">Trivium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a> that young men were expected to study. This meant that the other subjects (including <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>) existed primarily to help with theological thought.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup></p>
<p>Christian theology’s preeminent place in the university began to be challenged during the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, especially in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Other subjects gained in independence and prestige, and questions were raised about the place in institutions that were increasingly understood to be devoted to independent reason of a discipline that seemed to involve commitment to the authority of particular religious traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
<p>Since the early nineteenth century, various different approaches have emerged in the West to theology as an academic discipline. Much of the debate concerning theology's place in the university or within a general higher education curriculum centres on whether theology's methods are appropriately theoretical and (broadly speaking) scientific or, on the other hand, whether theology requires a pre-commitment of faith by its practitioners, and whether such a commitment conflicts with academic freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theology_and_ministerial_training">Theology and ministerial training</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Theology and ministerial training">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In some contexts, theology has been held to belong in institutions of higher education primarily as a form of professional training for Christian ministry. This was the basis on which <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>, a liberal theologian, argued for the inclusion of theology in the new University of Berlin in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></p>
<p>For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, theological faculties at state universities are typically tied to particular denominations, Protestant or Roman Catholic, and those faculties will offer denominationally bound (konfessionsgebunden) degrees, and have denominationally bound public posts amongst their faculty; as well as contributing ‘to the development and growth of Christian knowledge’ they ‘provide the academic training for the future clergy and teachers of religious instruction at German schools.’<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the United States, several prominent colleges and universities were started in order to train Christian ministers. <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> all had the theological training of clergy as a primary purpose at their foundation.</p>
<p>Seminaries and bible colleges have continued this alliance between the academic study of theology and training for Christian ministry. There are, for instance, numerous prominent US examples, including <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Theological_Union" title="Catholic Theological Union">Catholic Theological Union</a> in Chicago,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Theological_Union" title="Graduate Theological Union">Graduate Theological Union</a> in Berkeley,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Criswell_College" title="Criswell College">Criswell College</a> in Dallas,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="Southern Baptist Theological Seminary">Southern Baptist Theological Seminary</a> in Louisville,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Evangelical_Divinity_School" title="Trinity Evangelical Divinity School">Trinity Evangelical Divinity School</a> in Deerfield, Illinois,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Theological_Seminary" title="Dallas Theological Seminary">Dallas Theological Seminary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> and The <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Theological_Seminary" title="Assemblies of God Theological Seminary">Assemblies of God Theological Seminary</a> in Springfield, Missouri.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theology_as_an_academic_discipline_in_its_own_right">Theology as an academic discipline in its own right</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Theology as an academic discipline in its own right">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In some contexts, scholars pursue theology as an academic discipline without formal affiliation to any particular church (though members of staff may well have affiliations to churches), and without focussing on ministerial training. This applies, for instance, to many university departments in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, including the Faculties of Divinity at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, the Department of Theology and Religion at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a>, and the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Traditional academic prizes, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lumsden_and_Sachs_Fellowship" title="Lumsden and Sachs Fellowship">Lumsden and Sachs Fellowship</a>, tend to acknowledge performance in theology (or <a href="/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)" title="Divinity (academic discipline)">divinity</a> as it is known at Aberdeen) and in religious studies.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theology_and_religious_studies">Theology and religious studies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Theology and religious studies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In some contemporary contexts, a distinction is made between theology, which is seen as involving some level of commitment to the claims of the religious tradition being studied, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a>. By contrast religious studies is normally seen as requiring that the question of the truth or falsehood of the religious traditions studied is kept outside its field. Religious studies involves the study of the historical or contemporary practices or ideas those traditions using intellectual tools and frameworks that are not themselves specifically tied to any religious tradition, and that are normally understood to be neutral or secular.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> In contexts where 'religious studies' in this sense is the focus, the primary forms of study are likely to include:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion">History of religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Theology and religious are sometimes seen as being in tension;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> they are sometimes held to coexist without serious tension;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> and it is sometimes denied that there is as clear a boundary between them as the brief description here suggests.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div>
<p>There is an ancient tradition of <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> about theology, followed by a more modern rise in <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> criticism.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_by_philosophers">Criticism by philosophers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism by philosophers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Whether or not reasoned discussion about the divine is possible has long been a point of contention.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a>, as early as the fifth century BC, who is reputed to have been exiled from Athens because of his agnosticism about the existence of the gods, said that "Concerning the gods I cannot know either that they exist or that they do not exist, or what form they might have, for there is much to prevent one's knowing: the <i>obscurity of the subject</i> and the shortness of man's life."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Lord Bolingbroke</a>, an English politician and political philosopher wrote in his political works his views on theology, "Theology is in fault not religion. Theology is a science that may justly be compared to the <a href="/wiki/Box_of_Pandora" class="mw-redirect" title="Box of Pandora">Box of Pandora</a>. Many good things lie uppermost in it; but many evil lie under them, and scatter plagues and desolation throughout the world."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> the American revolutionary, wrote in his two part work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i>, "The study of theology, as it stands in Christian churches, is the study of nothing; it is founded on nothing; it rests on no principles; it proceeds by no authorities; it has no data; it can demonstrate nothing; and it admits of no conclusion. Not anything can be studied as a science, without our being in possession of the principles upon which it is founded; and as this is the case with Christian theology, it is therefore the study of nothing."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, the atheist philosopher sought to dissolve theology in his work <i>Principles of the Philosophy of the Future</i>: "The task of the modern era was the realization and humanization of God – the transformation and dissolution of theology into anthropology."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> This mirrored his earlier work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Essence_of_Christianity" title="The Essence of Christianity">The Essence of Christianity</a></i> (pub. 1841), for which he was banned from teaching in Germany, in which he had said that theology was a "web of contradictions and delusions".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/A.J._Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Ayer">A.J. Ayer</a> the former logical-positivist, sought to show in his essay "Critique of Ethics and Theology" that all statements about the divine are nonsensical and any divine-attribute is unprovable. He wrote: "It is now generally admitted, at any rate by philosophers, that the existence of a being having the attributes which define the god of any non-animistic religion cannot be demonstratively proved... [A]ll utterances about the nature of God are nonsensical."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> the philosopher, in his essay "Against Theology", sought to differentiate theology from religion in general. "Theology, of course, is not religion; and a great deal of religion is emphatically anti-theological... An attack on theology, therefore, should not be taken as necessarily involving an attack on religion. Religion can be, and often has been, untheological or even anti-theological." However, Kaufmann found that "Christianity is inescapably a theological religion".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Critics_of_theology_as_an_academic_discipline">Critics of theology as an academic discipline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Critics of theology as an academic discipline">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Critics dating back to the 18th century have questioned the suitability of theology as an <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a> and in the 21st century criticism continues.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General_criticism">General criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: General criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Charles Bradlaugh</a> believed theology prevented human beings achieving liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> Bradlaugh noted theologians of his time stated that modern scientific research contradicted sacred scriptures therefore the scriptures must be wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Robert G. Ingersoll</a> stated that when theologians had power the majority of people lived in hovels while a privileged few had palaces and cathedrals. In Ingersoll's opinion science rather than theology improved people's lives. Ingersoll maintained further that trained theologians reason no better than a person who assumes the devil must exist because pictures resemble the devil so exactly.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> stated that several mutually incompatible religions claimed to be the true religion and that people cut the throats of others for following a different theology.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_theology" title="Outline of theology">Outline of theology</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?o2=&amp;o0=1&amp;o7=&amp;o5=&amp;o1=1&amp;o6=&amp;o4=&amp;o3=&amp;s=theology&amp;h=000&amp;j=0#c">"theology"</a>. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology&amp;rft.btitle=theology&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fo2%3D%26o0%3D1%26o7%3D%26o5%3D%26o1%3D1%26o6%3D%26o4%3D%26o3%3D%26s%3Dtheology%26h%3D000%26j%3D0%23c&amp;rft.pub=Wordnetweb.princeton.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Cityof-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cityof_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cityof_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://logicmuseum.googlepages.com/civitate-8.htm">Book VIII. i.</a> "de divinitate rationem sive sermonem" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404123631/http://logicmuseum.googlepages.com/civitate-8.htm">Archived</a> 4 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/hooker/3/368-377.pdf">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>'Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity'', 3.8.11"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology&amp;rft.btitle=%27%26%2339%3BOf+the+Laws+of+Ecclesiastical+Polity%27%26%2339%3B%2C+3.8.11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fhooker%2F3%2F368-377.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">McGrath, Alister</a>. 1998. Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 1–8.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Daniel_L._Migliore" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel L. Migliore">Daniel L. Migliore</a>, <i>Faith Seeking Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Theology</i> 2nd ed.(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Michael S. Kogan, 'Toward a Jewish Theology of Christianity' in <i>The Journal of Ecumenical Studies</i> 32.1 (Winter 1995), 89–106; available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.icjs.org/scholars/kogan.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615100029/http://www.icjs.org/scholars/kogan.html">Archived</a> 15 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., David Burrell, <i>Freedom and Creation in Three Traditions</i> (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., John Shelby Spong, <i>Why Christianity Must Change or Die</i> (New York: Harper Collins, 2001)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Duncan Dormor et al (eds), <i>Anglicanism, the Answer to Modernity</i> (London: Continuum, 2003)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Timothy Gorringe, <i>Crime</i>, Changing Society and the Churches Series (London:SPCK, 2004)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g., Anne Hunt Overzee's gloss upon the view of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a> (1913–2005) as to the role and work of 'theologian': "Paul Ricœur speaks of the theologian as a hermeneut, whose task is to interpret the multivalent, rich metaphors arising from the symbolic bases of tradition so that the symbols may 'speak' once again to our existential situation." Anne Hunt Overzee <i>The body divine: the symbol of the body in the works of Teilhard de Chardin and R?m?nuja</i>, Cambridge studies in religious traditions 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521385164" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-38516-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521385169" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-38516-9</a>, p.4; Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EiYEktsURVAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_v2_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">[2]</a> (accessed: Monday 5 April 2010)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The accusative plural of the neuter noun λόγιον; cf. Walter Bauer, William F. Arndt, F. Wilbur Gingrich, Frederick W. Danker, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament,</i> 2nd ed., (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 476. For examples of λόγια in the New Testament, cf. Acts 7:38; Romans 3:2; 1 Peter 4:11.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langland, <a href="/wiki/Piers_Plowman" title="Piers Plowman">Piers Plowman</a> A ix 136</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%2348216;layout=;loc=qeolo%2Fgia1">Liddell and Scott's <i>Greek-English Lexicon'</i></a>'.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/mirror/classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/metaphysics.6.vi.html">Aristotle, <i>Metaphysics</i>, Book Epsilon.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216173401/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/mirror/classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/metaphysics.6.vi.html">Archived</a> 16 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As cited by Augustine, <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120106.htm">Book 6</a>, ch.5.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This title appears quite late in the manuscript tradition for the Book of Revelation: the two earliest citations provided in <a href="/wiki/David_Aune" title="David Aune">David Aune</a>'s <i>Word Biblical Commentary 52: Revelation 1–5</i> (Dallas: Word Books, 1997) are both 11th century – Gregory 325/Hoskier 9 and Gregory 1006/Hoskier 215; the title was however in circulation by the 6th century – see Allen Brent ‘John as theologos: the imperial mysteries and the Apocalypse’, <i>Journal for the Study of the New Testament</i> 75 (1999), 87–102.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Augustine, <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120106.htm">Book 6</a>, ch.5. and Tertullian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.iv.viii.ii.i.html"><i>Ad Nationes</i>, Book 2</a>, ch.1.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> uses the word in this sense in his fourth-century <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-42.htm#P4178_1277213"><i>Theological Orations</i></a>; after his death, he was called "the Theologian" at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> and thereafter in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>—either because his <i>Orations</i>were seen as crucial examples of this kind of theology, or in the sense that he was (like the author of the Book of Revelation) seen as one who was an inspired preacher of the words of God. (It is unlikely to mean, as claimed in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-41.htm#P4162_1255901"><i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i></a> introduction to his <i>Theological Orations</i>, that he was a defender of the divinity of Christ the Word.) See John McGukin, <i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Saint Gregory of Nazianzus</a>: An Intellectual Biography</i> (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2001), p.278.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pvspade.com/Logic/docs/BoethiusDeTrin.pdf">"Boethius, On the Holy Trinity"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology&amp;rft.btitle=Boethius%2C+On+the+Holy+Trinity&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpvspade.com%2FLogic%2Fdocs%2FBoethiusDeTrin.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.R. Evans, <i>Old Arts and New Theology: The Beginnings of Theology as an Academic Discipline</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), 31–32.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the title of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://individual.utoronto.ca/pking/resources/abelard/Theologia_christiana.txt"><i>Theologia Christiana</i></a>, and, perhaps most famously, of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the 'note' in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> entry for 'theology'.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Charles Hodge, <i>Systematic Theology</i>, vol. 1, part 1 (1871).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, sense 1</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 1989 edition, 'Theology' sense 1(d), and 'Theological' sense A.3; the earliest reference given is from the 1959 <i>Times Literary Supplement</i> 5 June 329/4: "The 'theological' approach to Soviet Marxism ... proves in the long run unsatisfactory."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., by Count E. Goblet d'Alviella in 1908; see Alan H. Jones, <i>Independence and Exegesis: The Study of Early Christianity in the Work of Alfred Loisy (1857–1940), Charles Guignebert (1857 [i.e. 1867]–1939), and Maurice Goguel (1880–1955)</i> (Mohr Siebeck, 1983), p.194.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Lerman-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lerman_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lerman, Eran (October 1981). "Maududi's Concept of Islam". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> (JSTOR) <b>17</b> (4): 492–509. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208108700487">10.1080/00263208108700487</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4282856">4282856</a>. <q>it is hard to exaggerate the importance of its [Pakistan's] current drift toward's Maududi's version of Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology&amp;rft.atitle=Maududi%27s+Concept+of+Islam&amp;rft.aufirst=Eran&amp;rft.aulast=Lerman&amp;rft.date=1981-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282856&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263208108700487&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&amp;rft.pages=492-509&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=17" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Gardet, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ei2/kalam.htm">Ilm al-kalam</a>' in <i>The Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, ed. P.J. Bearman et al (Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Koninklijke Brill NV, 1999</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jose Ignacio Cabezon, 'Buddhist Theology in the Academy' in Roger Jackson and John J. Makransky's <i>Buddhist Theology: Critical Reflections by Contemporary Buddhist Scholars</i> (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 25–52.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Anna S. King, 'For Love of Krishna: Forty Years of Chanting' in Graham Dwyer and Richard J. Cole, <i>The Hare Krishna Movement: Forty Years of Chant and Change</i> (London/New York: I.B. Tauris, 2006), pp. 134–167: p. 163, which describes developments in both institutions, and speaks of Hare Krishna devotees 'studying Vaishnava theology and practice in mainstream universities.'</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randi Rashkover, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2096/is_4_49/ai_58621576">'A Call for Jewish Theology'</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link since January 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, <i>Crosscurrents</i>, Winter 1999, starts by saying, "Frequently the claim is made that, unlike Christianity, Judaism is a tradition of deeds and maintains no strict theological tradition. Judaism's fundamental beliefs are inextricable from their halakhic observance (that set of laws revealed to Jews by God), embedded and presupposed by that way of life as it is lived and learned."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Reagan, <i>Non-Western Educational Traditions: Alternative Approaches to Educational Thought and Practice</i>, 3rd edition (Lawrence Erlbaum: 2004), p.185 and Sunna Chitnis, 'Higher Education' in Veena Das (ed), <i>The Oxford India Companion to Sociology and Social Anthropology</i> (New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2003), pp. 1032–1056: p.1036 suggest an early date; a more cautious appraisal is given in Hartmut Scharfe, <i>Education in Ancient India</i> (Leiden: Brill, 2002), pp. 140–142.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dillon, <i>The Heirs of Plato: A Study in the Old Academy, 347–274BC (Oxford: OUP, 2003)</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xinzhong Yao, <i>An Introduction to Confucianism</i> (Cambridge: CUP, 2000), p.50.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam H. Becker, <i>The Fear of God and the Beginning of Wisdom: The School of Nisibis and the Development of Scholastic Culture in Late Antique Mesopotamia</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nestorian.org/the_school_of_nisibis.html">The School of Nisibis</a> at Nestorian.org</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Scharfe, <i>Education in Ancient India</i> (Leiden: Brill, 2002), p.149.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Al-Qarawiyyin mosque was founded in 859 AD, but 'While instruction at the mosque must have begun almost from the beginning, it is only ... by the end of the tenth-century that its reputation as a center of learning in both religious and secular sciences ... must have begun to wax.' Y. G-M. Lulat, <i>A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis</i> (Greenwood, 2005), p.71</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Beattie, <i>Cairo: A Cultural History</i> (New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2005), p.101.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Rüegg, <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_University_in_Europe" title="A History of the University in Europe">A History of the University in Europe</a></i>, vol.1, ed. H. de Ridder-Symoens, <i>Universities in the Middle Ages</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Rüegg, “Themes? in Walter Rüegg, <i>A History of the University in Europe</i>, vol.1, ed. H. de Ridder-Symoens, <i>Universities in the Middle Ages</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 3–34: pp. 15–16.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Gavin_D%27Costa" title="Gavin D'Costa">Gavin D'Costa</a>, <i>Theology in the Public Square: Church, Academy and Nation</i> (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), ch.1.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Albert_(Tal)_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Albert (Tal) Howard">Thomas Albert Howard</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/protestant-theology-and-the-making-of-the-modern-german-university-9780199266852?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;">Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University</a></i> (Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2006), p.56: '[P]hilosophy, the <i>scientia scientarum</i> in one sense, was, in another, portrayed as the humble "handmaid of theology".'</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Albert_(Tal)_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Albert (Tal) Howard">Thomas Albert Howard</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/protestant-theology-and-the-making-of-the-modern-german-university-9780199266852?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;">Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University</a></i> (Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2006):</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Albert_(Tal)_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Albert (Tal) Howard">Thomas Albert Howard</a>’s work already cited, and his discussion of, for instance, Immanuel Kant’s <i>Conflict of the Faculties</i> (1798), and J.G. Fichte’s <i>Deduzierter Plan einer zu Berlin errichtenden höheren Lehranstalt</i> (1807).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Albert_(Tal)_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Albert (Tal) Howard">Thomas Albert Howard</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/protestant-theology-and-the-making-of-the-modern-german-university-9780199266852?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;">Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University</a></i> (Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2006); Hans W. Frei, <i>Types of Christian Theology</i>, ed. William C. Placher and George Hunsinger (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); Gavin D'Costa, <i>Theology in the Public Square: Church, Academy and Nation</i> (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005); James W. McClendon, <i>Systematic Theology 3: Witness</i> (Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 2000), ch.10: 'Theology and the University'.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Schleiermacher, <i>Brief Outline of Theology as a Field of Study</i>, 2nd edition, tr. Terrence N. Tice (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1990); <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Albert_(Tal)_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Albert (Tal) Howard">Thomas Albert Howard</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/protestant-theology-and-the-making-of-the-modern-german-university-9780199266852?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;">Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University</a></i> (Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2006), ch.14.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhard G. Kratz, 'Academic Theology in Germany', <i>Religion</i> 32.2 (2002): pp.113–116.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The primary purpose of Harvard College was, accordingly, the training of clergy.’ But ‘the school served a dual purpose, training men for other professions as well.’ George M. Marsden, <i>The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief</i> (New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1994), p.41.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgetown was a Jesuit institution founded in significant part to provide a pool of educated Catholics some of whom who could go on to full seminary training for the priesthood. See Robert Emmett Curran, Leo J. O’Donovan, <i>The Bicentennial History of Georgetown University: From Academy to University 1789–1889 (Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, 1961), Part One.</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boston University emerged from the Boston School of Theology, a Methodist seminary. Boston University Information Center, 'History – The Early Years' <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bu.edu/dbin/infocenter/content/index.php?pageid=923&amp;topicid=13">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120731010447/http://www.bu.edu/dbin/infocenter/content/index.php?pageid=923&amp;topicid=13">Archived</a> 31 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yale’s original 1701 charter speaks of the purpose being 'Sincere Regard &amp; Zeal for upholding &amp; Propagating of the Christian Protestant Religion by a succession of Learned &amp; Orthodox' and that 'Youth may be instructed in the Arts and Sciences (and) through the blessing of Almighty God may be fitted for Publick employment both in Church and Civil State.' 'The Charter of the Collegiate School, October 1701' in Franklin Bowditch Dexter, <i>Documentary History of Yale University, Under the Original Charter of the Collegiate School of Connecticut 1701–1745</i> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1916); available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/documentaryhisto00dextrich">[4]</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At Princeton, one of the founders (probably Ebeneezer Pemberton) wrote in c.1750, ‘Though our great Intention was to erect a seminary for educating Ministers of the Gospel, yet we hope it will be useful in other learned professions – Ornaments of the State as Well as the Church. Therefore we propose to make the plan of Education as extensive as our Circumstances will admit.’ Quoted in Alexander Leitch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/founding_princeton.html"><i>A Princeton Companion</i></a> (Princeton University Press, 1978).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctu.edu/about/ctu-story">'The CTU Story'</a> at Catholic Theological Union website (Retrieved 16 March 2013): 'lay men and women, religious sisters and brothers, and seminarians have studied alongside one another, preparing to serve God’s people.'</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtu.edu/about">'About the GTU'</a> at The Graduate Theological Union website (Retrieved 29 August 2009): 'dedicated to educating students for teaching, research, ministry, and service.'</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criswell.edu/news--events/about-us/">'About Us'</a> at the Criswell College website (Retrieved 29 August 2009): 'Criswell College exists to serve the churches of our Lord Jesus Christ by developing God-called men and women in the Word (intellectually and academically) and by the Word (professionally and spiritually) for authentic ministry leadership.' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100426034342/http://www.criswell.edu/news--events/about-us/">Archived</a> 26 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbts.edu/about/truth/mission/">'Mission Statement'</a> at the SBTS website (Retrieved 29 August 2009): 'the mission of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary is ... to be a servant of the churches of the Southern Baptist Convention by training, educating, and preparing ministers of the gospel for more faithful service.' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329082518/http://www.sbts.edu/about/truth/mission/">Archived</a> 29 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiu.edu/divinity/connect/whoarewe/">'About Trinity Evangelical Divinity School'</a> at their website (Retrieved 29 August 2009): 'Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (TEDS) is a learning community dedicated to the development of servant leaders for the global church, leaders who are spiritually, biblically, and theologically prepared to engage contemporary culture for the sake of Christ's kingdom.' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830165955/http://www.tiu.edu/divinity/connect/whoarewe/">Archived</a> 30 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dts.edu/about/">'About DTS'</a> at the Dallas Theological Seminary website (Retrieved 29 August 2009): 'At Dallas, the scholarly study of biblical and related subjects is inseparably fused with the cultivation of the spiritual life. All this is designed to prepare students to communicate the Word of God in the power of the Spirit of God.'</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huss.exeter.ac.uk/theology/undergrad/">'Why Study Theology?'</a> page at the University of Exeter (Retrieved 1 September 2009), and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk//trs/aboutus.htm">'About us'</a> page at the University of Leeds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809201252/http://huss.exeter.ac.uk/theology/undergrad/">Archived</a> 9 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Donald Wiebe, <i>The Politics of Religious Studies: The Continuing Conflict with Theology in the Academy</i> (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See K.L. Knoll, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-Ethics-of-Being-a/47442/?utm_source=at&amp;utm_medium=en">'The Ethics of Being a Theologian'</a>, <i>Chronicle of Higher Education</i>, 27 July 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See David Ford, 'Theology and Religious Studies for a Multifaith and Secular Society' in D.L. Bird and Simon G. Smith (eds), <i>Theology and Religious Studies in Higher Education</i> (London: Continuum, 2009).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Fitzgerald, <i>The Ideology of Religious Studies</i> (Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2000).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Protagoras, fr.4, from <i>On the Gods</i>, tr. Michael J. O'Brien in <i>The Older Sophists</i>, ed. Rosamund Kent Sprague (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1972), 20, emphasis added. Cf. Carol Poster, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/protagor/">"Protagoras (fl. 5th C. BCE)"</a> in <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>; accessed: 6 October 2008.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w25JAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA396&amp;lpg=PA396&amp;dq=theology+is+the+box+of+pandora+bolingbroke&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=qhYZzpliQS&amp;sig=k5bTM79761fMV0JqzqYFqwuz6ng&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=jJ4hUa05geryBN6EgcgI&amp;ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=theology%20is%20the%20box%20of%20pandora%20bolingbroke&amp;f=false">The philosophical works of Lord Bolingbroke</a> Volume 3, p. 396</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a>, from "The Life and Major Writings of Thomas Paine", ed. <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Foner" title="Philip S. Foner">Philip S. Foner</a>, (New York, The Citadel Press, 1945) p. 601.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_the_Philosophy_of_the_Future&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (page does not exist)">Principles of the Philosophy of the Future</a>, trans. Manfred H. Vogel, (Indianapolis, Hackett Publishing Company, 1986) p5</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Essence_of_Christianity" title="The Essence of Christianity">The Essence of Christianity</a></i>, trans. <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, (Amherst, New York, Prometheus Books, 1989) Preface, XVI.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A.J._Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Ayer">A.J. Ayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth_and_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Language, Truth and Logic">Language, Truth and Logic</a>, (New York, Dover Publications, 1936) pp. 114–115.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Faith_of_a_Heretic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Faith of a Heretic (page does not exist)">The Faith of a Heretic</a>, (Garden City, New York, Anchor Books, 1963) pp. 114, 127–128, 130.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gerard Loughlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol9780521871860_CCOL9780521871860A011">"Theology in the university"</a>. Cco.cambridge.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology&amp;rft.au=Gerard+Loughlin&amp;rft.btitle=Theology+in+the+university&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcco.cambridge.org%2Fextract%3Fid%3Dccol9780521871860_CCOL9780521871860A011&amp;rft.pub=Cco.cambridge.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/bradlaugh.htm">"Charles Bradlaugh (1833-1891)"</a>. Positiveatheism.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology&amp;rft.btitle=Charles+Bradlaugh+%281833-1891%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fhist%2Fquotes%2Fbradlaugh.htm&amp;rft.pub=Positiveatheism.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/bradlo01.htm">"Humanity's Gain from Unbelief"</a>. Positiveatheism.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology&amp;rft.btitle=Humanity%27s+Gain+from+Unbelief&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fhist%2Fbradlo01.htm&amp;rft.pub=Positiveatheism.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/ingersoll.htm">"Robert Green Ingersoll"</a>. Positiveatheism.org. 1954-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology&amp;rft.btitle=Robert+Green+Ingersoll&amp;rft.date=1954-08-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fhist%2Fquotes%2Fingersoll.htm&amp;rft.pub=Positiveatheism.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Religion.html">"Directory of Mark Twain's maxims, quotations, and various opinions"</a>. Twainquotes.com. 1902-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology&amp;rft.btitle=Directory+of+Mark+Twain%27s+maxims%2C+quotations%2C+and+various+opinions&amp;rft.date=1902-11-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twainquotes.com%2FReligion.html&amp;rft.pub=Twainquotes.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/theology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/theology">theology</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td>
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<div style="margin-left:5.0em;">At <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a>, you can learn<br />
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Theology" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Theology">Theology</a></b></i></td>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590855/theology">"Theology"</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www3.oup.co.uk/theolj">http://www3.oup.co.uk/theolj</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.theology.ie">http://www.theology.ie</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20121211044759/http://www.utoronto.ca:80/stmikes/theobook.htm">[5]</a></li>
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</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Bahá'í Faith">the Bahá'í Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Zoroastrianism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Conceptions_of_God" title="Category:Conceptions of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">concepts</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Being" title="Supreme Being">Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Singular_God" title="Category:Singular God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">God as</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_as_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="God as the Devil">the Devil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comma_Johanneum" title="Comma Johanneum">Comma Johanneum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">Homoousian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (philosophy)">Hypostasis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_of_the_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity of the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_Universalism" title="Trinitarian Universalism">Trinitarian Universalism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Trinitarianism" title="Category:Trinitarianism">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian view of God">Aristotelian view</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributes of God in Islam">in Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead in Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Latter Day Saints)">Latter-Day Saints</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarav_vi%C4%81pak" title="Sarav vi?pak">Sarav vi?pak</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Taryenyawagon" title="Taryenyawagon">Taryenyawagon</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_All" title="The All">The All</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Conceptions_of_God" title="Category:Conceptions of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Names_of_God" title="Category:Names of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Arguments on the<br />
<a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">For</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Arguments from</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_a_proper_basis" title="Argument from a proper basis">Proper basis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_Reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from Reason">Reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Religious experience</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Other arguments</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_Wager" title="Pascal's Wager">Pascal's wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Witness_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Witness argument">Witness</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Arguments_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Category:Arguments for the existence of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Against</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Arguments from</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Other arguments</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Incompatible-properties_argument" title="Incompatible-properties argument">Incompatible properties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Category:Arguments against the existence of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">General</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apologetic_works" title="List of apologetic works">List of apologetic works</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Positive deconstruction</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologists" title="Category:Christian apologists">Apologists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_apologetic_works" title="List of Christian apologetic works">List of works</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_apologetics" title="Ecumenical apologetics">Ecumenical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presuppositional_apologetics" title="Presuppositional apologetics">Presuppositional</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trilemma" title="Trilemma">Trilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologetics" title="Category:Christian apologetics">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Other faiths</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_apologetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í apologetics">Bahá'í</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_apologists" title="Category:Muslim apologists">Muslim apologists</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of theology">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Opposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of theology">Criticism</a> of</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Opposition</a> to</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christianity">Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Gnosticism" title="Category:Anti-Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hinduism" title="Anti-Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Cults&#160;/ New religious movements</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Antireligion" title="Category:Antireligion">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> of</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related topics</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disengagement_from_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Disengagement from religion">Disengagement from religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></div>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By faith</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_incantations_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine incantations scripture">Taoist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian eschatology">Zoroastrian</a></li>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Topics</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Doomsday films">Doomsday films</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Personifications of death">Personifications of death</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Eschatology" title="Category:Eschatology">more...</a></i></li>
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<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">Theologies</div>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_law" title="Category:Christian law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_theological_movements" title="Category:Christian theological movements">Movements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_theology" title="Category:New Testament theology">New Testament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament_theology" title="Category:Old Testament theology">Old Testament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">Soteriology</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_theology" title="Category:Christian theology">more...</a></i></li>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_theology" title="Category:Feminist theology">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
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</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu theology">Hindu</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">Philosophical concepts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krishnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnology">Krishnology</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_studies" title="Category:Hindu studies">more...</a></i></li>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Prophets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Last_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of the Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
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<tr style="height:2px">
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</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Denominations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_is_dead" title="God is dead">Death of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Theology of Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theology" title="Category:Theology">More...</a></li>
</ul>
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<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_education" title="Category:Religious education">Education</a></li>
<li>People and resources</li>
</ul>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminaries and<br />
theological colleges</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="Category:Anglican seminaries and theological colleges">Anglican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Buddhist universities and colleges">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodox_seminaries" title="Category:Eastern Orthodox seminaries">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_evangelical_seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="List of evangelical seminaries and theological colleges">Evangelical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Islamic universities and colleges">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheran_seminaries" title="Category:Lutheran seminaries">Lutheran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="Category:Methodist seminaries and theological colleges">Methodist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reformed_church_seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="Category:Reformed church seminaries and theological colleges">Reformed Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_seminaries" title="List of Roman Catholic seminaries">Roman Catholic</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="Category:Seminaries and theological colleges">more...</a></i></li>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_by_religious_affiliation" title="Category:Schools by religious affiliation">Schools by affiliation</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ahmadiyya_educational_institutions" title="Category:Ahmadiyya educational institutions">Ahmadiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_schools" title="Category:Anglican schools">Anglican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assemblies_of_God_schools" title="Category:Assemblies of God schools">Assemblies of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_educational_institutions" title="Category:Bahá'í educational institutions">Bahá'í</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_schools" title="Category:Buddhist schools">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baptist_schools" title="Category:Baptist schools">Baptist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodox_schools" title="Category:Eastern Orthodox schools">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_schools" title="Category:Hindu schools">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_schools" title="Category:Islamic schools">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_schools" title="Category:Jewish schools">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latter_Day_Saint_schools" title="Category:Latter Day Saint schools">Latter Day Saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheran_schools" title="Category:Lutheran schools">Lutheran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mennonite_schools" title="Category:Mennonite schools">Mennonite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_schools" title="Category:Methodist schools">Methodist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nondenominational_Christian_schools" title="Category:Nondenominational Christian schools">Nondenominational Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presbyterian_schools" title="Category:Presbyterian schools">Presbyterian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quaker_schools" title="Category:Quaker schools">Quaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_schools" title="Category:Roman Catholic schools">Roman Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Secondary_schools_affiliated_with_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Category:Secondary schools affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-Day Adventist</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People and resources</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theologians" title="Category:Theologians">Theologians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theology_journals" title="List of theology journals">Journals</a>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_studies_journals" title="Category:Religious studies journals">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Religious belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Conceptions of God</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian view of God">Aristotelian view</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltheism">Maltheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Being" title="Supreme Being">Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li>
</ul>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81m_cosmological_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Kal?m cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_Universe" title="Fine-tuned Universe">Fine-tuning of the Universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_Wager" title="Pascal's Wager">Pascal's Wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_a_proper_basis" title="Argument from a proper basis">Proper basis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 Gambit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><strong class="selflink">Theology</strong></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_existentialism" title="Agnostic existentialism">Agnostic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language-game_(philosophy)" title="Language-game (philosophy)">Language-game</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />
of religion</a></div>
<br />
(by date active)</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Ancient<br />
and<br />
Medieval</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Enlightenment</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />
1850</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />
1900</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W. K. Clifford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />
postwar</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />
1990<br />
2010</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Related topics</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" title="History of religions">History of religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_science_of_religion" title="Political science of religion">Political science of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li>
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<li><b><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></b></li>
<li><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></b></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major religious groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Religious denominations</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic_churches" title="Independent Catholic churches">Independent Catholicism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholicism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Orthodoxy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maliki" title="Maliki">Maliki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twelver" title="Twelver">Twelver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidiyyah</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Mouride</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zahirism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahirism">Zahirism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Islam" title="European Islam">European Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Others</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azáli Bábism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Vietnamese Thi?n">Thi?n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Seon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Others</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" title="Śvēt?mbara">Śvēt?mbara</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Dharma">Gurung Dharma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people#Religion" title="Tamang people">Bon Lamaism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Iranian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">European</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_neopaganism" title="Armenian neopaganism">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Druwi" title="Druwi">Druwi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" title="Neo-Druidism">Druidry</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic neopaganism">Germanic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Roman_neopaganism" title="Italo-Roman neopaganism">Italo-Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_neopaganism" title="Slavic neopaganism">Slavic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Uralic</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_neopaganism" title="Hungarian neopaganism">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mari_native_religion" title="Mari native religion">Mari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_native_religion" title="Mordvin native religion">Mordvin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Central and<br />
Northern Asian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Chuvash</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Faism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Luoism">Luoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Shenism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shamanism" title="Chinese shamanism">Wuism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Muism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dongbaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongbaism">Dongbaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ua_Dab" title="Ua Dab">Hmongism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Taoism" title="Yao Taoism">Meishanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mileism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mileism">Mileism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Shigongism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Southeast Asian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" title="Cao ?ài">Caodaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satsana_Phi" title="Satsana Phi">Satsana Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian folk religion">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gawai_Dayak" title="Gawai Dayak">Gawai Dayak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Javanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanism">Javanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="?ạo Mẫu">?ạo Mẫu</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">African</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" title="Traditional African religion">Traditional</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akamba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamba mythology">Akamba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waaq" title="Waaq">Cushitic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dahomeyan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahomeyan mythology">Fon and Ewe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" title="Odinani">Igbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoko mythology">Isoko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waaq" title="Waaq">Waaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people#Religion_and_beliefs" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" title="Afro-American religion">Diasporic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other groups</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kirant_Mundhum" title="Kirant Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_narrative" title="Polynesian narrative">Polynesian</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">Recent</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" title="History of religions">Historical religions</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near East</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Indo-European</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Asia</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mithraic_mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithraic mysteries">Mithraism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Europe</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norse_religion" title="Norse religion">Norse</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Balkan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<hr /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">Topics</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Aspects</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Beliefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" title="Religious symbolism">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
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			<h3 id='p-lang-label'>Languages</h3>

			<div class="body">
									<ul>
						<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologie" title="Teologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologie" title="Theologie – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إلهيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoloch%C3%ADa" title="Teolochía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp"><a href="//frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ologia" title="Tèologia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologiya" title="Teologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ধর?মতত?ত?ব – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Sîn-ha?k – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Бага?лоўе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Белару?ка?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Бага?лоўе – белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бого?ловие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Българ?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologie" title="Theologie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷ་ཆོས་རིག་པ? – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doueoniezh" title="Doueoniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologie" title="Teologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwinyddiaeth" title="Diwinyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologie" title="Theologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoloogia" title="Teoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θεολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolog%C3%ADa" title="Teología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologio" title="Teologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الهیات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">?ارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Gudfrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologie" title="Théologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teology" title="Teology – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="//fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologjie" title="Teologjie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolox%C3%ADa" title="Teoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%99" title="신학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="धर?ममीमांसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन?दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogoslovlje" title="Bogoslovlje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologio" title="Teologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologia" title="Theologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="//ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologie" title="Teologie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Guðfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">?slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="ת?ולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9ologi" title="Téologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ದೇವತಾಶಾಸ?ತ?ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ?ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თე?ლ?გი? – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქ?რთული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теологи? – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolojia" title="Teolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyoloji" title="Teyoloji – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olzan%C3%AE" title="Olzanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="//lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolojiya" title="Teolojiya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="//lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ເທວະວິທະ?າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologia" title="Theologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolo%C4%A3ija" title="Teoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologie" title="Theologie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija" title="Teologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologie" title="Theologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teol%C3%B3gia" title="Teológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Теологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македон?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ദൈവശാസ?ത?രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თე?ლ?გი? – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მ?რგ?ლური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologie" title="Theologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="神学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="//nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiologgia" title="Tiologgia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="//pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiiolojii" title="Thiiolojii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="//nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologie" title="Théologie – Nouormand" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="//mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Теологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="دينپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologie" title="Theologie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologie" title="Teologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="//rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyusmanta_yachay" title="Dyusmanta yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бого?ловие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Ру??кий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologjia" title="Teologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiulugg%C3%ACa" title="Tiuluggìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teol%C3%B3gia" title="Teológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sloven?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija" title="Teologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenš?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خواناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Теологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Срп?ки / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologija" title="Teologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / ?рп?кохрват?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolohiya" title="Teolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இறையியல? – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="వేదాంతశాస?త?రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెల?గ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="เทววิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoloji" title="Teoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%27%D1%8F" title="Бого?лів'? – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Україн?ька</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo%C5%82ogia" title="Teołogia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thần h?c – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyolohiya" title="Teyolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טע?ל?גיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="神學 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolociye" title="Teolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Teuoluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="神學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li>					</ul>
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