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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Socrates</h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">This article is about the classical Greek philosopher. For other uses of Socrates, see <a href="/wiki/Socrates_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Socrates (disambiguation)">Socrates (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a>.</div>
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<td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_Socratic_thought" title="Criticisms of Socratic thought">Criticisms of Socratic thought</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Criticisms_of_Socratic_thought#Proposed_merge" title="Talk:Criticisms of Socratic thought">Discuss</a>) <small><i>Proposed since April 2015.</i></small></span></td>
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<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
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<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Socrates</span></th>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_Louvre.jpg" class="image" title="A bust of Socrates"><img alt="A bust of Socrates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/220px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg" width="220" height="293" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/330px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/440px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a>
<div>A bust of Socrates in the Louvre</div>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td>470/469 BC<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-1">[1]</a></sup><br />
<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Deme" title="Deme">Deme</a> <a href="/wiki/Alopece" title="Alopece">Alopece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></span></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>399 BC (aged approx. 71)<br />
<span class="deathplace">Athens</span></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row">Nationality</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a></td>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
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<th scope="row">Era</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></td>
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<th scope="row">Region</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td>
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<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Classical Greek</a></td>
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<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Main interests</div>
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<td><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a></td>
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<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Notable ideas</div>
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<td><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irony#Socratic_irony" title="Irony">Socratic irony</a></td>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influenced</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Most subsequent <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>; more specifically, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></div>
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<p><b>Socrates</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/ short 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i?/ long 'e' in 'seed'">i?</span><span title="'z' in 'Zion'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σωκ?άτης</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Greek" title="Help:IPA for Greek">[sɔ?krátɛ?s]</a></span>, <i>S?krátēs</i>; 470/469 – 399 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-1">[1]</a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athenian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a> credited as one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> and the plays of his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plato#Dialogues" title="Plato">Plato's dialogues</a> are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p>Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his name to the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Irony#Socratic_irony" title="Irony">Socratic irony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a>, or <i>elenchus</i>. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a> in which a series of questions is asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. Plato's Socrates also made important and lasting contributions to the field of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, and his ideologies and approach have proven a strong foundation for much Western philosophy that has followed.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Socratic_problem"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Socratic problem</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Socrates_as_a_figure"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Socrates as a figure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Socrates_as_a_philosopher"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Socrates as a philosopher</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Military_service"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Military service</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Epistates_at_the_trial_of_the_six_commanders"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Epistates at the trial of the six commanders</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Arrest_of_Leon"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Arrest of Leon</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Trial_and_death"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Trial and death</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Socratic_method"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Socratic method</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Philosophical_beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophical beliefs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Socratic_paradoxes"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Socratic paradoxes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Knowledge"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Knowledge</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Virtue"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Virtue</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Covertness"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Covertness</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Satirical_playwrights"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Satirical playwrights</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Prose_sources"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Prose sources</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#The_Socratic_dialogues"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Socratic dialogues</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Immediate_influence"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Immediate influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Later_historical_influence"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Later historical influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#In_literature"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">In literature</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Socratic_problem">Socratic problem</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></div>
<p>Nothing written by Socrates remains extant. As a result, all first-hand information about him and his philosophies depends upon secondary sources. Furthermore, close comparison between the contents of these sources reveals contradictions, thus creating concerns about the <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/actuality" class="extiw" title="wikt:actuality">possibility</a> of knowing in-depth the real Socrates. This issue is known as the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> or <i>the Socratic question</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Louis-Andr.C3.A9_Dorion_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis-Andr.C3.A9_Dorion-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
<p>To understand Socrates and his thought, one must turn primarily to the works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, whose dialogues are thought the most informative source about Socrates' life and philosophy,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> and also <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> These writings are the <i>Sokratikoi logoi</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Socratic dialogues">Socratic dialogues</a>, which consist of reports of conversations apparently involving Socrates.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<p>As for discovering the real-life Socrates, the difficulty is that ancient sources are mostly philosophical or dramatic texts, apart from Xenophon. There are no straightforward histories, contemporary with Socrates, that dealt with his own time and place. A corollary of this is that sources that do mention Socrates do not necessarily claim to be historically accurate, and are often partisan. For instance, those who prosecuted and convicted Socrates have left no testament. Historians therefore face the challenge of reconciling the various evidence from the extant texts in order to attempt an accurate and consistent account of Socrates' life and work. The result of such an effort is not necessarily realistic, even if consistent.</p>
<p>Amid all the disagreement resulting from differences within sources, two factors emerge from all sources pertaining to Socrates. It would seem, therefore, that he was ugly, and that Socrates had a brilliant intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-D.R._Morrison_.28Professor_of_Philosophy_and_Classical_Studies_at_Rice_University_.28c.2011.29._He_has_also_been_a_Rockefeller_Fellow_at_the_University_Center_for_Human_Values_at_Princeton_University.2C_a_Junior_Fellow_of_the_Center_for_Hellenic_Studies.2C_and_a_Visiting_Professor_at_the_University_Paris_I-Sorbonne.29_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D.R._Morrison_.28Professor_of_Philosophy_and_Classical_Studies_at_Rice_University_.28c.2011.29._He_has_also_been_a_Rockefeller_Fellow_at_the_University_Center_for_Human_Values_at_Princeton_University.2C_a_Junior_Fellow_of_the_Center_for_Hellenic_Studies.2C_and_a_Visiting_Professor_at_the_University_Paris_I-Sorbonne.29-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nails.2C_D_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nails.2C_D-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Socrates_as_a_figure">Socrates as a figure</span></h3>
<p>The character of Socrates as exhibited in <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i> concurs with other sources to an extent to which it seems possible to rely on the Platonic Socrates, as demonstrated in the dialogues, as a representation of the actual Socrates as he lived in history.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> At the same time, however, many scholars believe that in some works, Plato, being a literary artist, pushed his avowedly brightened-up version of "Socrates" far beyond anything the historical Socrates was likely to have done or said. Also, Xenophon, being an historian, is a more reliable witness to the historical Socrates. It is a matter of much debate over which Socrates it is whom Plato is describing at any given point—the historical figure, or Plato's fictionalization. As British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cohen_(philosopher)" title="Martin Cohen (philosopher)">Martin Cohen</a> has put it, "Plato, the idealist, offers an idol, a master figure, for philosophy. A Saint, a prophet of 'the Sun-God', a teacher condemned for his teachings as a heretic."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
<p>It is also clear from other writings and historical artefacts, that Socrates was not simply a character, nor an invention, of Plato. The testimony of Xenophon and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, alongside some of Aristophanes' work (especially <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i>), is useful in fleshing out a perception of Socrates beyond Plato's work.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Socrates_as_a_philosopher">Socrates as a philosopher</span></h3>
<p>The problem with discerning Socrates' philosophical views stems from the perception of contradictions in statements made by the <i>Socrates</i> in the different dialogues of Plato. These contradictions produce doubt as to the actual philosophical doctrines of Socrates, within his milieu and as recorded by other individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Aristotle, in his <i>Magna Moralia</i>, refers to Socrates in words which make it patent that the doctrine <i>virtue is knowledge</i> was held by Socrates. Within the <i>Metaphysics</i>, he states Socrates was occupied with the search for moral virtues, being the ' <i>first to search for universal definitions for them</i> '.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
<p>The problem of understanding Socrates as a philosopher is shown in the following: In Xenophon's <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Xenophon)" title="Symposium (Xenophon)">Symposium</a></i>, Socrates is reported as saying he devotes himself only to what he regards as the most important art or occupation, that of discussing philosophy. However, in <i>The Clouds</i>, Aristophanes portrays Socrates as accepting payment for teaching and running a <a href="/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">sophist</a> school with <a href="/wiki/Chaerephon" title="Chaerephon">Chaerephon</a>. Also, in Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i>, as well as in Xenophon's accounts, Socrates explicitly denies accepting payment for teaching. More specifically, in the <i>Apology</i>, Socrates cites his poverty as proof that he is not a teacher.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Regnault_Socrates_Tears_Alcibiades_from_the_Embrace_of_Sensual_Pleasure.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Regnault_Socrates_Tears_Alcibiades_from_the_Embrace_of_Sensual_Pleasure.jpg/300px-Regnault_Socrates_Tears_Alcibiades_from_the_Embrace_of_Sensual_Pleasure.jpg" width="300" height="216" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Regnault_Socrates_Tears_Alcibiades_from_the_Embrace_of_Sensual_Pleasure.jpg/450px-Regnault_Socrates_Tears_Alcibiades_from_the_Embrace_of_Sensual_Pleasure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Regnault_Socrates_Tears_Alcibiades_from_the_Embrace_of_Sensual_Pleasure.jpg/600px-Regnault_Socrates_Tears_Alcibiades_from_the_Embrace_of_Sensual_Pleasure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="923" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Regnault_Socrates_Tears_Alcibiades_from_the_Embrace_of_Sensual_Pleasure.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Socrates Tears Alcibiades from the Embrace of Sensual Pleasure by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Regnault" title="Jean-Baptiste Regnault">Jean-Baptiste Regnault</a> (1791)</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Two fragments are extant of the writings by <a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a> pertaining to Socrates,<sup id="cite_ref-R_Bett_.28S_Ahbel-Rappe_-_Associate_Professor_of_Greek_and_Latin_at_the_University_of_Michigan.2C_R_Kamtekar_-_Assistant_Professor_of_Philosophy_at_the_University_of_Arizona.29_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_Bett_.28S_Ahbel-Rappe_-_Associate_Professor_of_Greek_and_Latin_at_the_University_of_Michigan.2C_R_Kamtekar_-_Assistant_Professor_of_Philosophy_at_the_University_of_Arizona.29-18">[18]</a></sup> although Timon is known to have written to ridicule and lampoon philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2>
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Socrates and <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg</a></div>
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<a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a> gem imprint representing Socrates, Rome, 1st century BC-1st century AD.</div>
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<p>Details about the life of Socrates can be derived from three contemporary sources: the <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogues</a> of Plato and Xenophon (both devotees of Socrates), and the plays of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>. He has been depicted by some scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Eric_Havelock" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Havelock">Eric Havelock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ong" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Ong">Walter Ong</a>, as a champion of <a href="/wiki/Orality" title="Orality">oral</a> modes of communication, standing against the haphazard diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
<p>In Aristophanes' play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i>, Socrates is made into a clown of sorts, particularly inclined toward <i><a href="/wiki/Sophistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophistry">sophistry</a></i>, who teaches his students how to bamboozle their way out of debt. However, since most of Aristophanes' works function as parodies, it is presumed that his characterization in this play was also not literal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h3>
<p>Socrates was born in <a href="/wiki/Alopece" title="Alopece">Alopeke</a>, and belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Antiochis_(tribe)" title="Antiochis (tribe)">tribe Antiochis</a>. His father was <a href="/wiki/Sophroniscus" title="Sophroniscus">Sophroniscus</a>, a sculptor, or stonemason.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plato.stanford.edu_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M.C._Howatson_-_Fellow_and_Tutor_in_Classics_at_St_Anne.27s_College.2C_Oxford_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M.C._Howatson_-_Fellow_and_Tutor_in_Classics_at_St_Anne.27s_College.2C_Oxford-25">[25]</a></sup> His mother was a <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a> named <a href="/wiki/Phaenarete" title="Phaenarete">Phaenarete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Socrates married <a href="/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe">Xanthippe</a>, who is especially remembered for having an undesirable temperament.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> She bore for him three sons,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lamprocles" title="Lamprocles">Lamprocles</a>, Sophroniscus and <a href="/wiki/Menexenus" title="Menexenus">Menexenus</a>. Socrates was attracted to teenage boys, as is evident in this encounter with Charmides in a palaestra.<sup id="cite_ref-Charmides_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charmides-29">[29]</a></sup> However, there is no evidence that he ever had a <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederastic</a> relationship. His friend <a href="/wiki/Crito_of_Alopece" title="Crito of Alopece">Crito of Alopece</a> criticized him for abandoning them when he refused to try to escape before his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
<p>Socrates first worked as a stonemason, and there was a tradition in antiquity, not credited by modern scholarship, that Socrates crafted the statues of the Three Graces, which stood near the Acropolis until the 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
<p>Xenophon reports that because youths were not allowed to enter the <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a>, they used to gather in workshops surrounding it.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Socrates frequented these shops in order to converse with the merchants. Most notable among them was <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Shoemaker" title="Simon the Shoemaker">Simon the Shoemaker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_service">Military service</span></h3>
<p>For a time, Socrates fulfilled the role of <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a>, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesian war">Peloponnesian war</a>—a conflict which stretched intermittently over a period spanning 431 to 404 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-JA._Colaiaco_-_Ph.D._in_intellectual_history_from_Columbia.2C_and_taught_Great_Books_at_New_York_University_in_the_General_Studies_Program_at_NYU._34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JA._Colaiaco_-_Ph.D._in_intellectual_history_from_Columbia.2C_and_taught_Great_Books_at_New_York_University_in_the_General_Studies_Program_at_NYU.-34">[34]</a></sup> Several of Plato's dialogues refer to Socrates' military service.</p>
<p>In the monologue of the <i>Apology</i>, Socrates states he was active for Athens in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amphipolis" title="Battle of Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delium" title="Battle of Delium">Delium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Potidaea" title="Battle of Potidaea">Potidaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> In the <i>Symposium</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> describes Socrates' valour in the battles of Potidaea and Delium, recounting how Socrates saved his life in the former battle (219e-221b). Socrates' exceptional service at Delium is also mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" title="Laches (dialogue)">Laches</a></i> by the General after whom the dialogue is named (181b). In the <i>Apology,</i> Socrates compares his military service to his courtroom troubles, and says anyone on the jury who thinks he ought to retreat from philosophy must also think soldiers should retreat when it seems likely that they will be killed in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Epistates_at_the_trial_of_the_six_commanders">Epistates at the trial of the six commanders</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae#Trial_of_the_generals" title="Battle of Arginusae">Trial of the generals</a></div>
<p>During 406, he participated as a member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> His tribe the <a href="/wiki/Antiochis_(tribe)" title="Antiochis (tribe)">Antiochis</a> held the <a href="/wiki/Prytany" class="mw-redirect" title="Prytany">Prytany</a> on the day it was debated what fate should befall the generals of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Battle of Arginusae</a>, who abandoned the slain and the survivors of foundered ships to pursue the defeated Spartan navy.<sup id="cite_ref-plato.stanford.edu_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to Xenophon, Socrates was the <a href="/wiki/Epistates" title="Epistates">Epistates</a> for the debate,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> but Delebecque and Hatzfeld think this is an embellishment, because Xenophon composed the information after Socrates' death <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
<p>The generals were seen by some to have failed to uphold the most basic of duties, and the people decided upon capital punishment. However, when the prytany responded by refusing to vote on the issue, the people reacted with threats of death directed at the prytany itself. They relented, at which point Socrates alone as epistates blocked the vote, which had been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Callixeinus" title="Callixeinus">Callixeinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M_Henderson_Munn_-_Associate_Professor_in_the_Departments_of_History_and_Classics_and_Ancient_Mediterranean_Studies_at_the_Pennsylvania_State_University_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_Henderson_Munn_-_Associate_Professor_in_the_Departments_of_History_and_Classics_and_Ancient_Mediterranean_Studies_at_the_Pennsylvania_State_University-43">[43]</a></sup> The reason he gave was that "in no case would he act except in accordance with the law".<sup id="cite_ref-F._A._Hayek_-_.281899-1992.29.2C_recipient_of_the_Medal_of_Freedom_in_1991_and_co-winner_of_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics_in_1974._He_taught_at_the_University_of_London.2C_the_University_of_Chicago.2C_and_the_University_of_Freiburg._44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F._A._Hayek_-_.281899-1992.29.2C_recipient_of_the_Medal_of_Freedom_in_1991_and_co-winner_of_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics_in_1974._He_taught_at_the_University_of_London.2C_the_University_of_Chicago.2C_and_the_University_of_Freiburg.-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
<p>The outcome of the trial was ultimately judged to be a miscarriage of justice, or <i>illegal</i>, but, actually, Socrates' decision had no support from written statutory law, instead being reliant on favouring a continuation of less strict and less formal <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">nomos</a> law.<sup id="cite_ref-M_Henderson_Munn_-_Associate_Professor_in_the_Departments_of_History_and_Classics_and_Ancient_Mediterranean_Studies_at_the_Pennsylvania_State_University_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_Henderson_Munn_-_Associate_Professor_in_the_Departments_of_History_and_Classics_and_Ancient_Mediterranean_Studies_at_the_Pennsylvania_State_University-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EM_Harris_-_Research_Professor_of_Ancient_History_at_Durham_University_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EM_Harris_-_Research_Professor_of_Ancient_History_at_Durham_University-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plato.2C_TL_Pangle_-_Joe_R._Long_Chair_in_Democratic_Studies_in_the_Department_of_Government_at_the_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plato.2C_TL_Pangle_-_Joe_R._Long_Chair_in_Democratic_Studies_in_the_Department_of_Government_at_the_University_of_Texas_at_Austin-46">[46]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arrest_of_Leon">Arrest of Leon</span></h3>
<p>Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i>, parts 32c to 32d, describes how Socrates and four others were summoned to the <a href="/wiki/Tholos_(Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholos (Athens)">Tholos</a>, and told by representatives of <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">the oligarchy of the Thirty</a> (the oligarchy began ruling in 404 B.C.) to go to Salamis, and from there, to return to them with <a href="/wiki/Leon_of_Salamis" title="Leon of Salamis">Leon the Salaminian</a>. He was to be brought back to be subsequently executed. However, Socrates returned home and did not go to Salamis as he was expected to.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trial_and_death">Trial and death</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a></div>
<p>Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> to its decline with the defeat by <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and its allies in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>. At a time when <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> sought to stabilize and recover from its humiliating defeat, the Athenian public may have been entertaining doubts about democracy as an efficient form of government. Socrates appears to have been a critic of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> and some scholars interpret his trial as an expression of political infighting.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
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<i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Socrates" title="The Death of Socrates">The Death of Socrates</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> (1787)</div>
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<p>Claiming loyalty to his city, Socrates clashed with the current course of Athenian politics and society.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> He praises Sparta, archrival to Athens, directly and indirectly in various dialogues. One of Socrates' purported offenses to the city was his position as a social and moral critic. Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the development of what he perceived as immorality within his region, Socrates questioned the collective notion of "might makes right" that he felt was common in Greece during this period. Plato refers to Socrates as the "<a href="/wiki/Social_gadfly" title="Social gadfly">gadfly</a>" of the state (as the gadfly stings the horse into action, so Socrates stung various Athenians), insofar as he irritated some people with considerations of justice and the pursuit of goodness.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52">[52]</a></sup> His attempts to improve the Athenians' sense of justice may have been the cause of his execution.</p>
<p>According to Plato's <i>Apology</i>, Socrates' life as the "gadfly" of Athens began when his friend Chaerephon asked the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">oracle at Delphi</a> if anyone were wiser than Socrates; the <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> responded that no-one was wiser. Socrates believed the Oracle's response was not correct, because he believed he possessed no wisdom whatsoever. He proceeded to test the riddle by approaching men considered wise by the people of Athens—statesmen, poets, and artisans—in order to refute the Oracle's pronouncement. Questioning them, however, Socrates concluded: while each man thought he knew a great deal and was wise, in fact they knew very little and were not wise at all. Socrates realized the Oracle was correct; while so-called wise men thought themselves wise and yet were not, he himself knew he was not wise at all, which, paradoxically, made him the wiser one since he was the only person aware of his own ignorance. Socrates' paradoxical wisdom made the prominent Athenians he publicly questioned look foolish, turning them against him and leading to accusations of wrongdoing. Socrates defended his role as a gadfly until the end: at his trial, when Socrates was asked to propose his own punishment, he suggested a wage paid by the government and free dinners for the rest of his life instead, to finance the time he spent as Athens' benefactor.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> He was, nevertheless, found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens and of <a href="/wiki/Impiety" title="Impiety">impiety</a> ("not believing in the gods of the state"),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> and subsequently sentenced to death by drinking a mixture containing <a href="/wiki/Conium_maculatum" title="Conium maculatum">poison hemlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></p>
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Bust of Socrates in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Museum">Vatican Museum</a></div>
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<p>Xenophon and Plato agree that Socrates had an opportunity to escape, as his followers were able to bribe the prison guards. There have been several suggestions offered as reasons why he chose to stay:</p>
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<li>He believed such a flight would indicate a fear of death, which he believed no true philosopher has.</li>
<li>If he fled Athens his teaching would fare no better in another country, as he would continue questioning all he met and undoubtedly incur their displeasure.</li>
<li>Having knowingly agreed to live under the city's laws, he implicitly subjected himself to the possibility of being accused of crimes by its citizens and judged guilty by its jury. To do otherwise would have caused him to break his "<a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>" with the state, and so harm the state, an unprincipled act.</li>
<li>If he escaped at the instigation of his friends, then his friends would become liable in law.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></li>
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<p>The full reasoning behind his refusal to flee is the main subject of the <i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></p>
<p>Socrates' death is described at the end of Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i>. Socrates turned down Crito's pleas to attempt an escape from prison. After drinking the poison, he was instructed to walk around until his legs felt numb. After he lay down, the man who administered the poison pinched his foot; Socrates could no longer feel his legs. The numbness slowly crept up his body until it reached his heart. Shortly before his death, Socrates speaks his last words to Crito: "Crito, we owe a <a href="/wiki/Rooster" title="Rooster">rooster</a> to <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>. Please, don't forget to pay the debt."</p>
<p>Asclepius was the Greek god for curing illness, and it is likely Socrates' last words meant that death is the cure—and freedom, of the soul from the body. Additionally, in <i>Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths</i>, Robin Waterfield adds another interpretation of Socrates' last words. He suggests that Socrates was a voluntary scapegoat; his death was the purifying remedy for Athens' misfortunes. In this view, the token of appreciation for Asclepius would represent a cure for Athens' ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52">[52]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span></h2>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
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<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Plato" title="Category:Plato">a series</a> on</td>
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<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></th>
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<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato-raphael.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Plato-raphael.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/100px-Plato-raphael.jpg" width="100" height="107" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/150px-Plato-raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/200px-Plato-raphael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="262" /></a>
<div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">Plato from <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i> (1509–1511)</div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Plato" title="Early life of Plato">Early life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialogues_of_Plato" title="Category:Dialogues of Plato">Works</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_State" title="Ship of State">Ship of State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Socratic_method">Socratic method</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></div>
<p>Perhaps his most important contribution to <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> thought is his <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of "elenchus", which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a>. It was first described by Plato in the <i>Socratic Dialogues</i>. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. The influence of this approach is most strongly felt today in the use of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> is the first stage. The development and practice of this method is one of Socrates' most enduring contributions, and is a key factor in earning his mantle as the father of <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> or moral philosophy, and as a figurehead of all the central themes in <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>.</p>
<p>To illustrate the use of the Socratic method, a series of <a href="/wiki/Question" title="Question">questions</a> are posed to help a person or group to determine their underlying <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> and the extent of their knowledge. The Socratic method is a <i>negative</i> method of <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> elimination, in that better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to <a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradictions</a>. It was designed to force one to examine one's own beliefs and the validity of such beliefs.</p>
<p>An alternative interpretation of the dialectic is that it is a method for direct perception of the Form of the Good. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> describes the dialectic as "the art of intellectual intuition, of visualising the divine originals, the Forms or Ideas, of unveiling the Great Mystery behind the common man's everyday world of appearances."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> In a similar vein, French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Hadot" title="Pierre Hadot">Pierre Hadot</a> suggests that the dialogues are a type of spiritual exercise. Hadot writes that "in Plato's view, every dialectical exercise, precisely because it is an exercise of pure thought, subject to the demands of the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>, turns the soul away from the sensible world, and allows it to convert itself towards the Good."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophical_beliefs">Philosophical beliefs</span></h3>
<p>The beliefs of Socrates, as distinct from those of Plato, are difficult to discern. Little in the way of concrete evidence exists to demarcate the two. The lengthy presentation of ideas given in most of the dialogues may be the ideas of Socrates himself, but which have been subsequently deformed or changed by Plato, and some scholars think Plato so adapted the Socratic style as to make the literary character and the philosopher himself impossible to distinguish. Others argue that he did have his own theories and beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn2001_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2001-63">[63]</a></sup> There is a degree of controversy inherent in the identifying of what these might have been, owing to the difficulty of separating Socrates from Plato and the difficulty of interpreting even the dramatic writings concerning Socrates. Consequently, distinguishing the philosophical beliefs of Socrates from those of Plato and Xenophon has not proven easy, so it must be remembered that what is attributed to Socrates might actually be more the specific concerns of these two thinkers instead.</p>
<p>The matter is complicated because the historical Socrates seems to have been notorious for asking questions but not answering, claiming to lack wisdom concerning the subjects about which he questioned others.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<p>If anything in general can be said about the philosophical beliefs of Socrates, it is that he was morally, intellectually, and politically at odds with many of his fellow Athenians. When he is on trial for heresy and corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens, he uses his method of <i>elenchos</i> to demonstrate to the jurors that their moral values are wrong-headed. He tells them they are concerned with their families, careers, and political responsibilities when they ought to be worried about the "welfare of their souls". Socrates' assertion that the gods had singled him out as a divine emissary seemed to provoke irritation, if not outright ridicule. Socrates also questioned the Sophistic doctrine that arete (virtue) can be taught. He liked to observe that successful fathers (such as the prominent military general <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>) did not produce sons of their own quality. Socrates argued that moral excellence was more a matter of divine bequest than parental nurture. This belief may have contributed to his lack of anxiety about the future of his own sons.</p>
<p>Also, according to A. A. Long, "There should be no doubt that, despite his claim to know only that he knew nothing, Socrates had strong beliefs about the divine", and, citing Xenophon's <i>Memorabilia</i>, 1.4, 4.3,:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>According to Xenophon, he was a <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleologist</a> who held that god arranges everything for the best.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Socrates frequently says his ideas are not his own, but his teachers'. He mentions several influences: <a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rhetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetor">rhetor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> the philosopher. Perhaps surprisingly, Socrates claims to have been deeply influenced by two women besides his mother: he says that <a href="/wiki/Diotima_of_Mantinea" title="Diotima of Mantinea">Diotima</a> (c.f. Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i>), a witch and priestess from <a href="/wiki/Mantinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantinea">Mantinea</a>, taught him all he knows about <i><a href="/wiki/Eros_(love)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (love)">eros</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>; and that <a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a>, the mistress of <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, taught him the art of rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(classicist)" title="John Burnet (classicist)">John Burnet</a> argued that his principal teacher was the Anaxagorean <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(philosopher)" title="Archelaus (philosopher)">Archelaus</a> but his ideas were as Plato described them; <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Havelock" title="Eric A. Havelock">Eric A. Havelock</a>, on the other hand, considered Socrates' association with the Anaxagoreans to be evidence of Plato's philosophical separation from Socrates.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Socratic_paradoxes">Socratic paradoxes</span></h3>
<p>Many of the beliefs traditionally attributed to the historical Socrates have been characterized as "paradoxical" because they seem to conflict with common sense. The following are among the so-called Socratic paradoxes:<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
<ul>
<li>No one desires evil.</li>
<li>No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly.</li>
<li>Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge.</li>
<li>Virtue is sufficient for happiness.</li>
</ul>
<p>The term, "<a href="/wiki/Socratic_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Socratic paradox">Socratic paradox</a>" can also refer to a self-referential <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradox</a>, originating in Socrates' utterance, "what I do not know I do not think I know",<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> often paraphrased as "<a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">I know that I know nothing</a>."</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Knowledge">Knowledge</span></h3>
<p>The statement "<a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">I know that I know nothing</a>" is often attributed to Socrates, based on a statement in Plato's <i>Apology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> The conventional interpretation of this is that Socrates' wisdom was limited to an awareness of his own ignorance. Socrates considered virtuousness to require or consist of <i><a href="/wiki/Phronesis#Early_thought" title="Phronesis">phronēsis</a></i>, "thought, sense, judgement, practical wisdom, [and] prudence."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> Therefore, he believed that wrongdoing and behaviour that was not virtuous resulted from ignorance, and that those who did wrong knew no better.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></p>
<p>The one thing Socrates claimed to have knowledge of was "the art of love" (<i>ta erôtikê</i>). This assertion seems to be associated with the word <i>erôtan</i>, which means to ask questions. Therefore, Socrates is claiming to know about the art of love, insofar as he knows how to ask questions.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></p>
<p>The only time he actually claimed to be wise was within <i>Apology</i>, in which he says he is wise "in the limited sense of having human wisdom".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> It is debatable whether Socrates believed humans (as opposed to gods like <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>) could actually become wise. On the one hand, he drew a clear line between human ignorance and ideal knowledge; on the other, Plato's <i>Symposium</i> (Diotima's Speech) and <i>Republic</i> (Allegory of the Cave) describe a method for ascending to wisdom.</p>
<p>In Plato's <i>Theaetetus</i> (150a), Socrates compares his treatment of the young people who come to him for philosophical advice to the way midwives treat their patients, and the way matrimonial matchmakers act. He says that he himself is a true matchmaker (π?ομνηστικός <i>promnestikós</i>) in that he matches the young man to the best philosopher for his particular mind. However, he carefully distinguishes himself from a <a href="/wiki/Panderer" class="mw-redirect" title="Panderer">panderer</a> (π?οᾰγωγός <i>proagogos</i>) or procurer. This distinction is echoed in Xenophon's <i>Symposium</i> (3.20), when Socrates jokes about his certainty of being able to make a fortune, if he chose to practice the art of pandering. For his part as a philosophical interlocutor, he leads his respondent to a clearer conception of wisdom, although he claims he is not himself a teacher (<i>Apology</i>). His role, he claims, is more properly to be understood as analogous to a <i><a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a></i> (μαῖα <i>maia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the <i>Theaetetus</i>, Socrates explains that he is himself barren of theories, but knows how to bring the theories of others to birth and determine whether they are worthy or mere "<a href="/wiki/Cock_egg" title="Cock egg">wind eggs</a>" (ἀνεμιαῖον <i>anemiaion</i>). Perhaps significantly, he points out that midwives are barren due to age, and women who have never given birth are unable to become midwives; they would have no experience or knowledge of birth and would be unable to separate the worthy infants from those that should be left on the hillside to be exposed. To judge this, the midwife must have experience and knowledge of what she is judging.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Virtue">Virtue</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermsoc.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Palermsoc.jpg/150px-Palermsoc.jpg" width="150" height="245" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Palermsoc.jpg/225px-Palermsoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Palermsoc.jpg/300px-Palermsoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1298" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermsoc.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Bust of Socrates in the Palermo Archaeological Museum.</div>
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<p>Socrates believed the best way for people to live was to focus on the pursuit of virtue rather than the pursuit, for instance, of material wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> He always invited others to try to concentrate more on friendships and a sense of true community, for Socrates felt this was the best way for people to grow together as a populace.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> His actions lived up to this standard: in the end, Socrates accepted his death sentence when most thought he would simply leave Athens, as he felt he could not run away from or go against the will of his community; as mentioned above, his reputation for valor on the battlefield was without reproach.</p>
<p>The idea that there are certain virtues formed a common thread in Socrates' teachings. These virtues represented the most important qualities for a person to have, foremost of which were the philosophical or intellectual virtues. Socrates stressed that "<a href="/wiki/The_unexamined_life_is_not_worth_living" title="The unexamined life is not worth living">the unexamined life is not worth living</a> [and] ethical virtue is the only thing that matters."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h3>
<p>It is argued that Socrates believed "ideals belong in a world only the wise man can understand",<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> making the philosopher the only type of person suitable to govern others. In Plato's dialogue the <i>Republic</i>, Socrates openly objected to the <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> that ran Athens during his adult life. It was not only Athenian democracy: Socrates found short of ideal any government that did not conform to his presentation of a perfect regime led by philosophers, and Athenian government was far from that. It is, however, possible that the Socrates of Plato's <i>Republic</i> is colored by Plato's own views. During the last years of Socrates' life, Athens was in continual flux due to political upheaval. Democracy was at last overthrown by a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">junta</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a>, led by Plato's relative, <a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a>, who had once been a student and friend of Socrates. The Tyrants ruled for about a year before the Athenian democracy was reinstated, at which point it declared an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> for all recent events.</p>
<p>Socrates' opposition to democracy is often denied, and the question is one of the biggest philosophical debates when trying to determine exactly what Socrates believed. The strongest argument of those who claim Socrates did not actually believe in the idea of philosopher kings is that the view is expressed no earlier than Plato's <i>Republic</i>, which is widely considered one of Plato's "Middle" dialogues and not representative of the historical Socrates' views. Furthermore, according to Plato's <i>Apology of Socrates</i>, an "early" dialogue, Socrates refused to pursue conventional politics; he often stated he could not look into other's matters or tell people how to live their lives when he did not yet understand how to live his own. He believed he was a philosopher engaged in the pursuit of Truth, and did not claim to know it fully. Socrates' acceptance of his death sentence after his conviction can also be seen to support this view. It is often claimed much of the anti-democratic leanings are from Plato, who was never able to overcome his disgust at what was done to his teacher. In any case, it is clear Socrates thought the rule of the Thirty Tyrants was also objectionable; when called before them to assist in the arrest of a fellow Athenian, Socrates refused and narrowly escaped death before the Tyrants were overthrown. He did, however, fulfill his duty to serve as <i><a href="/wiki/Prytanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prytanis">Prytanis</a></i> when a trial of a group of Generals who presided over a disastrous naval campaign were judged; even then, he maintained an uncompromising attitude, being one of those who refused to proceed in a manner not supported by the laws, despite intense pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> Judging by his actions, he considered the rule of the Thirty Tyrants less legitimate than the Democratic Senate that sentenced him to death.</p>
<p>Socrates' apparent respect for democracy is one of the themes emphasized in the 2008 play <i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_on_Trial_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates on Trial (play)">Socrates on Trial</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_David_Irvine" title="Andrew David Irvine">Andrew David Irvine</a>. Irvine argues that it was because of his loyalty to Athenian democracy that Socrates was willing to accept the verdict of his fellow citizens. As Irvine puts it, "During a time of war and great social and intellectual upheaval, Socrates felt compelled to express his views openly, regardless of the consequences. As a result, he is remembered today, not only for his sharp wit and high ethical standards, but also for his loyalty to the view that in a democracy the best way for a man to serve himself, his friends, and his city—even during times of war—is by being loyal to, and by speaking publicly about, the truth."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Covertness">Covertness</span></h3>
<p>In the Dialogues of Plato, though Socrates sometimes seems to support a <a href="/wiki/Mystical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical">mystical</a> side, discussing <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery religions</a>, this is generally attributed to Plato.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> Regardless, this view of Socrates cannot be dismissed out of hand, as we cannot be sure of the differences between the views of Plato and Socrates; in addition, there seem to be some corollaries in the works of Xenophon. In the culmination of the philosophic path as discussed in Plato's <i>Symposium</i>, one comes to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Beauty" title="Sea of Beauty">Sea of Beauty</a> or to the sight of "the beautiful itself" (211C); only then can one become wise. (In the <i>Symposium</i>, Socrates credits his speech on the philosophic path to his teacher, the priestess <a href="/wiki/Diotima_of_Mantinea" title="Diotima of Mantinea">Diotima</a>, who is not even sure if Socrates is capable of reaching the highest mysteries.) In the <i>Meno</i>, he refers to the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>, telling Meno he would understand Socrates' answers better if only he could stay for the initiations next week. Further confusions result from the nature of these sources, insofar as the Platonic Dialogues are arguably the work of an artist-philosopher, whose meaning does not volunteer itself to the passive reader nor again the lifelong scholar. According to <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus the Younger</a> in his <i>Life of Plato</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> Plato himself "received instruction from the writers of tragedy" before taking up the study of philosophy. His works are, indeed, dialogues; Plato's choice of this, the medium of Sophocles, Euripides, and the fictions of theatre, may reflect the ever-interpretable nature of his writings, as he has been called a "dramatist of reason". What is more, the first word of nearly all Plato's works is a significant term for that respective dialogue, and is used with its many connotations in mind. Finally, the <i>Phaedrus</i> and the <i>Symposium</i> each allude to Socrates' coy delivery of philosophic truths in conversation; the Socrates of the <i>Phaedrus</i> goes so far as to demand such dissembling and mystery in all writing. The covertness we often find in Plato, appearing here and there couched in some enigmatic use of symbol and/or irony, may be at odds with the mysticism Plato's Socrates expounds in some other dialogues. These indirect methods may fail to satisfy some readers.</p>
<p>Perhaps the most interesting facet of this is Socrates' reliance on what the Greeks called his "<a href="/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)#Socrates" title="Daemon (classical mythology)">daim?nic</a> sign", an averting (ἀποτ?επτικός <i>apotreptikos</i>) inner voice Socrates heard only when he was about to make a mistake. It was this <i>sign</i> that prevented Socrates from entering into politics. In the <i>Phaedrus</i>, we are told Socrates considered this to be a form of "divine madness", the sort of <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">insanity</a> that is a gift from the gods and gives us <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> itself. Alternately, the <i>sign</i> is often taken to be what we would call "intuition"; however, Socrates' characterization of the phenomenon as <i>daim?nic</i> may suggest that its origin is divine, mysterious, and independent of his own thoughts. Today, such a voice would be classified under the <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> as a <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations#Command_hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">command hallucination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Satirical_playwrights">Satirical playwrights</span></h2>
<p>He was prominently lampooned in <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i>, produced when Socrates was in his mid-forties; he said at his trial (according to Plato) that the laughter of the <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a> was a harder task to answer than the arguments of his accusers. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> believed this play was a more accurate representation of Socrates than those of his students. In the play, Socrates is ridiculed for his dirtiness, which is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Laconophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Laconophile">Laconizing</a> fad; also in plays by <a href="/wiki/Callias_(Comic_Poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Callias (Comic Poet)">Callias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eupolis" title="Eupolis">Eupolis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telecleides" title="Telecleides">Telecleides</a>. Other comic poets who lampooned Socrates include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnesimachus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnesimachus (page does not exist)">Mnesimachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ameipsias" title="Ameipsias">Ameipsias</a>. In all of these, Socrates and the <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a> were criticized for "the moral dangers inherent in contemporary thought and literature".</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Prose_sources">Prose sources</span></h2>
<p>Plato, Xenophon, and Aristotle are the main sources for the historical Socrates; however, Xenophon and Plato were students of Socrates, and they may idealize him; however, they wrote the only continuous descriptions of Socrates that have come down to us in their complete form. Aristotle refers frequently, but in passing, to Socrates in his writings. Almost all of Plato's works center on Socrates. However, Plato's later works appear to be more his own philosophy put into the mouth of his mentor.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Socratic_dialogues">The Socratic dialogues</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a></div>
<p>The <i>Socratic Dialogues</i> are a series of <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogues</a> written by Plato and Xenophon in the form of discussions between Socrates and other persons of his time, or as discussions between Socrates' followers over his concepts. Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i> is an example of this latter category. Although his <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i> is a monologue delivered by Socrates, it is usually grouped with the Dialogues.</p>
<p>The <i>Apology</i> professes to be a record of the actual speech Socrates delivered in his own defense at the trial. In the Athenian jury system, an "apology" is composed of three parts: a speech, followed by a counter-assessment, then some final words. "Apology" is a <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>, of the Greek <i>apologia</i>, meaning "defense"; in this sense it is not apologetic according to our contemporary use of the term.</p>
<p>Plato generally does not place his own ideas in the mouth of a specific speaker; he lets ideas emerge via the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Socratic Method">Socratic Method</a>, under the guidance of Socrates. Most of the dialogues present Socrates applying this method to some extent, but nowhere as completely as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i>. In this dialogue, Socrates and <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_(prophet)" title="Euthyphro (prophet)">Euthyphro</a> go through several iterations of refining the answer to Socrates' question, "...What is the pious, and what the impious?"</p>
<p>In Plato's Dialogues, learning appears as a process of remembering. The <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, before its incarnation in the body, was in the realm of <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideas</a> (very similar to the Platonic "Forms"). There, it saw things the way they truly are, rather than the pale shadows or copies we experience on earth. By a process of questioning, the soul can be brought to remember the ideas in their pure form, thus bringing <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup></p>
<p>Especially for Plato's writings referring to Socrates, it is not always clear which ideas brought forward by Socrates (or his friends) actually belonged to Socrates and which of these may have been new additions or elaborations by Plato&#160;– this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Socratic Problem">Socratic Problem</a>. Generally, the early works of Plato are considered to be close to the spirit of Socrates, whereas the later works&#160;– including <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>&#160;– are considered to be possibly products of Plato's elaborations.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Immediate_influence">Immediate influence</span></h3>
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Statue of Socrates in front of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens (modern)</a></div>
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<p>Immediately, the students of Socrates set to work both on exercising their perceptions of his teachings in politics and also on developing many new philosophical schools of thought. Some of Athens' controversial and anti-democratic <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrants</a> were contemporary or posthumous students of Socrates including <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a>. Critias' cousin Plato would go on to found the <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a> in 385 BC, which gained so much renown that "Academy" became the standard word for educational institutions in later European languages such as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> Plato's protege, another important figure of the Classical era, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> went on to tutor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and also to found his own school in 335 BC—the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a>—whose name also now means an educational institution.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup></p>
<p>While "Socrates dealt with moral matters and took no notice at all of nature in general",<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> in his Dialogues, Plato would emphasize mathematics with metaphysical overtones mirroring that of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>&#160;– the former who would dominate Western thought well into the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Aristotle himself was as much of a philosopher as he was a scientist with extensive work in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>.</p>
<p>Socratic thought which challenged conventions, especially in stressing a simplistic way of living, became divorced from Plato's more detached and philosophical pursuits. This idea was inherited by one of Socrates' older students, <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a>, who became the originator of another philosophy in the years after Socrates' death: <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a>. The idea of <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> being hand in hand with an ethical life or one with piety, ignored by Plato and Aristotle and somewhat dealt with by the Cynics, formed the core of another philosophy in 281 BC&#160;– <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> when <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a> would discover Socrates' works and then learn from <a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates</a>, a Cynic philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_historical_influence">Later historical influence</span></h3>
<p>While some of the later contributions of Socrates to <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic Era</a> culture and philosophy as well as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Era">Roman Era</a> have been lost to time, his teachings began a resurgence in both <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_history#Early_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history">Islamic Middle East</a> alongside those of Aristotle and Stoicism. Socrates is mentioned in the dialogue <a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a> by Jewish philosopher and rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a> in which a Jew instructs the <a href="/wiki/Khazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar">Khazar</a> king about Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a>, a well-known Arabic philosopher, introduced and tried to reconcile Socrates and Hellenistic philosophy to an Islamic audience,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> referring to him by the name 'Suqrat'.</p>
<p>Socrates' stature in Western philosophy returned in full force with the Renaissance and the Age of Reason in Europe when political theory began to resurface under those like <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbes">Hobbes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> even went so far as to write a <a href="/wiki/Voltaire%27s_Socrates_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltaire's Socrates (play)">satirical play</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a>. There were a number of paintings about his life including <i>Socrates Tears Alcibiades from the Embrace of Sensual Pleasure</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Regnault" title="Jean-Baptiste Regnault">Jean-Baptiste Regnault</a> and <i>The Death of Socrates</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> in the later 18th century.</p>
<p>To this day, the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Socratic Method">Socratic Method</a> is still used in classroom and law school discourse to expose underlying issues in both subject and the speaker. He has been recognized with accolades ranging from frequent mentions in pop culture (such as the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Excellent_Adventure" title="Bill &amp; Ted's Excellent Adventure">Bill &amp; Ted's Excellent Adventure</a></i> and a Greek rock band called <a href="/wiki/Socrates_Drank_the_Conium" title="Socrates Drank the Conium">Socrates Drank the Conium</a>) to numerous busts in academic institutions in recognition of his contribution to education.</p>
<p>Over the past century, numerous plays about Socrates have also focused on Socrates' life and influence. One of the most recent has been <i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_on_Trial" title="Socrates on Trial">Socrates on Trial</a></i>, a play based on Aristophanes' <i>Clouds</i> and Plato's <i>Apology</i>, <i>Crito,</i> and <i>Phaedo,</i> all adapted for modern performance.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></h3>
<p>Evaluation of and reaction to Socrates has been undertaken by both historians and philosophers from the time of his death to the present day with a multitude of conclusions and perspectives. Although he was not directly prosecuted for his connection to Critias, leader of the Spartan-backed <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a>, and "showed considerable personal courage in refusing to submit to [them]", he was seen by some as a figure who mentored oligarchs who became abusive tyrants, and undermined Athenian democracy. The Sophistic movement that he railed at in life survived him, but by the 3rd century BC, was rapidly overtaken by the many philosophical schools of thought that Socrates influenced.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
<p>Socrates' death is considered iconic and his status as a martyr of philosophy overshadows most contemporary and posthumous criticism. However, Xenophon mentions Socrates' "arrogance" and that he was "an expert in the art of pimping" or "self-presentation".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> Direct criticism of Socrates the man almost disappears after this time, but there is a noticeable preference for Plato or Aristotle over the elements of Socratic philosophy distinct from those of his students, even into the Middle Ages.</p>
<p>Some modern scholarship holds that, with so much of his own thought obscured and possibly altered by Plato, it is impossible to gain a clear picture of Socrates amid all the contradictory evidence. That both <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, which carried heavy influence from Socratic thought, were unlike or even contrary to <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> further illustrates this. The ambiguity and lack of reliability serves as the modern basis of criticism—that it is nearly impossible to know the real Socrates. Some controversy also exists about Socrates' attitude towards <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> and as to whether or not he believed in the <a href="/wiki/Olympian_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympian gods">Olympian gods</a>, was monotheistic, or held some other religious viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> However, it is still commonly taught and held with little exception that Socrates is the progenitor of subsequent Western philosophy, to the point that philosophers before him are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Socratic">pre-Socratic</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_literature">In literature</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>Socrates is a major character in <a href="/wiki/Mary_Renault" title="Mary Renault">Mary Renault</a>'s historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Wine" title="The Last of the Wine">The Last of the Wine</a></i>. The book's protagonists, Alexias and Lysis, study under him in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup></li>
<li>A humorous version of the deceased Socrates appears in <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrick_Bangs" title="John Kendrick Bangs">John Kendrick Bangs</a>'s comic novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_House-Boat_on_the_Styx" title="A House-Boat on the Styx">A House-Boat on the Styx</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Associated_Shades" title="Associated Shades">its sequels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
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<td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates.png" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" width="18" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_Graecus_64" title="Codex Vaticanus Graecus 64">Codex Vaticanus Graecus 64</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">List of speakers in Plato's dialogues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe">Xanthippe</a> (wife of Socrates)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myrto" title="Myrto">Myrto</a> (second wife of Socrates, according to some accounts)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-enc1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />&#160;<cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Socrates" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Socrates">Socrates</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.atitle=Socrates&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. <i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kofman, Sarah (1998). <i>Socrates: Fictions of a Philosopher</i>. p.&#160;34. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3551-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3551-X">0-8014-3551-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft.aulast=Kofman&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates%3A+Fictions+of+a+Philosopher&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8014-3551-X&amp;rft.pages=34&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roberson, C. (8 December 2009). <i>Ethics for Criminal Justice Professionals</i>. CRC Press. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJDLBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA24#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1420086723" title="Special:BookSources/1420086723">1420086723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=Roberson&amp;rft.btitle=Ethics+for+Criminal+Justice+Professionals&amp;rft.date=2009-12-08&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1420086723&amp;rft.pages=24&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rubel, A.; Vickers, M. (11 September 2014). <i>Fear and Loathing in Ancient Athens: Religion and Politics During the Peloponnesian War</i>. Routledge. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SmJ_BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1317544803" title="Special:BookSources/1317544803">1317544803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Rubel&amp;rft.au=Vickers%2C+M.&amp;rft.btitle=Fear+and+Loathing+in+Ancient+Athens%3A+Religion+and+Politics+During+the+Peloponnesian+War&amp;rft.date=2014-09-11&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1317544803&amp;rft.pages=147&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Louis-Andr.C3.A9_Dorion-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Louis-Andr.C3.A9_Dorion_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dorion, Louis-André. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/companions/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511780257&amp;cid=CBO9780511780257A004"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Socratic Problem pp. 1-23 (The Cambridge Companion to Socrates)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521833424.001">10.1017/CCOL9780521833424.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521833424" title="Special:BookSources/9780521833424">9780521833424</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Louis-Andr%C3%A9&amp;rft.aulast=Dorion&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Socratic+Problem+pp.+1-23+%28The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Socrates%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funiversitypublishingonline.org%2Fcambridge%2Fcompanions%2Fchapter.jsf%3Fbid%3DCBO9780511780257%26cid%3DCBO9780511780257A004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521833424.001&amp;rft.isbn=9780521833424&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">May, H. (2000). <i>On Socrates</i>. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning,. p.&#160;20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.aulast=May&amp;rft.btitle=On+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=Wadsworth%2FThomson+Learning%2C&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674996953">catalogue of Harvard University Press - Xenophon Volume IV</a>[Retrieved 2015-3-26]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahn, CH', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vSXkTBniJZAC&amp;dq=logoi+sokratikoi&amp;q=%22%28sokratikoi+logoi%7D.+These%22#v=snippet&amp;q=%22(sokratikoi%20logoi%7D.%20These%22&amp;f=false"><i>Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. xvii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many other writers added to the fashion of Socratic dialogues (called <i>Sőkratikoi logoi</i>) at the time. In addition to Plato and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, each of the following is credited by some source as having added to the genre: <a href="/wiki/Aeschines_of_Sphettus" title="Aeschines of Sphettus">Aeschines of Sphettus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a>, Bryson, Cebes, <a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a>, and Phaedo. It is unlikely Plato was the first in this field (Vlastos, p. 52).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-D.R._Morrison_.28Professor_of_Philosophy_and_Classical_Studies_at_Rice_University_.28c.2011.29._He_has_also_been_a_Rockefeller_Fellow_at_the_University_Center_for_Human_Values_at_Princeton_University.2C_a_Junior_Fellow_of_the_Center_for_Hellenic_Studies.2C_and_a_Visiting_Professor_at_the_University_Paris_I-Sorbonne.29-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D.R._Morrison_.28Professor_of_Philosophy_and_Classical_Studies_at_Rice_University_.28c.2011.29._He_has_also_been_a_Rockefeller_Fellow_at_the_University_Center_for_Human_Values_at_Princeton_University.2C_a_Junior_Fellow_of_the_Center_for_Hellenic_Studies.2C_and_a_Visiting_Professor_at_the_University_Paris_I-Sorbonne.29_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Morrison, D.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC&amp;pg=PR14&amp;dq=all+sources+for+Socrates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=kzYwVZrSOsLaarqwgYgC&amp;ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=all%20sources%20for%20Socrates&amp;f=false"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Socrates (p.xiv)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press, 2011 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521833426" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0521833426</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=D.R.&amp;rft.aulast=Morrison&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Socrates+%28p.xiv%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KBex4rtlXMC%26pg%3DPR14%26dq%3Dall%2Bsources%2Bfor%2BSocrates%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DkzYwVZrSOsLaarqwgYgC%26ved%3D0CCcQ6AEwAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dall%2520sources%2520for%2520Socrates%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+2011+ISBN+0521833426&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Nails.2C_D-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nails.2C_D_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nails, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/"><i>Socrates:Socrates's strangeness</i></a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.aulast=Nails&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates%3ASocrates%27s+strangeness&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsocrates%2F&amp;rft.pub=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Spring+2014+Edition%29%2C+Edward+N.+Zalta+%28ed.%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>(ed. first source for &lt; ugly &gt;)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/faculty/kahn">CH Kahn</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vSXkTBniJZAC&amp;pg=PA75&amp;dq=historical+works+dealing+with+Socrates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=dbEvVdHgBIzlaKDdgIgP&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=historical%20works%20dealing%20with%20Socrates&amp;f=false">Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form (p.75)</a> Cambridge University Press, 4 Jun 1998 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521648300" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0521648300</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-16]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yhUg7xHDggIC&amp;dq=Martin+Cohen%2C+Philosophical+Tales&amp;q=an+idol#v=snippet&amp;q=an%20idol&amp;f=false"><i>Philosophical Tales: Being an Alternative History Revealing the Characters, the Plots, and the Hidden Scenes That Make Up the True Story of Philosophy</i></a>, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2008, p. 5, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405140372" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4051-4037-2</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also R.D'A.Ward, <i>Sokrátis&#160;: Soul Scientist</i>, York&#160;: Aretí Publications, 2013</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophy.msu.edu/people/faculty/debra-nails/">D Nails</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fWzD1JxPLn4C&amp;pg=PA9&amp;dq=Socrates+problem+philosophical+Socrates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=O7svVfHAIM-Waqj5gcgJ&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Socrates%20problem%20philosophical%20Socrates&amp;f=false">Agora, Academy, and the Conduct of Philosophy (p.9)</a> Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 31 Jul 1995 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792335430" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0792335430</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-16]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahbel-Rappe, S., - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GKewlVwJ9rgC&amp;pg=PA2&amp;dq=the+%E2%80%9Creal%E2%80%9D+Socrates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=0v0vVc6KGsjtaJGEgLgP&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=the%20%E2%80%9Creal%E2%80%9D%20Socrates&amp;f=false">Socrates: A Guide for the Perplexed (p.2 &amp; Note 10 on p.157-8)</a> A&amp;C Black, 30 Aug 2009 [Retrieved 2015-04-16](ed. Note 10. shows a relevant quote from <i>Magna Moralia</i>)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-R_Bett_.28S_Ahbel-Rappe_-_Associate_Professor_of_Greek_and_Latin_at_the_University_of_Michigan.2C_R_Kamtekar_-_Assistant_Professor_of_Philosophy_at_the_University_of_Arizona.29-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R_Bett_.28S_Ahbel-Rappe_-_Associate_Professor_of_Greek_and_Latin_at_the_University_of_Michigan.2C_R_Kamtekar_-_Assistant_Professor_of_Philosophy_at_the_University_of_Arizona.29_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bett, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwpZVuylPgYC&amp;pg=PA299&amp;dq=Timon+of+Phlius+Socrates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=2vYwVdDOGsfKaLOogZAK&amp;ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Timon%20of%20Phlius%20Socrates&amp;f=false"><i>A Companion to Socrates (p.299-30)</i></a>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 11 May 2009 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405192607" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1405192607</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Bett&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Socrates+%28p.299-30%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwpZVuylPgYC%26pg%3DPA299%26dq%3DTimon%2Bof%2BPhlius%2BSocrates%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D2vYwVdDOGsfKaLOogZAK%26ved%3D0CCcQ6AEwAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DTimon%2520of%2520Phlius%2520Socrates%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+11+May+2009+ISBN+1405192607&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>(ed. a translation of one fragment reads - "But from them the sculptor, blatherer on the lawful, turned away. Spellbinder of the Greeks, who made them precise in language. Sneerer trained by rhetoroticians, sub-Attic ironist." c.f. source for a discussion of this quote.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieber, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x-4IAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA266&amp;dq=fragments+of+Timon+of+Phlius+Socrates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=JwMxVY6-CMjzasLbgZAH&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=fragments%20of%20Timon%20of%20Phlius%20Socrates&amp;f=false">Encyclopedia Americana (p.266-7)</a> Published 1832 (Original from Oxford University, Digitized 27 Jun 2007)[Retrieved 2015-04-17]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CS. Celenza, Dr.Phil. (2001), - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AAR2oNDiQkwC&amp;pg=PA219&amp;dq=fragments+of+Timon+of+Phlius+Socrates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=QgExVcuTDdfhasL1gKgG&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=fragments%20of%20Timon%20of%20Phlius%20Socrates&amp;f=false">Angelo Poliziano's Lamia: Text, Translation, and Introductory Studies (Note 34.)</a> BRILL, 2010 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004185909" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9004185909</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-17]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ong, pp. 78–79.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxford.academia.edu/PeterJKing">PJ. King</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uWOnYFyGZcMC&amp;pg=PA23&amp;dq=Aristophanes%27+play+The+Clouds+portrays+Socrates+as+a+clown&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=qgswVavUC4etaeingNgN&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Aristophanes'%20play%20The%20Clouds%20portrays%20Socrates%20as%20a%20clown&amp;f=false">One Hundred Philosophers (p.23)</a> Zebra, 2006 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1770220011" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1770220011</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-16]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G.W.F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W.F. Hegel">G.W.F. Hegel</a> (trans. Frances H. Simon), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/kierkegaard%2FLectures_on_the_History_of_Philosophy.pdf">Lectures on History of Philosophy</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plato.stanford.edu_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plato.stanford.edu_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nails, D - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/">"Socrates" - A Chronology of the historical Socrates in the context of Athenian history and the dramatic dates of Plato's dialogues</a> The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)[Retrieved 2015-04-17]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-M.C._Howatson_-_Fellow_and_Tutor_in_Classics_at_St_Anne.27s_College.2C_Oxford-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M.C._Howatson_-_Fellow_and_Tutor_in_Classics_at_St_Anne.27s_College.2C_Oxford_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Howatson, M.C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IVGcAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA528&amp;dq=Sophroniscus+was+a+sculptor+stonemason&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=zV8wVevOI5XnaonYgHg&amp;ved=0CEAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Sophroniscus%20was%20a%20sculptor%20stonemason&amp;f=false"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature</i></a> (reprint, 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p.&#160;528. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199548552" title="Special:BookSources/0199548552">0199548552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=M.C.&amp;rft.aulast=Howatson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Literature&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.edition=reprint%2C+3rd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVGcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA528%26dq%3DSophroniscus%2Bwas%2Ba%2Bsculptor%2Bstonemason%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DzV8wVevOI5XnaonYgHg%26ved%3D0CEAQ6AEwAg%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSophroniscus%2520was%2520a%2520sculptor%2520stonemason%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=0199548552&amp;rft.pages=528&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Plato (1999) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0172:text=Theaet.:section=149a"><i>Theaetetus</i></a>. Translated by Fowler, Harold N. (reprint of London, William Heinemann Ltd. ed.). Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. p.&#160;149a<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.au=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Theaetetus&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.edition=reprint+of+London%2C+William+Heinemann+Ltd.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0172%3Atext%3DTheaet.%3Asection%3D149a&amp;rft.pages=149a&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA.&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/history/people/display_person.xml?netid=grafton">A Grafton</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://complit.uchicago.edu/faculty/most">GW Most</a>, Settis, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&amp;pg=PA996&amp;dq=Christine+of+Xanthippe&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=wLYwVdb1HdThasKVgLAD&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Christine%20of%20Xanthippe&amp;f=false">The Classical Tradition</a> Harvard University Press, 25 Oct 2010 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674035720" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0674035720</a>[Retrieved 2015-04-17]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0170:text=Phaedo:section=116b">"Plato, ''Phaedo'' 116b"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%2C+%27%26%2339%3BPhaedo%27%26%2339%3B+116b&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DPhaedo%3Asection%3D116b&amp;rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Charmides-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Charmides_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Charmides</i>. pp.&#160;155 d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.btitle=Charmides&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=155+d&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first1=</code> missing <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last1=</code> in Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>);</span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DCrito%3Apage%3D45">"Plato, ''Crito'' 45c-45e"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%2C+%27%26%2339%3BCrito%27%26%2339%3B+45c-45e&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0170%253Atext%253DCrito%253Apage%253D45&amp;rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ancient tradition is attested in <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.22.1">1.22.8</a>; for a modern denial, see <i>Kleine Pauly</i>, "Sokrates" <b>7</b>; the tradition is a confusion with the sculptor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socrates_of_Thebes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Socrates of Thebes (page does not exist)">Socrates of Thebes</a>, mentioned in Pausanias <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+9.25.1">9.25.3</a>, a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xen. Mem. 4.2.1</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Sellars, (2003), Simon the Shoemaker and the Problem of Socrates. Classical Philology 98, 207-216.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-JA._Colaiaco_-_Ph.D._in_intellectual_history_from_Columbia.2C_and_taught_Great_Books_at_New_York_University_in_the_General_Studies_Program_at_NYU.-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JA._Colaiaco_-_Ph.D._in_intellectual_history_from_Columbia.2C_and_taught_Great_Books_at_New_York_University_in_the_General_Studies_Program_at_NYU._34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Colaiaco, J.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pXAlieAIBD8C&amp;pg=PT20&amp;dq=Sophroniscus+the+Parthenon&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=KfEwVcm3DY7raLDagNgJ&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Sophroniscus%20the%20Parthenon&amp;f=false"><i>Socrates Against Athens: Philosophy on Trial</i></a>. Routledge, 15 Apr 2013 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135024936" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1135024936</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=J.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Colaiaco&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates+Against+Athens%3A+Philosophy+on+Trial&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXAlieAIBD8C%26pg%3DPT20%26dq%3DSophroniscus%2Bthe%2BParthenon%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DKfEwVcm3DY7raLDagNgJ%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSophroniscus%2520the%2520Parthenon%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pub=Routledge%2C+15+Apr+2013+ISBN+1135024936&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monoson, SS., Meineck, P., Konstan, D. - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y3SoBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR12&amp;dq=Combat+Trauma+and+the+Ancient+Greeks&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=Zm4xVd2cJYO5Pd_HgYAF&amp;ved=0CCIQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Combat%20Trauma%20and%20the%20Ancient%20Greeks&amp;f=false">Combat Trauma and the Ancient Greeks (p.136)</a> Palgrave Macmillan, 11 Sep 2014 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1137398868" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1137398868</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-17]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Iain_King" title="Iain King">Iain King</a> details Socrates' military service, including how it may have affected his ideas, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military-history.org/articles/thinkers-at-war-socrates.htm">Socrates at War (article)</a>, accessed 2014-03-21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ober, J. - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iKXXc7AFuakC&amp;pg=PA184&amp;dq=Socrates+406,+the+Boule&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=51kyVffKLYO7OKCTgZgH&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Socrates%20406%2C&amp;f=false">Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule (p.184 - footnote 54)</a> <i>Martin Classical Lectures</i> Princeton University Press, 2 Dec 2001 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691089817" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0691089817</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-18]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (15 Mar 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eT33BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA72&amp;dq=Attic+Greek+tribe+Antiochis&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=31cxVZ29IMKQPbDigcgB&amp;ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Attic%20Greek%20tribe%20Antiochis&amp;f=false"><i>Introductory Readings in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy (p.72)</i></a>. Miller, PL.: Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1624663540" title="Special:BookSources/1624663540">1624663540</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.au=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+Readings+in+Ancient+Greek+and+Roman+Philosophy+%28p.72%29&amp;rft.date=2015-03-15&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeT33BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72%26dq%3DAttic%2BGreek%2Btribe%2BAntiochis%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D31cxVZ29IMKQPbDigcgB%26ved%3D0CCMQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DAttic%2520Greek%2520tribe%2520Antiochis%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=1624663540&amp;rft.place=Miller%2C+PL.&amp;rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dillon, M., Garland, L - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PxoWBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA119&amp;dq=Attic+Greek+tribe+Antiochis&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=DlwxVdesF8PNOrjigagM&amp;ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Attic%20Greek%20tribe%20Antiochis&amp;f=false">Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Alexander (p.119)</a> Routledge, 18 Jun 2010 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1136991387" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1136991387</a> (revised) [Retrieved 2015-04-17]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garland, L. - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JgWDAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA321&amp;dq=Socrates+was+the+Epistates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=w2IyVdr0M4PSPcjTgLAB&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=Socrates%20was%20the%20Epistates&amp;f=false">Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Socrates(p.321)</a> Routledge, 24 Oct 2005 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/113460372X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 113460372X</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-18]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C Tuplin, V Azoulay - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vNw9Kb7swxIC&amp;pg=PA379&amp;dq=Socrates+was+the+Epistates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=w2IyVdr0M4PSPcjTgLAB&amp;ved=0CEQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&amp;q=Socrates%20was%20the%20Epistates&amp;f=false"><i>Xenophon and His World: Papers from a Conference Held in Liverpool in July 1999 (p.379. - footnote 92)</i></a></span> Geschichte <i>Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3515083928" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3515083928</a>.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henri_Larcher" title="Pierre Henri Larcher">Larcher, P.H.</a> (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2EDOOUio040C&amp;pg=PA330&amp;dq=Socrates+was+the+Epistates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=BIMyVeWAKIW-PcChgDg&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Socrates%20was%20the%20Epistates&amp;f=false"><i>Larcher's Notes on Herodotus: Historical and Critical Remarks on the Nine Books of the History of Herodotus, with a Chronological Table</i></a> <b>2</b>. John R. Priestley. p.&#160;330<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=P.H.&amp;rft.aulast=Larcher&amp;rft.btitle=Larcher%27s+Notes+on+Herodotus%3A+Historical+and+Critical+Remarks+on+the+Nine+Books+of+the+History+of+Herodotus%2C+with+a+Chronological+Table&amp;rft.date=1829&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EDOOUio040C%26pg%3DPA330%26dq%3DSocrates%2Bwas%2Bthe%2BEpistates%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DBIMyVeWAKIW-PcChgDg%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSocrates%2520was%2520the%2520Epistates%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=330&amp;rft.pub=John+R.+Priestley&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-M_Henderson_Munn_-_Associate_Professor_in_the_Departments_of_History_and_Classics_and_Ancient_Mediterranean_Studies_at_the_Pennsylvania_State_University-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M_Henderson_Munn_-_Associate_Professor_in_the_Departments_of_History_and_Classics_and_Ancient_Mediterranean_Studies_at_the_Pennsylvania_State_University_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M_Henderson_Munn_-_Associate_Professor_in_the_Departments_of_History_and_Classics_and_Ancient_Mediterranean_Studies_at_the_Pennsylvania_State_University_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Munn, Henderson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mxfvo6OMPOAC&amp;pg=PA186&amp;dq=proposal+of+Callixeinus.+in+generals+trial&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=PMIyVcS1N87qOM-mgeAB&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=proposal%20of%20Callixeinus.%20in%20generals%20trial&amp;f=false"><i>The School of History: Athens in the Age of Socrates (p.186)</i></a>. University of California Press, 2000 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520929713" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0520929713</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Henderson&amp;rft.aulast=Munn&amp;rft.btitle=The+School+of+History%3A+Athens+in+the+Age+of+Socrates+%28p.186%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmxfvo6OMPOAC%26pg%3DPA186%26dq%3Dproposal%2Bof%2BCallixeinus.%2Bin%2Bgenerals%2Btrial%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DPMIyVcS1N87qOM-mgeAB%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dproposal%2520of%2520Callixeinus.%2520in%2520generals%2520trial%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press%2C+2000+ISBN+0520929713&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-F._A._Hayek_-_.281899-1992.29.2C_recipient_of_the_Medal_of_Freedom_in_1991_and_co-winner_of_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics_in_1974._He_taught_at_the_University_of_London.2C_the_University_of_Chicago.2C_and_the_University_of_Freiburg.-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F._A._Hayek_-_.281899-1992.29.2C_recipient_of_the_Medal_of_Freedom_in_1991_and_co-winner_of_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics_in_1974._He_taught_at_the_University_of_London.2C_the_University_of_Chicago.2C_and_the_University_of_Freiburg._44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hayek, FA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4z7XZJSd0wcC&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=in+no+case+would+he+act+except+in+accordance+with+the+law&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=iscyVda5OISxPY-KgLgB&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=in%20no%20case%20would%20he%20act%20except%20in%20accordance%20with%20the%20law&amp;f=false"><i>Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 3: The Political Order of a Free People</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226321266" title="Special:BookSources/0226321266">0226321266</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=FA.&amp;rft.aulast=Hayek&amp;rft.btitle=Law%2C+Legislation+and+Liberty%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Political+Order+of+a+Free+People&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4z7XZJSd0wcC%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3Din%2Bno%2Bcase%2Bwould%2Bhe%2Bact%2Bexcept%2Bin%2Baccordance%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Blaw%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DiscyVda5OISxPY-KgLgB%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Din%2520no%2520case%2520would%2520he%2520act%2520except%2520in%2520accordance%2520with%2520the%2520law%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=0226321266&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EM_Harris_-_Research_Professor_of_Ancient_History_at_Durham_University-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EM_Harris_-_Research_Professor_of_Ancient_History_at_Durham_University_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harris, E.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=adLiAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA342&amp;dq=proposal+of+Callixeinus.+in+generals+trial&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=68UyVc0Dhbk4yNaB-AU&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=proposal%20of%20Callixeinus.%20in%20generals%20trial&amp;f=false"><i>The Rule of Law in Action in Democratic Athens</i></a>. Oxford University Press, 2013 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199899169" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0199899169</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=E.M.&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rule+of+Law+in+Action+in+Democratic+Athens&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadLiAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA342%26dq%3Dproposal%2Bof%2BCallixeinus.%2Bin%2Bgenerals%2Btrial%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D68UyVc0Dhbk4yNaB-AU%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dproposal%2520of%2520Callixeinus.%2520in%2520generals%2520trial%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+2013+ISBN+0199899169&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Plato.2C_TL_Pangle_-_Joe_R._Long_Chair_in_Democratic_Studies_in_the_Department_of_Government_at_the_University_of_Texas_at_Austin-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plato.2C_TL_Pangle_-_Joe_R._Long_Chair_in_Democratic_Studies_in_the_Department_of_Government_at_the_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pangle, T.L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ds7aF6Am0OsC&amp;pg=PA511&amp;dq=nomos+as+a+custom&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=cMsyVaGdM8KBPYWMgZgK&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=nomos%20as%20a%20custom&amp;f=false"><i>The Laws of Plato</i></a>. University of Chicago Press, 15 Mar 1988 (reprint) <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226671100" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0226671100</a>. p.&#160;511<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=T.L.&amp;rft.aulast=Pangle&amp;rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Plato&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dds7aF6Am0OsC%26pg%3DPA511%26dq%3Dnomos%2Bas%2Ba%2Bcustom%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DcMsyVaGdM8KBPYWMgZgK%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dnomos%2520as%2520a%2520custom%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=511&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+15+Mar+1988+%28reprint%29+ISBN+0226671100&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>(ed. used to further identify the nature of &lt; nomos &gt; )</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ober, J. in Morrisson, DR. (ed), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_KBex4rtlXMC&amp;dq=Socrates+refuses+Leon&amp;q=%22despite+the+many%22#v=snippet&amp;q=%22despite%20the%20many%22&amp;f=false"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Socrates</i></a> Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 167-169. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521833426" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0521833426</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LD LeCaire - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dc.ewu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&amp;context=theses"><i>Tyranny and Terror:The Failure of Athenian Democracy and the Reign of the Thirty Tyrants</i></a>. Eastern Washington University. Spring 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smith, W. (1852). <i>The Apology of Socrates, the Crito, and Part of the Phaedo: With Notes from Stallbaum, Schleiermacher's Introductions, A Life of Socrates, and Schleiermacher's Essay on the Worth of Socrates as a Philosopher</i>. Taylor Walton and Maberly. p.&#160;ciii note 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.btitle=The+Apology+of+Socrates%2C+the+Crito%2C+and+Part+of+the+Phaedo%3A+With+Notes+from+Stallbaum%2C+Schleiermacher%27s+Introductions%2C+A+Life+of+Socrates%2C+and+Schleiermacher%27s+Essay+on+the+Worth+of+Socrates+as+a+Philosopher&amp;rft.date=1852&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=ciii+note+1&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+Walton+and+Maberly&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wilson, Emily R. (2007). <i>The Death of Socrates</i>. Harvard University Press. p.&#160;55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Emily+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Wilson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=55&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Here it is telling to refer to <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+3.82.8">3.82.8</a>): "Reckless audacity came to be considered the courage of a loyal ally; prudent hesitation, specious cowardice; moderation was held to be a cloak for unmanliness; ability to see all sides of a question inaptness to act on any. Frantic violence, became the attribute of manliness; cautious plotting, a justifiable means of self-defense. The advocate of extreme measures was always trustworthy; his opponent a man to be suspected."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Waterfield, Robin (2009). <i>Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths</i>. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Robin&amp;rft.aulast=Waterfield&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Socrates+Died%3A+Dispelling+the+Myths&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brun (1978).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato. <i>Apology</i>, 24–27.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fallon, Warren J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19681231">"Socratic suicide."</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>: 19681231. <a href="/wiki/US_National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Library of Medicine">US National Library of Medicine</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>. 121:91–106. Retrieved September 12, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linder, Doug (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/socrates/socratesaccount.html">"The Trial of Socrates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City_School_of_Law" title="University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law">University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law</a>. Retrieved September 12, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551948/Socrates">"Socrates (Greek philosopher)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. Retrieved September 12, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. G. Frey (January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=3457B5D495BA884D57867116985C0601.journals?fromPage=online&amp;aid=3474668">Did Socrates Commit Suicide?</a>. <i>Philosophy</i>, Volume 53, Issue 203, pp 106–108. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100016375">10.1017/S0031819100016375</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Allen, R.E. (1981). <i>Socrates and Legal Obligation</i>. U of Minnesota Press. pp.&#160;65–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=R.E.&amp;rft.aulast=Allen&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates+and+Legal+Obligation&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=65-96&amp;rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weiss, R. (1998). <i>Socrates Dissatisfied: An Analysis of Plato's Crito</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Weiss&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates+Dissatisfied%3A+An+Analysis+of+Plato%27s+Crito&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=85&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popper, K. (1962) The Open Society and its Enemies, Volume 1 Plato, London, Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, p133.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadot, P. (1995) Philosophy as a Way of Life, Oxford, Blackwells, p93.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Cohn2001-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohn2001_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cohn, Dorrit (2001). "Does Socrates Speak for Plato? Reflections on an Open Question". <i>New Literary History</i> <b>32</b> (3): 485–500. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fnlh.2001.0030">10.1353/nlh.2001.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1080-661X">1080-661X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.atitle=Does+Socrates+Speak+for+Plato%3F+Reflections+on+an+Open+Question&amp;rft.aufirst=Dorrit&amp;rft.aulast=Cohn&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnlh.2001.0030&amp;rft.issn=1080-661X&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Literary+History&amp;rft.pages=485-500&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=32" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Republic</i> 336c &amp; 337a, <i>Theaetetus</i> 150c, <i>Apology</i> 23a; Xenophon, <i>Memorabilia</i> 4.4.9; Aristotle, <i>Sophistical Refutations</i> 183b7.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long, AA., in <cite class="citation book">Ahbel-Rappe, S.; Kamtekar, R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwpZVuylPgYC&amp;pg=PA59&amp;lpg=PA59&amp;dq=companion+socrates+teleologist&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=xMZIH23Qs9&amp;sig=5QVLDTLvtq9AIIcC3Fn3IcFZXSY&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=wfzAU8b1McajPeqXgOgN&amp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=companion%20socrates%20teleologist&amp;f=false"><i>A Companion to Socrates</i></a>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. p.&#160;59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Kamtekar%2C+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Ahbel-Rappe&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwpZVuylPgYC%26pg%3DPA59%26lpg%3DPA59%26dq%3Dcompanion%2Bsocrates%2Bteleologist%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DxMZIH23Qs9%26sig%3D5QVLDTLvtq9AIIcC3Fn3IcFZXSY%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DwfzAU8b1McajPeqXgOgN%26ved%3D0CCIQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dcompanion%2520socrates%2520teleologist%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Menexenus 235e</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 14, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Irwin" title="Terence Irwin">Terence Irwin</a>, <i>The Development of Ethics</i>, vol. 1, Oxford University Press 2007; p. 147, Gerasimos Santas, "The Socratic Paradoxes", <i>Philosophical Review</i> 73 (1964), pp. 147–64.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)"><i>Apology of Socrates</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Asection%3D21d">21d</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Apology</i> 21d; A. Andrea, J Overfield - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x5-aBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116&amp;dq=Socrates+%22what+I+do+not+know+I+do+not+think+I+know%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=2ew2VbORD9HfaKrqgLAP&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Socrates%20%22what%20I%20do%20not%20know%20I%20do%20not%20think%20I%20know%22&amp;f=false">The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume I: To 1500 (p.116)</a> Cengage Learning, 1 Jan 2015 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1305537467" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1305537467</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-22]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Etymology for <i>phronesis</i>. "ϕ?όνησις thought, sense, judgement, practical wisdom, prudence".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T Engberg-Pedersen - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oj83D7aBgKMC&amp;pg=PA236&amp;dq=phronesis+Socrates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=xCY4VZOCOdKxaci6gWA&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=phronesis%20Socrates&amp;f=false">Aristotle's Theory of Moral Insight (p.236)</a> Oxford University Press, 1983 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198246676" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0198246676</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-22]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amélie Rorty - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QHYKYZGKTgwC&amp;pg=PA268&amp;dq=Socrates+believed+wrongdoing+was+a+consequence+of+ignorance+and+those+who+did+wrong+knew+no+better&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=CyY4VcGECoXhaOWCgJAM&amp;ved=0CEsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&amp;q=Socrates%20believed%20wrongdoing%20was%20a%20consequence%20of%20ignorance%20and%20those%20who%20did%20wrong%20knew%20no%20better&amp;f=false">Essays on Aristotle's Ethics (p.267)</a> University of California Press, 1 Jan 1980 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520040414" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0520040414</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-22](ed. was the first location for concept &lt; phronesis &gt; for this edit)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeve, C. D. C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E1lQNf2EfEUC&amp;pg=PR19&amp;dq=Socrates+-+the+art+of+love&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=FAA5VcG1AoPmat2cgcgF&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Socrates%20-%20the%20art%20of%20love&amp;f=false"><i>Plato on Love</i></a> Hackett Publishing 2006 pp.xix-xx <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1603844066" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1603844066</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Rudebusch - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JT12W8PTyQkC&amp;pg=PT104&amp;dq=love+of+wisdom+Socrates&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=RF85Vf6ODs3xatXvgNAE&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=love%20of%20wisdom%20Socrates&amp;f=false"><i>Socrates</i></a> John Wiley &amp; Sons, 13 Sep 2011 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1444358707" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1444358707</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D P Verene - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mdkods1_jN0C&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=He+never+actually+claimed+to+be+wise&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=UWg5VcuoKZHLaKOSgLAI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=He%20never%20actually%20claimed%20to%20be%20wise&amp;f=false">Speculative Philosophy (p.19)</a> Lexington Books, 16 Apr 2009 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0739136615" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0739136615</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-23]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boys-Stones, G., Rowe, C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ec9NAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA173&amp;dq=Theaetetus+Socrates+matchmaker&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7KY8VbqiBMbbate_gAg&amp;ved=0CDMQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&amp;q=Theaetetus%20Socrates%20matchmaker&amp;f=false">The Circle of Socrates: Readings in the First-Generation Socratics</a>, Hackett Publishing, 2013, pp. 173-175.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vander Waerdt, PA., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Etrz2pkeZvwC&amp;pg=PA201&amp;dq=Theaetetus+Socrates+matchmaker&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7KY8VbqiBMbbate_gAg&amp;ved=0CDoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&amp;q=Theaetetus%20Socrates%20matchmaker&amp;f=false">The Socratic Movement</a>, Cornell University Press, 1994, pp. 200-202.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g74pOFTqwcYC&amp;dq=Theaetetus+Socrates+wind+egg&amp;q=%22barren+midwife%22#v=snippet&amp;q=%22barren%20midwife%22&amp;f=false"><i>Theaetetus</i></a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guthrie, WKC., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a-h35nyFR7IC&amp;dq=socrates+midwives&amp;q=%22other+midwives%22#v=onepage&amp;q=%22wind-egg%22&amp;f=false">Socrates</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 126.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brickhouse, TC.; Smith, N.D. (1990). <i>Socrates on Trial</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=TC.&amp;rft.aulast=Brickhouse&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+N.D.&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates+on+Trial&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=165&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nichols, M.P. (1987). <i>Socrates and the Political Community: An Ancient Debate</i>. SUNY Press. p.&#160;67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=M.P.&amp;rft.aulast=Nichols&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates+and+the+Political+Community%3A+An+Ancient+Debate&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=67&amp;rft.pub=SUNY+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Duignan, B. (2009). <i>The 100 Most Influential Philosophers of All Time</i>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.&#160;33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.aulast=Duignan&amp;rft.btitle=The+100+Most+Influential+Philosophers+of+All+Time&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attributed to "Solomon" in <cite class="citation book"><i>100 Most Influential People of All Times for Smartphones and Mobile Devices</i>. Mobile Reference. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.btitle=100+Most+Influential+People+of+All+Times+for+Smartphones+and+Mobile+Devices&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Mobile+Reference&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagen (1978).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irvine, Andrew D. "Introduction," <i>Socrates on Trial,</i> Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008, p. 19.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McPherran, M.L. (1998). <i>The Religion of Socrates</i>. Penn State Press. p.&#160;268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=M.L.&amp;rft.aulast=McPherran&amp;rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Socrates&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=268&amp;rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olympiodorus the Younger, <i>Life of Plato</i>, in <i>The Works of Plato: A New and Literal Version Chiefly from the Text of Stallbaum</i>, p. 234, Bohm, 1854.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Leudar, I.; Thomas, P. (2013). "1". <i>Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity: Studies of Verbal Hallucinations</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.atitle=1&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.aulast=Leudar&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+P.&amp;rft.btitle=Voices+of+Reason%2C+Voices+of+Insanity%3A+Studies+of+Verbal+Hallucinations&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Khan, C.H. (1998). <i>Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=C.H.&amp;rft.aulast=Khan&amp;rft.btitle=Plato+and+the+Socratic+Dialogue%3A+The+Philosophical+Use+of+a+Literary+Form&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Morrison, D.R. (2011). "1". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Socrates</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.atitle=1&amp;rft.aufirst=D.R.&amp;rft.aulast=Morrison&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ahbel-Rappe, S.; Kamtekar, R. (2009). <i>A Companion to Socrates</i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&#160;306–309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Kamtekar%2C+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Ahbel-Rappe&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=306-309&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Magee, B (2000). <i>The Great Philosophers: An Introduction to Western Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.aulast=Magee&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Philosophers%3A+An+Introduction+to+Western+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=34&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carruccio, E. (2006). <i>Mathematics And Logic in History And in Contemporary Thought</i>. Transaction Publishers. p.&#160;44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.aulast=Carruccio&amp;rft.btitle=Mathematics+And+Logic+in+History+And+in+Contemporary+Thought&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=44&amp;rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Long, A.A. (1996). <i>Stoic Studies</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;31–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=A.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Long&amp;rft.btitle=Stoic+Studies&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=31-32&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hughes, B. (2011). <i>The Hemlock Cup: Socrates, Athens and the Search for the Good Life</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.aulast=Hughes&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hemlock+Cup%3A+Socrates%2C+Athens+and+the+Search+for+the+Good+Life&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">von Dehsen, C. (2013). <i>Philosophers and Religious Leaders</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.aulast=von+Dehsen&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophers+and+Religious+Leaders&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ahbel-Rappe, S.; Kamtekar, R. (2009). <i>A Companion to Socrates</i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&#160;xix–xx.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Kamtekar%2C+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Ahbel-Rappe&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=xix-xx&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wilson, E.R. (2007). <i>The Death of Socrates: Hero, Villain, Chatterbox, Saint</i>. Profile Books. pp.&#160;61–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=E.R.&amp;rft.aulast=Wilson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Socrates%3A+Hero%2C+Villain%2C+Chatterbox%2C+Saint&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=61-62&amp;rft.pub=Profile+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Danzig, G. (2010). <i>Apologizing for Socrates: How Plato and Xenophon Created Our Socrates</i>. Lexington Books. pp.&#160;66–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Danzig&amp;rft.btitle=Apologizing+for+Socrates%3A+How+Plato+and+Xenophon+Created+Our+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=66-67&amp;rft.pub=Lexington+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/W._K._C._Guthrie" title="W. K. C. Guthrie">W. K. C. Guthrie</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-h35nyFR7IC&amp;dq="><i>Socrates</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 70.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.A. Long "How Does Socrates' Divine Sign Communicate with Him?", Chapter 5 in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwpZVuylPgYC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>A Companion to Socrates</i></a>, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2009, p. 63.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gomez, Alex (July 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banderasnews.com/1007/entbk-maryrenault.htm">"Mary Renault's 'The Last of the Wine' Reviewed"</a>. Banderas News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Alex&amp;rft.aulast=Gomez&amp;rft.btitle=Mary+Renault%27s+%27The+Last+of+the+Wine%27+Reviewed&amp;rft.date=2010-07-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banderasnews.com%2F1007%2Fentbk-maryrenault.htm&amp;rft.pub=Banderas+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bangs, John Kendrick (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZo5AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA157&amp;lpg=PA157&amp;dq=socrates+john+kendrick+bangs&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=DGQBkQv8UM&amp;sig=HLDkDywU_ZpsVMWcFyEf7iP6qyo&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=Ujc-VMSGBYmtogSV4oGwBQ&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=socrates%20john%20kendrick%20bangs&amp;f=false">A House-Boat on the Styx</a>. Harper &amp; Bros. pp.&#160;164–170<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Kendrick&amp;rft.aulast=Bangs&amp;rft.btitle=A+House-Boat+on+the+Styx&amp;rft.date=1901&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZo5AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA157%26lpg%3DPA157%26dq%3Dsocrates%2Bjohn%2Bkendrick%2Bbangs%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DDGQBkQv8UM%26sig%3DHLDkDywU_ZpsVMWcFyEf7iP6qyo%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DUjc-VMSGBYmtogSV4oGwBQ%26ved%3D0CCwQ6AEwAw%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dsocrates%2520john%2520kendrick%2520bangs%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=164-170&amp;rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;">
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation book">Brun, Jean (1978). <i>Socrate (sixth edition)</i>. Presses universitaires de France. pp.&#160;39–40. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-13-035620-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-13-035620-6">2-13-035620-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.aulast=Brun&amp;rft.btitle=Socrate+%28sixth+edition%29&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=2-13-035620-6&amp;rft.pages=39-40&amp;rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">May, Hope (2000). <i>On Socrates</i>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-57604-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-57604-4">0-534-57604-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Hope&amp;rft.aulast=May&amp;rft.btitle=On+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-534-57604-4&amp;rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=Wadsworth&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Ong, Walter (2002). <i>Orality and Literacy</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28129-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28129-6">0-415-28129-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rft.aulast=Ong&amp;rft.btitle=Orality+and+Literacy&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-28129-6&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Kagan, Donald. The Fall of the Athenian Empire. First. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1987.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.1.1">Description of Greece</a></i>. W. H. S. Jones (translator). <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol. 1. Books I–II: <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674991044" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-99104-4</a>. Vol. 4. Books VIII.22–X: <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674993284" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-99328-4</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">The Peloponnesian War</a></i>. London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton. 1910.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+toc">&#160;</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Vlastos, Gregory (1991). <i>Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9787-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9787-6">0-8014-9787-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory&amp;rft.aulast=Vlastos&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates%2C+Ironist+and+Moral+Philosopher&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8014-9787-6&amp;rft.place=Ithaca&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Bernas, Richard, cond. <i>Socrate</i>. By Erik Satie. LTM/Boutique, 2006</li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Bruell, C (1994). "On Plato's Political Philosophy". <i>Review of Politics</i> <b>56</b>: 261–82. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs003467050001843x">10.1017/s003467050001843x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.atitle=On+Plato%27s+Political+Philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=C&amp;rft.aulast=Bruell&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs003467050001843x&amp;rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics&amp;rft.pages=261-82&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=56" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Bruell, C. (1999). <i>On the Socratic Education: An Introduction to the Shorter Platonic Dialogues</i>, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.</li>
<li>Grube, G.M.A. (2002). "Plato, Five Dialogues". Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.</li>
<li>Hanson, V.D. (2001). "Socrates Dies at Delium, 424 B.C.", <i>What If? 2</i>, Robert Cowley, editor, G.P. Putnam's Sons, NY.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Irvine, Andrew David (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_on_Trial_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates on Trial (play)">Socrates on Trial: A play based on Aristophanes' Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo, adapted for modern performance</a></i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew+David&amp;rft.aulast=Irvine&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates+on+Trial%3A+A+play+based+on+Aristophanes%27+Clouds+and+Plato%27s+Apology%2C+Crito%2C+and+Phaedo%2C+adapted+for+modern+performance&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802097835" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8020-9783-5</a> (cloth); <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802095381" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8020-9538-1</a> (paper); <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442692541" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4426-9254-1</a> (e-pub)</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Kamtekar, Rachana (2004). <i>Plato's Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito: Critical Essays</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3325-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3325-5">0-7425-3325-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachana&amp;rft.aulast=Kamtekar&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Euthyphro%2C+Apology%2C+and+Crito%3A+Critical+Essays&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7425-3325-5&amp;rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Kierkegaard, Søren (1968). <i>The Concept of Irony: with Constant Reference to Socrates</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20111-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20111-9">978-0-253-20111-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&amp;rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&amp;rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Irony%3A+with+Constant+Reference+to+Socrates&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-253-20111-9&amp;rft.place=Bloomington&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Levinson, Paul (2007). <i>The Plot to Save Socrates</i>. New York: Tor Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7653-1197-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7653-1197-6">0-7653-1197-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Levinson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Plot+to+Save+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7653-1197-6&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Tor+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Luce, J.V. (1992). <i>An Introduction to Greek Philosophy</i>, Thames &amp; Hudson, NY.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain, J.</a> (1930, 1991). <i>Introduction to Philosophy</i>, Christian Classics, Inc., Westminster, MD.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Robinson, R (1953). <i>Plato's Earlier Dialectic</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824777-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824777-7">978-0-19-824777-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.aulast=Robinson&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Earlier+Dialectic&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-824777-7&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/robinson/dia2.html">Ch. 2: "Elenchus"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/robinson/dia3.html">Ch. 3: "Elenchus: Direct and Indirect"</a></li>
<li>Taylor, C.C.W., <a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare, R.M.</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes" title="Jonathan Barnes">Barnes, J.</a> (1998). <i>Greek Philosophers&#160;– Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle</i>, Oxford University Press, NY.</li>
<li>Taylor, C.C.W. (2001). <i>Socrates: A very short introduction</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li>
<li>Ward, R.D'A. (2013) <i>Sokrátis&#160;: Soul Scientist</i>, York, UK&#160;: Aretí Publications.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Socrates" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></td>
<td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Socrates" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Socrates">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>
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<td><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Socrates_(classical_Greek_philosopher)" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></td>
<td><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Socrates_(classical_Greek_philosopher)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Socrates (classical Greek philosopher)">Texts</a> from Wikisource</td>
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<td><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913" class="extiw" title="d:Q913">Data</a> from Wikidata</td>
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<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmoz.org/Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/S/Socrates/">Socrates</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Nails, Debra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates">"Socrates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.atitle=Socrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Debra&amp;rft.aulast=Nails&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsocrates&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Ambury, James M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/socrates">"Socrates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.atitle=Socrates&amp;rft.aufirst=James+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Ambury&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fsocrates&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inpho.cogs.indiana.edu/thinker/3919">Socrates</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Philosophy_Ontology_Project" title="Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project">Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-li"></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007zp21">Socrates</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b007zp21/In_Our_Time_Socrates">listen now</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/SOCRATES.HTM">Greek Philosophy: Socrates</a></li>
<li><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />&#160;<cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). "<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_II#Socrates" class="extiw" title="s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book II">Socrates, with predecessors and followers: Socrates</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a></i> <b>1:2</b>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.atitle=Socrates%2C+with+predecessors+and+followers%3A+Socrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Diogenes&amp;rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&amp;rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&amp;rft.date=1925&amp;rft.edition=Two+volume&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />&#160;<cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Shorey" title="Paul Shorey">Shorey, Paul</a> (1905). "<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Socrates" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Socrates">Socrates</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocrates&amp;rft.atitle=Socrates&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Shorey&amp;rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.date=1905&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amengansie.com/sacrates.html">Original Fresque of Socrates in Archaeological Museum of Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allphilosophers.com/index.html">Socrates Narrates Plato's The Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> e-texts on Socrates, amongst others:
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=93">The Dialogues of Plato</a> (see also Wikipedia articles on <a href="/wiki/Category:Dialogues_of_Plato" title="Category:Dialogues of Plato">Dialogues by Plato</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=543">The writings of Xenophon</a>, such as the <i>Memorablia</i> and <i>Hellenica</i>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=965">The satirical plays by Aristophanes</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=2747">Aristotle's writings</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4683">Voltaire's <i>Socrates</i></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/euthyphro-by-plato/">A free audiobook of the Socratic dialogue <i>Euthyphro</i></a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librivox.org">LibriVox</a></li>
</ul>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek schools of philosophy</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></th>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Schools</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesian_school" title="Ephesian school">Ephesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milesian_school" title="Milesian school">Milesian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">Sophism</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Philosophers</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><strong class="selflink">Socratic</strong></th>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Schools</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Socrates</strong></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Schools</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doric_hexapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric hexapolis">Doris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argos" title="Argos">Argos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalkis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boeotarch" title="Boeotarch">Boeotarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphē paranóm?n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apella" title="Apella">Apella</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harmost" title="Harmost">Harmost</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Lydia" title="List of kings of Lydia">Kings of Lydia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Socrates</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Others</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agis_II" title="Agis II">Agis II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_I" title="Leonidas I">Leonidas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miltiades" title="Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(general)" title="Pausanias (general)">Pausanias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Groups</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of Ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By culture</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Culture" title="Ancient Greece">Culture</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_calendars" title="Hellenic calendars">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek wedding customs">Wedding customs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_science" title="Category:Ancient Greek science">Sciences</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Structures</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera <span style="font-size:90%;">(Olympia)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus <span style="font-size:90%;">(Olympia)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece-related_lists" title="Category:Ancient Greece-related lists">Lists</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Criticism_of_religion&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By religion</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_Opus_Dei" title="Controversies about Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church#Controversy" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticism" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi’ism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Religious texts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadith#Criticism_and_debates" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Religious figures</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Moses">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and violence">Religion and violence</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_terror" title="Saffron terror">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_terrorism" title="Jewish religious terrorism">Jewish</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">By Christians</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li>
<li>By country
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_violence_in_India" title="Anti-Christian violence in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Books</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-style:italic;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Age_of_Science%3F" title="God in the Age of Science?">God in the Age of Science?</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Movements</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="C?rv?ka">C?rv?ka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Church of the SubGenius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster">Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Pink_Unicorn" title="Invisible Pink Unicorn">Invisible Pink Unicorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" title="Nontheistic religions">Nontheistic religions</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kovoor" title="Abraham Kovoor">Abraham Kovoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Servier" title="André Servier">André Servier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Laurie_Gaylor" title="Annie Laurie Gaylor">Annie Laurie Gaylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="B.R. Ambedkar">B.R. Ambedkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hicks" title="Bill Hicks">Bill Hicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Dan Barker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Debiprasad_Chattopadhyaya" title="Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya">Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greydon_Square" title="Greydon Square">Greydon Square</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Philipse" title="Herman Philipse">Herman Philipse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Stern" title="Howard Stern">Howard Stern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jamila_Bey" title="Jamila Bey">Jamila Bey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kancha_Ilaiah" title="Kancha Ilaiah">Kancha Ilaiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair" title="Madalyn Murray O'Hair">Madalyn Murray O'Hair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magdi_Allam" title="Magdi Allam">Magdi Allam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandisa_Thomas" title="Mandisa Thomas">Mandisa Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nonie_Darwish" title="Nonie Darwish">Nonie Darwish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Condell" title="Pat Condell">Pat Condell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller" title="Penn &amp; Teller">Penn &amp; Teller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy" title="Periyar E. V. Ramasamy">Periyar E. V. Ramasamy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PZ_Myers" title="PZ Myers">PZ Myers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sikivu_Hutchinson" title="Sikivu Hutchinson">Sikivu Hutchinson</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Socrates</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin" title="Taslima Nasrin">Taslima Nasrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufman</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socrates_navbox" title="Template:Socrates navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socrates_navbox" title="Template talk:Socrates navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Socrates_navbox&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><strong class="selflink">Socrates</strong></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">General</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Legacy</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic questioning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socratici_viri" title="Socratici viri">Socratici viri</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Phrases</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">I know that I know nothing</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_unexamined_life_is_not_worth_living" title="The unexamined life is not worth living">The unexamined life is not worth living</a>"</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_Socratic_thought" title="Criticisms of Socratic thought">Criticisms of Socratic thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Family</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophroniscus" title="Sophroniscus">Sophroniscus</a> (father)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phaenarete" title="Phaenarete">Phaenarete</a> (mother)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe">Xanthippe</a> (wife)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lamprocles" title="Lamprocles">Lamprocles</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menexenus" title="Menexenus">Menexenus</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myrto" title="Myrto">Myrto</a> (wife)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Works about Socrates</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Art</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Herm_of_Socrates_and_Seneca" title="Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca">Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca</a></i> (3rd century sculpture)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Socrates" title="The Death of Socrates">The Death of Socrates</a></i> (1787 painting)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(sculpture)" title="Socrates (sculpture)">Socrates</a></i> (1950 sculpture)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Stage</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(Voltaire)" title="Socrates (Voltaire)">Socrates</a></i> (18th century play)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_geduldige_Socrates" title="Der geduldige Socrates">Der geduldige Socrates</a></i> (1721 opera)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate">Socrate</a></i> (1919 oratorio)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_on_Trial" title="Socrates on Trial">Socrates on Trial</a></i> (2007 play)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Literature</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a></i> (1st century essay)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Concept_of_Irony_with_Continual_Reference_to_Socrates" title="On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates">On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates</a></i> (1841 thesis)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Save_Socrates" title="The Plot to Save Socrates">The Plot to Save Socrates</a></i> (2006 novel)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Other</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_in_Athens" title="Barefoot in Athens">Barefoot in Athens</a></i> (1966 film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(film)" title="Socrates (film)">Socrates</a></i> (1971 film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sokrates_(video_game)" title="Sokrates (video game)">Sokrates</a></i> (1998 video game)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Dialogues</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Plato</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" title="Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" title="Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i></li>
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						<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a href="//am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%89%85%E1%88%AB%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%B5" title="ሶቅራጠስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a href="//ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="سقراط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as"><a href="//as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B" title="ছক?ৰেটিছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3crates" title="Sócrates – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="সক?রেটিস – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms"><a href="//map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Basa Banyumasan" lang="map-bms" hreflang="map-bms">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡорт?а</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сакрат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Белару?ка?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сакрат – белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="//bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="स?करात – भोजप?री" lang="bh" hreflang="bh">भोजप?री</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Българ?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – бур?ад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Бур?ад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2crates" title="Sòcrates – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="//ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3crates" title="Sócrates – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3krat%C3%A9s" title="Sókratés – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="//co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%89%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σωκ?άτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="//eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3cret" title="Sócret – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3crates" title="Sócrates – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrato" title="Sokrato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="//ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3crati" title="Sócrati – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="سقراط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">?ارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3crait%C3%A9as" title="Sócraitéas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3crates" title="Sócrates – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="蘇格拉底 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8" title="સોક?રેટિસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગ?જરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="소??테스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="?ոկրատես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="स?करात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन?दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"><a href="//bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="সক?রেটিস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy">বিষ?ণ?প?রিয়া মণিপ?রী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="//ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3krates" title="Sókrates – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">?slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A1" title="סוקרטס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat%C3%A8s" title="Sokratès – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಾಕ?ರಟೀಸ? – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ?ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ს?კრ?ტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქ?რთული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84)" title="Сократ (фило?оф) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"><a href="//mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="//lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrats" title="Sokrats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokratas" title="Sokratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sokrates" title="sokrates – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3krat%C3%A9sz" title="Szókratész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македон?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സോക?രട?ടീസ? – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="सॉक?रेटिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ს?კრ?ტე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მ?რგ?ლური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="سوقراط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a href="//min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="//cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ဆိုကရေး?ီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="//nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dcrat%C4%93s" title="S?cratēs – N?huatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">N?huatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_(filosoof)" title="Socrates (filosoof) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="स?करात – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9" title="ソクラテス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">?охчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="//nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrate" title="Sokrate – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="//or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8" title="ସକ?ରେଟିସ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suqrot" title="Suqrot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸ?ਕਰਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="سقراط – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سوقرات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="//jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakratiiz" title="Sakratiiz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="//km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F" title="សូក្រា? – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសា?្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2crate" title="Sòcrate – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="//tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3crates" title="Sócrates – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a href="//ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokratis" title="Sokratis – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Ру?инь?кый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Ру??кий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="स?करात – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस?कृतम?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrati" title="Sokrati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2crati" title="Sòcrati – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="සොක්?රටීස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a href="//sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="سقراط – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sloven?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenš?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu"><a href="//cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A" title="Сѡкратъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu">Словѣнь?къ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡ?ⰠⰔ?Ⱏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrades" title="Sokrades – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سوقرات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Срп?ки / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / ?рп?кохрват?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சாக?கிரட?டீச? – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="సోక?రటీస? – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెల?గ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="โส?ราตีส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Суқрот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a href="//chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%9D%E1%8F%98%E1%8F%8D" title="?????? – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr">?ᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сократ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Україн?ька</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="سقراط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><a href="//vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="//wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="蘇格拉底 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="蘇格拉底 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">?语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="ס?קר?טעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="蘇格拉底 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="//zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suokrats" title="Suokrats – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="?格拉底 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a href="//mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="स?करात – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai">मैथिली</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li>					</ul>
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