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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Pythagoras</h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">"Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here. For the Samian statuary, see <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(sculptor)" title="Pythagoras (sculptor)">Pythagoras (sculptor)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pythagoras (disambiguation)">Pythagoras (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Pythagoras</span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapitolinischer_Pythagoras_adjusted.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Kapitolinischer Pythagoras adjusted.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kapitolinischer_Pythagoras_adjusted.jpg/220px-Kapitolinischer_Pythagoras_adjusted.jpg" width="220" height="293" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kapitolinischer_Pythagoras_adjusted.jpg/330px-Kapitolinischer_Pythagoras_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kapitolinischer_Pythagoras_adjusted.jpg/440px-Kapitolinischer_Pythagoras_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="599" /></a>
<div>Bust of Pythagoras of Samos in<br />
the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570 BC</span><br />
<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>c. 495 BC (aged around 75)<br />
<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Era</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Region</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Main interests</div>
</th>
<td>
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Notable ideas</div>
</th>
<td>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Musica_universalis" title="Musica universalis">Musica universalis</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influences</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes</a> <a href="/wiki/Themistoclea" title="Themistoclea">Themistoclea</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influenced</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Pythagoras of Samos</b> (<span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a></small> <span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/ 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2-1">[1]</a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a></small> <span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aɪ/ long 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/ 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πυθαγό?ας ? Σάμιος</span>&#160;<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><i>Pythagóras ho Sámios</i></span>&#160;"Pythagoras the <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samian</a>", or simply <span lang="grc">Πυθαγό?ας</span>; Πυθαγό?ης in <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian Greek">Ionian Greek</a>; <span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 570 –</span> <span class="nowrap">c. 495 BC</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, and has been credited as the founder of the movement called <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a>. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, so very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, and traveled, visiting <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and maybe <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and in 520 BC returned to Samos.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer-5">[5]</a></sup> Around 530 BC, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, and there established some kind of school or guild.</p>
<p>Pythagoras made influential contributions to <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> in the late 6th century BC. He is often revered as a great <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> and is best known for the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a> which bears his name. However, because legend and obfuscation cloud his work even more than that of the other <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic philosophers</a>, one can give only a tentative account of his teachings, and some have questioned whether he contributed much to <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>. Many of the accomplishments credited to Pythagoras may actually have been accomplishments of his colleagues and successors. Some accounts mention that the philosophy associated with Pythagoras was related to mathematics and that numbers were important. It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> and Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and through him, all of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biographical_sources"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biographical sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Family"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Family</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Influence"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Views"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Views</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Croton"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Croton</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Writings"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Writings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mathematics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Mathematics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Pythagorean_theorem"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pythagorean theorem</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Musical_theories_and_investigations"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Musical theories and investigations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Tetractys"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tetractys</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Religion_and_science"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Religion and science</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Lore"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lore</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Pythagoreanism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Pythagoreanism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Pythagorean_school"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pythagorean school</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Influence_2"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Influence</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Influence_on_Plato"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Influence on Plato</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Politics_and_science"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Politics and science</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Influence_on_Greek_art"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Influence on Greek art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Influence_on_other_groups"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Influence on other groups</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Classical_secondary_sources"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Classical secondary sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Modern_secondary_sources"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern secondary sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biographical_sources">Biographical sources</span></h2>
<p>The stories which were created were eagerly sought by the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonist">Neoplatonist</a> writers who provide most of the details about Pythagoras, but who were uncritical concerning anything which related to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">gods</a> or which was considered divine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Thus many myths were created – such as that <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> was his father; that Pythagoras gleamed with a <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> brightness; that he had a golden <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a>; that <a href="/wiki/Abaris_the_Hyperborean" title="Abaris the Hyperborean">Abaris</a> came flying to him on a golden <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrow</a>; that he was seen in different places at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Sir William Smith</a>, with the exception of a few remarks by <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a>, we are mainly dependent on <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> for biographical details.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-9">[9]</a></sup> Burkert (1972, p.&#160;109) states that <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a> are the most important accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-Burkert1972_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkert1972-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<p>Aristotle had written a separate work <i>On the Pythagoreans</i>, which is no longer extant.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)" title="Protrepticus (Aristotle)">Protrepticus</a> possibly contains parts of <i>On the Pythagoreans</i>. His disciples <a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a> had written on the same subject. These writers, late as they are, were among the best sources from whom Porphyry and Iamblichus drew, while still adding some legendary accounts and their own inventions to the mix. Hence, historians are often reduced to considering the statements based on their inherent probability, but even then, if all the credible stories concerning Pythagoras were supposed true, his range of activity would be impossibly vast.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(sculptor)" title="Pythagoras (sculptor)">Pythagoras (sculptor)</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum.jpg/220px-Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum.jpg/330px-Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum.jpg/440px-Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1152" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagoras_Bust_Vatican_Museum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a> of Pythagoras, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>According to <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, Pythagoras was a disciple of Soches, the Egyptian archprophet, and Plato of Sechnuphis of <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a>, and other early writers agree that Pythagoras was the son of Mnesarchus, born on a Greek island in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> called <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Pythagoras's father was a gem-engraver or a merchant from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Pythagoras's name led him to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythian</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a> explained his name by saying, "He spoke (<i>agor-</i>) the truth no less than did the Pythian (<i>Pyth-</i>)", and <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> tells the story that the Pythia prophesied that his pregnant mother would give birth to a man supremely beautiful, wise, and beneficial to humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> A late source gives his mother's name as Pythais.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> As to the date of his birth, <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> stated that Pythagoras left Samos in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Polycrates" title="Polycrates">Polycrates</a>, at the age of 40, which would give a date of birth around 570 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
<p>Pythagoras's later fate is unknown and inconsistent among ancient sources. Some say that he perished in the temple with his disciples,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> others that he fled first to <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a>, and that, being driven from there, he escaped to <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a>, and there according to <i>Diogenes Laërtius</i>, starved himself to death.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> His tomb was shown at Metapontum in the time of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to Walter Burkert (1972)<sup id="cite_ref-Burkert1972_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkert1972-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"Most obvious is the contradiction between Aristoxenus and Dicaearchus, regarding the catastrophe that overwhelmed the Pythagorean society. One of the two reports must be basically wrong: either Pythagoras withdrew to Metapontum before the outbreak of the unrest and died there (as Aristoxenus says) or he and his followers were hounded from city to city (as Dicaearchus has it). Like his doctrines, the life of Pythagoras also becomes a mirror image of real controversies in the schools. On the one hand there is the controversy over the primacy of the theoretical or practical life. In this respect <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides</a> thinks Pythagoras as the <a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">apostle</a> of pure 'theory'."</dd>
<dd>"There is not a single detail in the life of Pythagoras that stands uncontradicted. But it is possible, from a more or less critical selection of the data, to construct a plausible account."</dd>
</dl>
<p>According to <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> (ca. 245-325 AD, 1918 translation) in <i>The life of Pythagoras</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"Twenty-two years Pythagoras remained in Egypt, pursuing closely his investigations, visiting every place famous for its teachings, every person celebrated for wisdom. Astronomy and geometry he especially studied and he was thoroughly initiated in all the mysteries of the gods, till, having been taken captive by the soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Cambyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambyses">Cambyses</a>, he was carried to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. Here the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> instructed him in their venerable knowledge and he arrived at the summit of <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, music and other disciplines. After twelve years he returned to Samos, being then about fifty-six years of age."</dd>
</dl>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Family">Family</span></h3>
<p>According to some accounts, Pythagoras married <a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a>, a lady of Croton. Theano was also a philosopher, and said to have first been Pythagoras' pupil. According to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ritter_Beard" title="Mary Ritter Beard">Mary Ritter Beard</a>, Theano told <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippodamus_of_Thurium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippodamus of Thurium (page does not exist)">Hippodamus of Thurium</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Hippodamus_of_Miletus" title="Hippodamus of Miletus">Hippodamus of Miletus</a>, who as per Aristotle planned the city of <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurium</a>), <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> that her treatise <i>On Virtue</i> contained the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">golden mean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to Thesleff, Stobaeus and Heeren, in <i>On Piety</i>, Theano wrote that:<sup id="cite_ref-Waithe_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waithe-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
<blockquote>
<p>I have learned that many of the Greeks believe Pythagoras said all things are generated from number. The very assertion poses a difficulty: How can things which do not exist even be conceived to generate? But he did not say that all things come to be from number; rather, in accordance with number - on the grounds that order in the primary sense is in number and it is by participation in order that a first and a second and the rest sequentially are assigned to things which are counted.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Their children are variously stated to have included a son, <a href="/wiki/Telauges" title="Telauges">Telauges</a>, and three daughters, <a href="/wiki/Damo_(philosopher)" title="Damo (philosopher)">Damo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arignote" title="Arignote">Arignote</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myia" title="Myia">Myia</a> (who married to a famous wrestler, <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a>). Milo was said to be an associate of Pythagoras. One story tells of the wrestler saving the philosopher's life when a roof was about to collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-ReidwigRendall_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReidwigRendall-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
<p>Arignote wrote a <i>Bacchica</i> concerning the mysteries of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, and a work called <i>The Rites of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></i>. Among the Pythagorean <i>Sacred Discourses</i> there is a dictum attributed to Arignote:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The eternal essence of number is the most providential cause of the whole heaven, earth and the region in between. Likewise it is the root of the continued existence of the gods and daimones, as well as that of divine men."<sup id="cite_ref-Waithe_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waithe-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Brewer (1894) mentioned that "Pythagoras taught that the sun is a movable sphere in the centre of the universe, and that all the planets revolve round it." Thus, it would appear that Arignote's quote above is not entirely in alignment with his model of the universe, since it is limited to Earth orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence">Influence</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagore-chartres.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pythagore-chartres.jpg/220px-Pythagore-chartres.jpg" width="220" height="287" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pythagore-chartres.jpg/330px-Pythagore-chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pythagore-chartres.jpg/440px-Pythagore-chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="925" /></a>
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A scene at the <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> shows a philosopher, on one of the <a href="/wiki/Archivolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivolts">archivolts</a> over the right door of the west portal at Chartres, which has been attributed to depict Pythagoras.</div>
</div>
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<p>Before 520&#160;BC, on one of his visits to Egypt or Greece, Pythagoras might have met the c.&#160;54 years older <a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales of Miletus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Thales was a philosopher, scientist, mathematician, and engineer,<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer-5">[5]</a></sup> also known for the <a href="/wiki/Thales%27_Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales' Theorem">Thales' Theorem</a>. Pythagoras' birthplace, the island of <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, is situated in the Northeast <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> not far from <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhmud_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhmud-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the absence of reliable information, however, a huge range of teachers were assigned to Pythagoras. Some made his training almost entirely Greek, others exclusively <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental">Oriental</a>. We find mentioned as his instructors <a href="/wiki/Creophylus_of_Samos" title="Creophylus of Samos">Creophylus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermodamas" class="extiw" title="fr:Hermodamas">Hermodamas of Samos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9-30">[30]</a></sup> Thales,<sup id="cite_ref-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> (a pupil of Thales),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
<p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_and_Opinions_of_Eminent_Philosophers" title="Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers">Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> (3rd century CE) cites the statement of <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> (4th century BCE) that the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Delphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Themistoclea" title="Themistoclea">Themistoclea</a> (also known as Aristoclea) taught Pythagoras his <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> doctrines:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malone2009_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone2009-36">[36]</a></sup> "Aristoxenus says that Pythagoras got most of his moral doctrines from the Delphic priestess Themistoclea."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> (233 – 305 CE) calls her Aristoclea (<i>Aristokleia</i>), and wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>"He (Pythagoras) taught much else, which he claimed to have learned from Aristoclea at Delphi."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> are said to have taught him geometry, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> arithmetic, the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> astronomy, the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magians</a> the principles of religion and practical maxims for the conduct of life.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> Of the various claims regarding his Greek teachers, <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a> is mentioned most often.</p>
<p>According to R.D. Hicks (1972) Pythagoras not only visited Egypt and learnt the Egyptian language (<a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a> in the book <i>On Men of Outstanding Merit</i>), but also "journeyed among the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldaeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>." Later in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, he went to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_of_Ida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cave of Ida (page does not exist)">Cave of Ida</a> with <a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a>; and entered Egyptian sanctuaries for the purpose to learn information concerning the secret lore of the different gods.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> asserted in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">On Isis and Osiris</a></i> that during his visit to Egypt, Pythagoras received instruction from the Egyptian priest Oenuphis of <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> Other ancient writers asserted his visit to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Enough of Egypt was known to attract the curiosity of an inquiring Greek, and contact between Samos and other parts of Greece with Egypt is mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup></p>
<p>Ancient authorities note the similarities between the religious and <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> peculiarities of Pythagoras with the <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> or Cretan <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mysteries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Delphic oracle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Views">Views</span></h3>
<p>There is little direct evidence as to the kind and amount of knowledge which Pythagoras acquired, or as to his definite philosophical views. Everything of the kind mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> is attributed not to Pythagoras, but to the Pythagoreans. <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> stated that he was a man of extensive learning;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> claimed that he believed in the <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">transmigration of souls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> Xenophanes mentions the story of his interceding on behalf of a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> that was being beaten, professing to recognise in its cries the voice of a departed friend. Pythagoras is supposed to have claimed that he had been <a href="/wiki/Euphorbus" title="Euphorbus">Euphorbus</a>, the son of Panthus, in the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan war">Trojan war</a>, as well as various other characters, a tradesman, a courtesan, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> In his book <i>The Life of Apollonius of Tyana</i>, <a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a> wrote that Pythagoras knew not only who he was himself, but also who he had been.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
<p>Many mathematical and scientific discoveries were attributed to Pythagoras, including <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">his famous theorem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> as well as discoveries in the field of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek astronomy">astronomy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> It is mentioned that the people of Croton were supposed to have identified him with the Hyperborean <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> and he was said to have practised <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> In the visits to various places in Greece – <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phlius" title="Phlius">Phlius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, etc. which are ascribed to him, he usually appears either in his religious or priestly guise, or else as a lawgiver.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></p>
<p>Excerpt from a speech by the character ‘Aristotle’ in <a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)" title="Protrepticus (Aristotle)">Protrepticus</a> (Hutchinson and Johnson, 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-HutchinsonJohnson_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HutchinsonJohnson-57">[57]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"This is the thing for the sake of which nature and the god engendered us. So what is this thing? When Pythagoras was asked, he said, ‘to observe the heavens,’ and he used to claim that he himself was an observer of nature, and it was for the sake of this that he had passed over into life. And they say that when somebody asked <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> for what reason anyone might choose to come to be and be alive, he replied to the question by saying, ‘To observe the heavens and the stars in it, as well as moon and sun,’ since everything else at any rate is worth nothing." (p. 48)</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Croton">Croton</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Crotone_panorama_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Crotone_panorama_2.jpg/220px-Crotone_panorama_2.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Crotone_panorama_2.jpg/330px-Crotone_panorama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Crotone_panorama_2.jpg/440px-Crotone_panorama_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a>
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Croton on the southern coast of Magna Graecia (Southern Italy), to which Pythagoras ventured after feeling overburdened in Samos.</div>
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<p>After his travels, Pythagoras moved (around 530 BC) to <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>). Possibly the tyranny of <a href="/wiki/Polycrates" title="Polycrates">Polycrates</a> in Samos made it difficult for him to achieve his schemes there. His later admirers claimed that Pythagoras was so overburdened with public duties in Samos, because of the high estimation in which he was held by his fellow-citizens, that he moved to Croton.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> On his arrival in Croton, he quickly attained extensive influence, and many people began to follow him. Later biographers tell fantastical stories of the effects of his eloquent speech in leading the people of Croton to abandon their luxurious and corrupt way of life and devote themselves to the purer system which he came to introduce.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to Diogenes Laërtius, his followers established a select brotherhood or club (see below school) for the purpose of pursuing the religious and ascetic practices which developed. According to <i>Diogenes Laërtius</i>, what was done and taught among the members was kept a secret. The <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> teachings may have concerned science and mathematics, or religious doctrines, and may have been connected with the worship of Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Temperance of all kinds seems to have been strictly urged. There is disagreement among the biographers as to whether Pythagoras forbade all animal food,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> or only certain types.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> The club was in practice at once "a philosophical school, a religious brotherhood, and a political association".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></p>
<p>Conflict seems to have broken out between the towns of <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> and Croton. The forces of Croton were headed by the Pythagorean <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo</a>, and it is likely that the members of the brotherhood took a prominent part. After the decisive victory by Croton, a proposal for establishing a more democratic constitution, was unsuccessfully resisted by the Pythagoreans. Their enemies, headed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylon_of_Croton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cylon of Croton (page does not exist)">Cylon</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninon_of_Croton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninon of Croton (page does not exist)">Ninon</a>, the former of whom is said to have been irritated by his exclusion from the brotherhood, roused the populace against them. An attack was made upon them while assembled either in the house of Milo, or in some other meeting-place. The building was set on fire, and many of the assembled members perished; only the younger and more active escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> Similar commotions ensued in the other cities of Magna Graecia in which Pythagorean clubs had been formed.</p>
<p>As an active and organised brotherhood the Pythagorean order was everywhere suppressed, and did not again revive. Still the Pythagoreans continued to exist as a sect, the members of which kept up among themselves their religious observances and scientific pursuits, while individuals, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a>, acquired now and then great political influence.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Writings">Writings</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philolaus#Writings" title="Philolaus">Philolaus §&#160;Writings</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Philolaus-and-Philomelus-Pythagorean-Book.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Philolaus-and-Philomelus-Pythagorean-Book.jpg/220px-Philolaus-and-Philomelus-Pythagorean-Book.jpg" width="220" height="376" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Philolaus-and-Philomelus-Pythagorean-Book.jpg/330px-Philolaus-and-Philomelus-Pythagorean-Book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Philolaus-and-Philomelus-Pythagorean-Book.jpg/440px-Philolaus-and-Philomelus-Pythagorean-Book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="1035" /></a>
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Excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a> Pythagoras book, (Sir William Smith, 1870)</div>
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<p>No texts by Pythagoras are known to have survived, although forgeries under his name — a few of which remain extant — did circulate in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>. Critical ancient sources like <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> cast doubt on these writings. Ancient Pythagoreans usually quoted their master's doctrines with the phrase <i>autos ephe</i> ("he himself said") — emphasizing the essentially oral nature of his teaching.</p>
<p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Sir William Smith</a> (1870) (see book screenshot for full quote)<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"It appears, in fact, from this, as well as from the extant fragments, that the first book of the work contained a general account of the origin and arrangement of the universe. The second book appears to have been an exposition of the nature of numbers, which in the Pythagorean theory are the essence and source of all things." (p. 305)</dd>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mathematics">Mathematics</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagorean.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/220px-Pythagorean.svg.png" width="220" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/330px-Pythagorean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/440px-Pythagorean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="214" /></a>
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<b>The Pythagorean theorem</b>: The sum of the areas of the two squares on the legs (<i>a</i> and <i>b</i>) equals the area of the square on the hypotenuse (<i>c</i>).</div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <i>Metaphysics 1–5</i> , cc. 350 BC</p>
<dl>
<dd><i>The so-called Pythagoreans, who were the first to take up mathematics, not only advanced this subject, but saturated with it, they fancied that the principles of mathematics were the principles of all things.</i></dd>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pythagorean_theorem">Pythagorean theorem</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thales%27_theorem" title="Thales' theorem">Thales' theorem</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythag_anim.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Pythag_anim.gif" width="200" height="200" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a>
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A visual proof of the Pythagorean theorem</div>
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<p>Since the fourth century AD, Pythagoras has commonly been given credit for discovering the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a>, a theorem in geometry that states that in a right-angled triangle the area of the square on the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares of the other two sides—that is, <span><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" >
  <semantics>
    <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
      <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
        <msup>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mn>2</mn>
          </mrow>
        </msup>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>b</mi>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mn>2</mn>
          </mrow>
        </msup>
        <mo>=</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>c</mi>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mn>2</mn>
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        </msup>
      </mstyle>
    </mrow>
    <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}}</annotation>
  </semantics>
</math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ef0a5a4b8ab98870ae5d6d7c7b4dfe3fb6612e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.41ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}" /></span>.</p>
<p>While the theorem that now bears his name was known and previously utilized by the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indians</a>, he, or his students, are often said to have constructed the first proof. It must, however, be stressed that the way in which the Babylonians handled Pythagorean numbers implies that they knew that the principle was generally applicable, and knew some kind of proof, which has not yet been found in the (still largely unpublished) <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> Because of the secretive nature of his school and the custom of its students to attribute everything to their teacher, there is no evidence that Pythagoras himself worked on or proved this theorem. For that matter, there is no evidence that he worked on any mathematical or meta-mathematical problems. Some attribute it as a carefully constructed myth by followers of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> over two centuries after the death of Pythagoras, mainly to bolster the case for Platonic meta-physics, which resonate well with the ideas they attributed to Pythagoras. This attribution has stuck down the centuries up to modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> The earliest known mention of Pythagoras's name in connection with the theorem occurred five centuries after his death, in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Musical_theories_and_investigations">Musical theories and investigations</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png/220px-Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png" width="220" height="286" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png/330px-Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png/440px-Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2600" /></a>
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Medieval woodcut showing Pythagoras with bells and other instruments in Pythagorean tuning</div>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_hammers" title="Pythagorean hammers">Pythagorean hammers</a></div>
<p>According to legend, the way Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations was when he passed blacksmiths at work one day and thought that the sounds emanating from their anvils were beautiful and harmonious and decided that whatever scientific law caused this to happen must be mathematical and could be applied to music. He went to the blacksmiths to learn how the sounds were produced by looking at their tools. He discovered that it was because the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_hammers" title="Pythagorean hammers">hammers</a> were "simple ratios of each other, one was half the size of the first, another was 2/3 the size, and so on".</p>
<p>This legend has since proven to be false by virtue of the fact that these ratios are only relevant to string length (such as the string of a <a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">monochord</a>), and not to hammer weight.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> However, it may be that Pythagoras was indeed responsible for discovering the properties of string length.</p>
<p>Pythagoreans elaborated on a theory of numbers, the exact meaning of which is still debated among scholars. Another belief attributed to Pythagoras was that of the "<a href="/wiki/Musica_universalis" title="Musica universalis">harmony of the spheres</a>". Thus the planets and stars moved according to mathematical equations, which corresponded to musical notes and thus produced a symphony.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/E._Cobham_Brewer" title="E. Cobham Brewer">Brewer</a> (1894), wrote (page 2614):<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"The music or harmony of the spheres. Pythagoras, having ascertained that the pitch of notes depends on the rapidity of vibrations, and also that the planets move at different rates of motion, concluded that the sounds made by their motion must vary according to their different rates of motion. As all things in nature are harmoniously made, the different sounds must harmonise, and the combination he called the “harmony of the spheres.? Kepler has a treatise on the subject."</dd>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tetractys">Tetractys</span></h3>
<p>Pythagoras was also credited with devising the <a href="/wiki/Tetractys" title="Tetractys">tetractys</a>, the triangular figure of four rows which add up to the perfect number, ten. As a mystical symbol, it was very important to the worship of the Pythagoreans who would swear oaths by it.</p>
<p>Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i>, 29</p>
<dl>
<dd>"And the inventions were so admirable, and so divinised by those who understood them, that the members used them as forms of oath: 'By him who handed to our generation the <i>tetractys</i>, source of the roots of ever-flowing nature.'"</dd>
</dl>
<p>Brewer (1894), wrote (page 2732):<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"The four letters, meaning the four which compose the name of Deity. The ancient Jews never pronounced the word Jehovah composed of the four sacred letters JHVH. The word means 'I am,' or 'I exist' (Exod. iii. 14); but Rabbi Bechai says the letters include the three times— past, present, and future. Pythagoras called Deity a Tetrad or Tetractys, meaning the 'four sacred letters.'"</dd>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion_and_science">Religion and science</span></h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a> reports the story that Pythagoras claimed that he had lived four previous lives that he could remember in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> One of his past lives, as reported by <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>, was as a beautiful courtesan.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a>, Pythagoras heard the cry of his dead friend in the bark of a dog.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></p>
<p>Brewer (1894), wrote (page 2293):<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"Pythagoras maintained that the soul has three vehicles: (1) the ethereal, which is luminous and celestial, in which the soul resides in a state of bliss in the stars; (2) the luminous, which suffers the punishment of sin after death; and (3) the terrestrial, which is the vehicle it occupies on this earth."</dd>
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<dl>
<dd>"Pythagoras asserted he could write on the moon. His plan of operation was to write on a looking—glass in blood, and place it opposite the moon, when the inscription would appear photographed or reflected on the moon's disc."</dd>
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<dl>
<dd>"Mesmerism was practised by Pythagoras, if we may credit Iamblichus, who tells us that he tamed a savage Daunian bear by “stroking it gently with his hand;? subdued an eagle by the same means; and held absolute dominion over beasts and birds by 'the power of his voice,' or 'influence of his touch.'"</dd>
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<dl>
<dd>"Pythagoras taught that the sun is a movable sphere in the centre of the universe, and that all the planets revolve round it. This is substantially the same as the Copernican and Newtonian systems."</dd>
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<dl>
<dd>"The Pythian games were held by the Greeks at Pytho, in Phocis, subsequently called Delphi. They took place every fourth year, the second of each Olympiad."</dd>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lore">Lore</span></h3>
<p>Pythagoras became the subject of elaborate legends surrounding his historic persona. Aristotle described Pythagoras as a wonder-worker and somewhat of a supernatural figure, attributing to him such aspects as a golden thigh, which he showed to <a href="/wiki/Abaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaris">Abaris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hyperborean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperborean">Hyperborean</a> priest, and exhibited in the Olympic games.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer-27">[27]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus#In_Islamic_tradition" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Muslim tradition</a>, Pythagoras was said to have been initiated by <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes</a> (Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></p>
<p>Brewer (1894), wrote (page 2292):<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd><i>Pythagoras maintained that he distinctly recollected having occupied other human forms before his birth at Samos: (1) He was AEthalides, son of Mercury; (2) Euphorbos the Phrygian, son of Panthoos, in which form he ran Patroclos through with a lance, leaving Hector to dispatch the hateful friend of Achilles; (3) Hermotimos, the prophet of Clazomenae; and'(4) a fisherman. To prove his Phrygian existence he was taken to the temple of Hera, in Argos, and asked to point out the shield of the son of Panthoos, which he did without hesitation.</i> (See Rat.)</dd>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Pythagoras.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sanzio_01_Pythagoras.jpg/220px-Sanzio_01_Pythagoras.jpg" width="220" height="258" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sanzio_01_Pythagoras.jpg/330px-Sanzio_01_Pythagoras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sanzio_01_Pythagoras.jpg/440px-Sanzio_01_Pythagoras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1032" /></a>
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Pythagoras, the man in the center with the book, teaching music, in <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i></div>
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<p>Both <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> affirm that, above all else, Pythagoras was famous for leaving behind him a way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_of_Locri" title="Timaeus of Locri">Timaeus of Locri</a>, he was the first to say, <i>Friends have all things in common</i> and <i>Friendship is equality</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup></p>
<p>Brewer (1894), wrote (page 2685):<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"In deadly hostility, ready to fight each other with swords. Poke not fire with a sword. This was a precept of Pythagoras, meaning add not fuel to fire, or do not irritate an angry man by sharp words which will only increase his rage." (See Iamblichus Protreptics, symbol ix.)</dd>
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<p>According to Walter Burkert (1972, p.&#160;109)<sup id="cite_ref-Burkert1972_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkert1972-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"The history of Pythagoreanism was already, at that time, the laborious reconstruction of something lost and gone. It is only post-Aristolian sources that biographical and historical details regarding Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans are to be found."</dd>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pythagorean_school">Pythagorean school</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg/250px-Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg" width="250" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg/375px-Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg/500px-Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1300" /></a>
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Pythagoreans celebrate sunrise, painting by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Bronnikov" title="Fyodor Bronnikov">Fyodor Bronnikov</a>(1827–1902)</div>
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<p>According to <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> (ca. 245-325 AD, 1918 translation) in <i>The life of Pythagoras</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd>"There were also two forms of philosophy, for the two genera of those that pursued it: the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Two_schools" title="Pythagoreanism">Acusmatici</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Two_schools" title="Pythagoreanism">Mathematici</a>. The latter are acknowledged to be Pythagoreans by the rest but the Mathematici do not admit that the Acusmatici derived their instructions from Pythagoras but from <a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a>. The philosophy of the Acusmatici consisted in auditions unaccompanied with demonstrations and a reasoning process; because it merely ordered a thing to be done in a certain way and that they should endeavor to preserve such other things as were said by him, as divine dogmas. Memory was the most valued faculty. All these auditions were of three kinds; some signifying what a thing is; others what it especially is, others what ought or ought not to be done." (p. 61)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dd>"The best of all legislators came from the school of Pythagoras, <a href="/wiki/Charondas" title="Charondas">Charondas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catanean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaleucus" title="Zaleucus">Zaleucus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_of_Locri" title="Timaeus of Locri">Timaratus</a> as well as many others, who established laws with great benevolence and political science." (p. 26)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dd>"The whole Pythagoric school produced appropriate songs, which they called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exartysis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Exartysis (page does not exist)">exartysis</a> or adaptations; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synarmoge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Synarmoge (page does not exist)">synarmoge</a> or elegance of manners and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apaphe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Apaphe (page does not exist)">apaphe</a> or contact, usefully conducting the dispositions of the soul to passions contrary to those which it before possessed. By musical sounds alone unaccompanied with words they healed the passions of the soul and certain diseases, enchanting in reality, as they say. It is probable that from hence this name epode, i. e., "enchantment," came to be generally used.</dd>
<dd>For his disciples, Pythagoras used divinely contrived mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic">chromatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enharmonic" title="Enharmonic">enharmonic</a> melodies, through which he easily transferred and circularly led the passions of the soul in a contrary direction, when they had recently and in an irrational and secret manner been formed; such as sorrow, rage and pity, absurd emulation and fear, all-various desires, angers and appetites, pride, supineness and vehemence. Each of these he corrected through the rule of virtue, attempering them through appropriate melodies, as well as through certain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salubrious&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salubrious (page does not exist)">salubrious</a> (<i>health giving</i>) medicine." (p.43)</dd>
</dl>
<p>Carl B. Boyer (1968), mentioned that "the Pythagorean school of thought was politically conservative and with a strict code of conduct."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer-5">[5]</a></sup> Leonid Zhmud (2006), identified two camps with the early Pythagoreans, the scientific <i>mathematici</i> and the religious <i>acusmatici</i>, who engaged in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhmud_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhmud-29">[29]</a></sup> According to Reidwig and Rendall (2005), who cite <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a> reports, the school name was <i>Semicircle</i>, a place to discuss common interest topics among Samians. Outside of Samos he adapted a cave where he studied and lived day and night, discoursing with a few of his associates. In Samos he may have instructed the small athlete <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurymenes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurymenes (page does not exist)">Eurymenes</a> to eat a certain amount of meat every day.<sup id="cite_ref-ReidwigRendall_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReidwigRendall-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
<p>Both <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> give detailed accounts of the organisation of the school, although the primary interest of both writers is not historical accuracy, but rather to present Pythagoras as a divine figure, sent by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">gods</a> to benefit humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup></p>
<p>Pythagoras set up an organization which was in some ways a school, in some ways a brotherhood (and here it should be noted that sources indicate that as well as men there were many women among the adherents of Pythagoras),<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> and in some ways a monastery. It was based upon the religious teachings of Pythagoras and was very secretive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The adherents were bound by a <a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">vow</a> to Pythagoras and each other, for the purpose of pursuing the <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> observances, and of studying his religious and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> theories.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> There is mentioning of an oath on the <a href="/wiki/Tetractys" title="Tetractys">Tetractys</a>.</p>
<p>There were <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> practices (many of which had, perhaps, a symbolic meaning).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> Some represent Pythagoras as forbidding all animal food, advocating a plant-based diet, and prohibiting consumption of beans. This may have been due to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> Other authorities contradict the statement. According to <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> he allowed the use of all kinds of animal food except the flesh of <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">rams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> There is a similar discrepancy as to the prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> But temperance of all kinds seems to have been urged. It is also stated that they had common meals, resembling the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> system, at which they met in companies of ten.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup></p>
<p>Considerable importance seems to have been attached to <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> in the daily exercises of the disciples. Their whole discipline is represented as encouraging a lofty serenity and self-possession, of which, there were various anecdotes in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> Iamblichus (apparently on the authority of <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> gives a long description of the daily routine of the members, which suggests many similarities with Sparta. The members of the sect showed a devoted attachment to each other, to the exclusion of those who did not belong to their ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> There were even stories of secret symbols, by which members of the sect could recognise each other, even if they had never met before.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
<p>Commentary from <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Sir William Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a> (1870, p.&#160;620).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd><i>At one point, the active and organised brotherhood the Pythagorean order was everywhere suppressed, and did not again revive, though it was probably a long time before it was put down in all the Italian cities [Lysis; Philolaus]. Still the Pythagoreans continued to exist as a sect, the members of which kept up among themselves their religious observances and scientific pursuits, while individuals, as in the case of Archytas, acquired now and then great political influence. Respecting the fate of Pythagoras himself, the accounts varied.</i></dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_2">Influence</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_on_Plato">Influence on Plato</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png" width="220" height="208" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="222" /></a>
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Pythagoras, depicted as a medieval scholar in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i></div>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus (dialogue)</a></div>
<p>Pythagoras, or in a broader sense, the Pythagoreans, allegedly exercised an important influence on the work of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a>, this influence consists of three points: (1) The <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">platonic Republic</a> might be related to the idea of "a tightly organized community of like-minded thinkers", like the one established by Pythagoras in Croton. (2) There is evidence that Plato possibly took from Pythagoras the idea that mathematics and, generally speaking, abstract thinking is a secure basis for philosophical thinking as well as "for substantial theses in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="Morals">morals</a>". (3) Plato and Pythagoras shared a "mystical approach to the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> and its place in the material world". It is probable that both were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Orphicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphicism">Orphism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup></p>
<p>Aristotle claimed that the philosophy of Plato closely followed the teachings of the Pythagoreans,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> and Cicero repeats this claim: <i>Platonem ferunt didicisse Pythagorea omnia</i> ("They say Plato learned all things Pythagorean").<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy</a></i>, contended that the influence of Pythagoras on Plato and others was so great that he should be considered the most influential of all Western philosophers.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics_and_science">Politics and science</span></h3>
<p>Pythagoras was the first person known to have taught the earth was spherical, with <a href="/wiki/Antipodes" title="Antipodes">antipodes</a> and that it revolved around the sun. Pythagoras was also said to have spread the seeds of political liberty to Crotona, Sybaris, Metapontum, Rhegium, Sicily, Tauromenium, Catana, Agrigentum and Himera.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_on_Greek_art">Influence on Greek art</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagoras-M%C3%BCnz.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pythagoras-M%C3%BCnz.JPG/220px-Pythagoras-M%C3%BCnz.JPG" width="220" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pythagoras-M%C3%BCnz.JPG/330px-Pythagoras-M%C3%BCnz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Pythagoras-M%C3%BCnz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="410" /></a>
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Pythagoras, depicted on a 3rd-century coin</div>
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<p>In the arts the Greeks searched some reality behind the appearances of things. The early <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> sculpture represents life in simple forms, and it seems that it was influenced by the earliest Greek natural philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> There was a general Greek belief that nature expresses itself in ideal forms, and it was represented by a type (εἶδος), which was mathematically calculated.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter107_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter107-98">[98]</a></sup> This can be observed in the construction of the first temples. The original forms were considered divine, and the forms of the later marble or stone elements indicate that there was an original wooden prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> When the dimensions changed, the architects searched in mathematics some permanent principles behind the appearances of things. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bowra" title="Maurice Bowra">Maurice Bowra</a> believes that these ideas influenced the theory of Pythagoras and his students who asserted that "all things are numbers".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup></p>
<p>During the 6th century BC, there was an evolution in the arts from the natural philosophies to the metaphysical theory of Pythagoras.<sup id="cite_ref-Homann64_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homann64-101">[101]</a></sup> The Greek sculptors and architects, tried to find the mathematical relation (<a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_canon" title="Aesthetic canon">canon</a>), which would lead to the esthetic perfection.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter107_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter107-98">[98]</a></sup> The sculptor <a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polykleitos</a> in his <i>Canon</i> wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements (materials), but of the parts, that is the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole. It seems that he was influenced by the theories of Pythagoras.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> The numbers were extensively used in the Greek architectural orders. In the architectural canons every element was calculated and constructed by mathematical relations. The universe was controlled by the order, and even the sounds were functions of number and ratio. <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Carpenter" title="Rhys Carpenter">Rhys Carpenter</a> says that he ratio 2:1 was the generative ratio of the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a>, and in Hellenistic times an ordinary Doric colonnade, beats out a rhythm of notes."<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter107_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter107-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_on_other_groups">Influence on other groups</span></h3>
<p>Pythagoreanism may had an effect on <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a>, both of which were groups dedicated to the study of mathematics/<a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> and logical reasoning as opposed to religious dogma. Both Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism have claimed to have evolved out of the Pythagorean Brotherhood. Pythagorean mathematics are discussed in a chapter of Manly P. Hall's <i>The Secret Teachings of All Ages</i> entitled "Pythagorean Mathematics".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;">
<tr>
<td style="width:50%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dyad_(Greek_philosophy)" title="Dyad (Greek philosophy)">Dyad (Greek philosophy)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_golden_verses_of_Pythagoras" title="The golden verses of Pythagoras">The golden verses of Pythagoras</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isopsephy" title="Isopsephy">Isopsephy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Pythagoras" title="List of things named after Pythagoras">List of things named after Pythagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lute_of_Pythagoras" title="Lute of Pythagoras">Lute of Pythagoras</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_tree_(fractal)" title="Pythagoras tree (fractal)">Pythagoras tree (fractal)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_comma" title="Pythagorean comma">Pythagorean comma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_cup" title="Pythagorean cup">Pythagorean cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_triple" title="Pythagorean triple">Pythagorean triple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(sculptor)" title="Pythagoras (sculptor)">Pythagoras (sculptor)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry">Sacred geometry</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Collins2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/pythagoras?showCookiePolicy=true">"American: Pythagoras"</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.btitle=American%3A+Pythagoras&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Famerican%2Fpythagoras%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&amp;rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pythagoras?showCookiePolicy=true">"British: Pythagoras"</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.btitle=British%3A+Pythagoras&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fpythagoras%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&amp;rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus (ap. Porph. <i>V.P.</i> 9) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BC, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty." <a href="/wiki/William_Keith_Chambers_Guthrie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Keith Chambers Guthrie">William Keith Chambers Guthrie</a>, (1978), <i>A history of Greek philosophy, Volume 1: The earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans</i>, page 173. Cambridge University Press</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Pythagoras.html">Biographies</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Boyer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Boyer, Carl B. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics"><i>A History of Mathematics</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Boyer&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAHistoryOfMathematics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Disputations" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculan Disputations">Tusculan Disputations</a></i>, 5.3.8–9 = <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a> fr. 88 Wehrli, <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> 1.12, 8.8, <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> <i>VP</i> 58. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition, but it has been defended by C.J. De Vogel, <i>Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism</i> (1966), pp. 97–102, and C. Riedweg, <i>Pythagoras: His Life, Teaching, And Influence</i> (2005), p. 92.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iamblichus, <i>Adhort. ad Philos.</i> p. 324, ed. Kiessling.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comp. Herodian, iv. 94, etc.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Smith-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></a>&#160;<cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgree03smituoft#page/304/">"Philola'us"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>. p.&#160;305 col 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.atitle=Philola%27us&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofgree03smituoft%23page%2F304%2F&amp;rft.pages=305+col+2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Burkert1972-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1972_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1972_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1972_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Burkert, Walter (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=0qqp4Vk1zG0C&amp;pg=PA103&amp;lpg=PA103&amp;dq=Hermippus+Pythagoras">"Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism"</a>. Harvard University Press. p.&#160;106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rft.aulast=Burkert&amp;rft.btitle=Lore+and+Science+in+Ancient+Pythagoreanism&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qqp4Vk1zG0C%26pg%3DPA103%26lpg%3DPA103%26dq%3DHermippus%2BPythagoras&amp;rft.pages=106&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He alludes to it himself, <i>Met.</i> i. 5. p. 986. 12, ed. Bekker.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></a>&#160;One or more of the preceding sentences&#160;incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>:&#160;<cite id="CITEREFSmith1870" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1870). "Pythagoras". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>. pp.&#160;616–625.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.atitle=Pythagoras&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=616-625&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, iv. 95, Isocrates, <i>Busiris</i>, 28–9; Later writers called him a Tyrrhenian or Phliasian, and gave Marmacus, or Demaratus, as the name of his father, Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 1; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 1, 2; Justin, xx. 4; Pausanias, ii. 13.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=teoyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA20&amp;lpg=PA20&amp;dq=neanthes+of+cyzicus+pythagoras+tyre&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=v81GYWIYab&amp;sig=6C47KKh9_3rRMFmjWPWF4rbZnDM&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=neanthes%20of%20cyzicus%20pythagoras%20tyre&amp;f=false">"Lamblichus and the Foundations of Late Platonism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.btitle=Lamblichus+and+the+Foundations+of+Late+Platonism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DteoyAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20%26lpg%3DPA20%26dq%3Dneanthes%2Bof%2Bcyzicus%2Bpythagoras%2Btyre%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3Dv81GYWIYab%26sig%3D6C47KKh9_3rRMFmjWPWF4rbZnDM%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dneanthes%2520of%2520cyzicus%2520pythagoras%2520tyre%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Joost-Gaugier, Christiane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=Cf9Rj_ADZU4C&amp;pg=PA21&amp;lpg=PA21&amp;dq=neanthes+of+cyzicus+pythagoras+tyre&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=j24ByzfUQM&amp;sig=K_vQe7KPKBJnXkzZrIdrxtQDx2E&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=neanthes%20of%20cyzicus%20pythagoras%20tyre&amp;f=false">"Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his influence in thought and Art"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=Christiane&amp;rft.aulast=Joost-Gaugier&amp;rft.btitle=Measuring+Heaven%3A+Pythagoras+and+his+influence+in+thought+and+Art&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCf9Rj_ADZU4C%26pg%3DPA21%26lpg%3DPA21%26dq%3Dneanthes%2Bof%2Bcyzicus%2Bpythagoras%2Btyre%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3Dj24ByzfUQM%26sig%3DK_vQe7KPKBJnXkzZrIdrxtQDx2E%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dneanthes%2520of%2520cyzicus%2520pythagoras%2520tyre%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Riedweg, Christoph (2005). <i>Pythagoras: His Life, Teaching and Influence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. pp.&#160;5–6, 59, 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=Christoph&amp;rft.aulast=Riedweg&amp;rft.btitle=Pythagoras%3A+His+Life%2C+Teaching+and+Influence&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=5-6%2C+59%2C+73&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a> ap. Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 2</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 9</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnob. <i>adv. Gentes</i>, i. p. 23</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 39, 40; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 56; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 249; Plutarch, <i>de Stoic. Rep.</i> 37</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Fin.</i> v. 2</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Iamblichus (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofpythagoras00iamb"><i>The life of Pythagoras</i></a>. p.&#160;49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.au=Iamblichus&amp;rft.btitle=The+life+of+Pythagoras&amp;rft.date=1918&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofpythagoras00iamb&amp;rft.pages=49&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell Sturgis, Francis A. Davis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcU3kyrInnwC&amp;pg=PA385"><i>Sturgis' Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture and Building: An Unabridged Reprint of the 1901-2 Edition</i></a>. p.&#160;386.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.btitle=Sturgis%27+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Architecture+and+Building%3A+An+Unabridged+Reprint+of+the+1901-2+Edition&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcU3kyrInnwC%26pg%3DPA385&amp;rft.pages=386&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Ritter Beard, (1931), <i>On understanding women</i>, p. 139. See also: Mary Ritter Beard, (1946), <i>Woman as force in history: a study in traditions and realities</i>, p. 314.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Waithe-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waithe_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waithe_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Waithe, M.E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y5taj_6aiEwC"><i>A History of Women Philosophers: Volume I: Ancient Women Philosophers, 600 B.C.-500 A.D.</i></a> p.&#160;12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=M.E.&amp;rft.aulast=Waithe&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Women+Philosophers%3A+Volume+I%3A+Ancient+Women+Philosophers%2C+600+B.C.-500+A.D.&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy5taj_6aiEwC&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReidwigRendall-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReidwigRendall_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReidwigRendall_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reidwig, Christoph; Rendall, Steven (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=2gLPbFKwY5EC"><i>Pythagoras</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4240-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4240-0">0-8014-4240-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=Christoph&amp;rft.aulast=Reidwig&amp;rft.au=Rendall%2C+Steven&amp;rft.btitle=Pythagoras&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2gLPbFKwY5EC&amp;rft.isbn=0-8014-4240-0&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Brewer-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brewer, E. Cobham (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www46.homepage.villanova.edu/michael.foight/brewersdictphrasefable.pdf"><i>Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. p.&#160;1233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+Cobham&amp;rft.aulast=Brewer&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+Fable&amp;rft.date=1894&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww46.homepage.villanova.edu%2Fmichael.foight%2Fbrewersdictphrasefable.pdf&amp;rft.pages=1233&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. B. Boyer (1968)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Zhmud-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhmud_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhmud_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zhmud, Leonid (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of-ghBD9q1QC&amp;pg=PA15&amp;lpg=PA15&amp;dq=L.+Zhmud:+The+Origin+of+the+History+of+Science+in+Classical+Antiquity,+Berlin+2006"><i>Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans</i></a>. p.&#160;2 and 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=Leonid&amp;rft.aulast=Zhmud&amp;rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+the+Early+Pythagoreans&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dof-ghBD9q1QC%26pg%3DPA15%26lpg%3DPA15%26dq%3DL.%2BZhmud%3A%2BThe%2BOrigin%2Bof%2Bthe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BScience%2Bin%2BClassical%2BAntiquity%2C%2BBerlin%2B2006&amp;rft.pages=2+and+16&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iamblichus.2C_Vit._Pyth._9_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 9</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 2, Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ixyQJA7_MC&amp;pg=PA10&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;dq=teachers+of+Pythagoras+instructors&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=R1Nf9AFGWB&amp;sig=JKF2yU5Gx0pW8ndITfrGlhHpTLU&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=jmUyT5ryK4-dOpKE9d8G&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CGUQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&amp;q=teachers%20of%20Pythagoras%20instructors&amp;f=false">C. Riedweg, S. Rendall</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801474523" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8014-7452-3</a> Retrieved 2012-02-08</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 9; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 2</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristoxenus and others in Diogenes Laërtius, i. 118, 119; Cicero, <i>de Div.</i> i. 49</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0258:book=8:chapter=1&amp;highlight=themistoclea">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Lives of Eminent Philosophers</i></a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x7ngECDpxmMC&amp;printsec=frontcover">Mary Ellen Waithe, <i>Ancient women philosophers, 600 B.C.–500 A.D.</i>, p. 11</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Malone2009-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malone2009_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Malone, John C. (30 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6Qa6cMQj8AC&amp;pg=PA22"><i>Psychology: Pythagoras to present</i></a>. MIT Press. p.&#160;22. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01296-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01296-6">978-0-262-01296-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=John+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Malone&amp;rft.btitle=Psychology%3A+Pythagoras+to+present&amp;rft.date=2009-06-30&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6Qa6cMQj8AC%26pg%3DPA22&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-01296-6&amp;rft.pages=22&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles Ménage, (1984), <i>The history of women philosophers</i>, page 48. University Press of America. "The person who is referred to as Themistoclea in Laertius and Theoclea in Suidas, Porphyry calls Aristoclea."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porphyry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_life_of_pythagoras_02_text.htm"><i>Life of Pythagoras</i></a>, 41</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 6</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hicks, R.D. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D1#noteb">"PYTHAGORAS (c. 582-500 B.C.)"</a>. Diogenes Laertius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=R.D.&amp;rft.aulast=Hicks&amp;rft.btitle=PYTHAGORAS+%28c.+582-500+B.C.%29&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0258%253Abook%253D8%253Achapter%253D1%23noteb&amp;rft.pub=Diogenes+Laertius&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/A.html">On Isis And Osiris</a></i>, ch. 10.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antiphon. ap. Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 7; Isocrates, <i>Busiris</i>, 28–9; Cicero, <i>de Finibus</i>, v. 27; Strabo, xiv.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, ii. 134, 135, iii. 39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 25; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 17; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 3</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ariston. ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 8, 21; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 41</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 6, ix. 1, comp. Herodotus, i. 29, ii. 49, iv. 95</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 36, comp. Aristotle, <i>de Anima</i>, i. 3; Herodotus, ii. 123.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 26; Pausanias, ii. 17; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 5; Horace, <i>Od.</i> i. 28,1. 10</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Philostratus, <i>The Life of Apollonius of Tyana</i> , trad. F. C. Conybeare, Vol. 2, London, 1912, Book VI, p. 39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 12&#160;; Plutarch, <i>Non posse suav. vivi sec. Ep.</i> p. 1094</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porphyry, in <i>Ptol. Harm.</i> p. 213; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 12</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 14&#160;; Pliny, <i>Hist. Nat.</i> ii. 8</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 12, 14, 32</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 20; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 31, 140; Aelian, <i>Varia Historia</i>, ii. 26; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 36.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Divin.</i> i. 3, 46; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 29.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 25; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 17; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 3, 13; Cicero, <i>Tusc. Qu.</i> v. 3</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HutchinsonJohnson-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HutchinsonJohnson_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">D. S. Hutchinson and Monte Ransome Johnson (25 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.protrepticus.info/2015/01/new-reconstruction-includes-greek-text.html">"New Reconstruction, includes Greek text"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.btitle=New+Reconstruction%2C+includes+Greek+text&amp;rft.date=2015-01-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.protrepticus.info%2F2015%2F01%2Fnew-reconstruction-includes-greek-text.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 28; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 9</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 18; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 37, etc.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aelian, <i>Varia Historia</i>, ii. 26; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 13; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 8, 91, 141</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as Empedocles did afterwards, Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i> i. 14. § 2; Sextus Empiricus, ix. 127. This was also one of the Orphic precepts, Aristoph. <i>Ran.</i> 1032</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristo ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 20; comp. Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 7; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 85, 108</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thirlwall, <i>Hist. of Greece</i>, vol. ii. p. 148</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 255–259; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 54–57; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 39; comp. Plutarch, <i>de Gen. Socr.</i> p. 583</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are about 100,000 unpublished cuneiform sources in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> alone. Babylonian knowledge of proof of the Pythagorean Theorem is discussed by J. Høyrup, 'The Pythagorean "Rule" and "Theorem" – Mirror of the Relation between Babylonian and Greek Mathematics,' in: J. Renger (red.): <i>Babylon. Focus mesopotamischer Geschichte, Wiege früher Gelehrsamkeit, Mythos in der Moderne</i> (1999).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Christoph Riedweg , <i>Pythagoras, His Life, Teaching and Influence</i>, Cornell: Cornell University Press, 2005: "Had Pythagoras and his teachings not been since the early Academy overwritten with Plato's philosophy, and had this 'palimpsest' not in the course of the Roman Empire achieved unchallenged authority among Platonists, it would be scarcely conceivable that scholars from the Middle Ages and modernity down to the present would have found the Presocratic charismatic from Samos so fascinating. In fact, as a rule it was the image of Pythagoras elaborated by Neopythagoreans and Neoplatonists that determined the idea of what was Pythagorean over the centuries."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Piero, and Richard Taruskin, eds. Music in the Western World: A History in Documents. 2nd ed. N.p.: Thomson Schirmer, 1984. 3. Print.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ioa9uW2t7AQC&amp;pg=PA143&amp;lpg=PA143&amp;dq=pythagoras+hammers+myth&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=wtLXShWfVQ&amp;sig=LlyPLjIoE0O25ieAj9-2h7J1Qq8&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=itsgTduSB8L7lwf6os3UCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=pythagoras%20hammers%20myth&amp;f=false">Christensen, Thomas, ed. The Cambridge history of Western music theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 143. Print.</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Riedweg, Pythagoras: His Life, Teaching and Influence, Cornell: Cornell University Press, 2005 .</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 3–4</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aulus Gellius, iv. 11</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 36</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Antoine Faivre, in <i>The Eternal Hermes</i> (1995)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Republic</i>, 600a, Isocrates, <i>Busiris</i>, 28</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Delphi Classics (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=LZ8fCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1588&amp;lpg=PT1588&amp;dq=According+to+Timaeus,+he+was+the+first+to+say,+">"Friends+have+all+things+in+common"+and+"Friendship+is+equality" <i>Delphi Complete Works of Diogenes Laertius (Illustrated)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.au=Delphi+Classics&amp;rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Diogenes+Laertius+%28Illustrated%29&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZ8fCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1588%26lpg%3DPT1588%26dq%3DAccording%2Bto%2BTimaeus%2C%2Bhe%2Bwas%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bto%2Bsay%2C%2B%22Friends%2Bhave%2Ball%2Bthings%2Bin%2Bcommon%22%2Band%2B%22Friendship%2Bis%2Bequality%22&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_VIII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book VIII">Wikisource:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book VIII</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Iamblichus (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofpythagoras00iamb"><i>The life of Pythagoras</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.au=Iamblichus&amp;rft.btitle=The+life+of+Pythagoras&amp;rft.date=1918&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofpythagoras00iamb&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dillon and Jackson Hershbell, (1991), <i>Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Way of Life</i>, page 14. Scholars Press.; D. J. O'Meara, (1989), <i>Pythagoras Revived. Mathematics and Philosophy in Late Antiquity</i>, pages 35–40. Clarendon Press.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 19</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">comp. Cicero, <i>de Leg.</i> i. 12, <i>de Off.</i> i. 7; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 10</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">comp. Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 32; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 96, etc.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>de Esu Carn.</i> pp. 993, 996, 997</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristoxenus ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 20</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">comp. Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 7; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 85, 108</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 19, 34; Aulus Gellius, iv. 11; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 34, <i>de Abst.</i> i. 26; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 98</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 98; Strabo, vi.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athenaeus, xiv. 623; Aelian, <i>Varia Historia</i>, xiv. 18; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 197</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 96–101</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristonexus ap. Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 94, 101, etc., 229, etc.; comp. the story of Damon and Phintias; Porphyry, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 60; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 233, etc.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholion ad Aristophanes, <i>Nub.</i> 611; Iamblichus, <i>Vit. Pyth.</i> 237, 238</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></a>&#160;<cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgree03smituoft#page/620/mode/2up">"Pythagoras"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>. p.&#160;620.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.atitle=Pythagoras&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofgree03smituoft%23page%2F620%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rft.pages=620&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.M. Hare, Plato in C.C.W. Taylor, R.M. Hare and Jonathan Barnes, Greek Philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 (1982), 103–189, here 117–9.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metaphysics, 1.6.1 (987a)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tusc. Disput. 1.17.39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Godwin, William (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog">"Lives of the Necromancers"</a>. p.&#160;48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Godwin&amp;rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Necromancers&amp;rft.date=1876&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesnecromance04godwgoog&amp;rft.pages=48&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" For <a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a>, the origin was water, and for <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> the infinite (<a href="/wiki/Apeiron_(cosmology)" title="Apeiron (cosmology)">apeiron</a>), which must be considered a material form": Homann-Wedeking, p. 63</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Every <a href="/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros">kouros</a> statue seeks to embody the idea of a <i>kouros</i>": Homann-Wedeking, p. 62</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Carpenter107-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter107_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter107_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter107_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Carpenter (1959) <i>The esthetic basis of Greek art</i>, Indiana University Press, pp. 107, 122, 128</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Spivey (1997) <i>Greek art</i>. Phaedon Press Ltd, p. 116</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. M. Bowra (1957). "The Greek experience". W. P. Company, p. 166</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Homann64-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Homann64_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homann-Wedeking (1968) <i>Art of the world. Archaic Geece</i>, pp. 62–65.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Each part (finger, palm, arm, etc) transmitted its individual existence to the next, and then to the whole": <i>Canon of Polykleitos</i>, also <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>, <i>Ennead</i> I.vi.i: Nigel Spivey, pp. 290–294.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Manly <i>The Secrets Teaching of All Ages</i> Tarcher Penguin 2003 pages 191–221.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Classical_secondary_sources">Classical secondary sources</span></h3>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<p>Only a few relevant source texts deal with Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans, most are available in different translations. Other texts usually build solely on information in these works.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_and_Opinions_of_Eminent_Philosophers" title="Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers">Vitae philosophorum VIII</a></i> (<i>Lives of Eminent Philosophers</i>), c. 200 AD, which in turn references the <a href="/wiki/Lost_work" title="Lost work">lost work</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Successions_of_Philosophers" title="Successions of Philosophers">Successions of Philosophers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polyhistor" title="Alexander Polyhistor">Alexander Polyhistor</a> — <img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />&#160;<cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). "<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_VIII#Pythagoras" class="extiw" title="s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book VIII">Pythagoreans: Pythagoras</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a></i> <b>2:8</b>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.atitle=Pythagoreans%3A+Pythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=Diogenes&amp;rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&amp;rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&amp;rft.date=1925&amp;rft.edition=Two+volume&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, <i>Vita Pythagorae</i> (<i>Life of Pythagoras</i>), c. 270 AD — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/porphyry_life_of_pythagoras_02_text.htm"><i>Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras</i></a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sylvan_Guthrie" title="Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie">Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie</a> (1920)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamblichus (philosopher)">Iamblichus</a>, <i>De Vita Pythagorica</i> (<i>On the Pythagorean Life</i>), c. 300 AD — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.completepythagoras.net/mainframeset.html"><i>Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras</i></a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sylvan_Guthrie" title="Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie">Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie</a> (1920)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> also writes about Pythagoras in <i>Apologia</i>, c. 150 AD, including a story of him being taught by <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> disciples of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_of_Alexandria" title="Hierocles of Alexandria">Hierocles of Alexandria</a>, <i>Golden Verses of Pythagoras</i>, c. 430 AD</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_secondary_sources">Modern secondary sources</span></h3>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a>. <i>Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism</i>. Harvard University Press, June 1, 1972. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674539184" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-53918-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Burnyeat" title="Myles Burnyeat">Burnyeat, M. F.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n04/burn02_.html">"Other Lives"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>, 22 February 2007.</li>
<li>Guthrie, W. K. <i>A History of Greek Philosophy: Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1979. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521294207" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-29420-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kingsley_(scholar)" title="Peter Kingsley (scholar)">Kingsley, Peter</a>. <i>Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and the Pythagorean Tradition</i>. Oxford University Press, 1995.</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Hermann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Hermann (page does not exist)">Hermann, Arnold</a>. <i>To Think Like God: Pythagoras and Parmenides—the Origins of Philosophy</i>. Parmenides Publishing, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972001" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-00-1</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathematics-in-europe.eu/images/information_pdf/hist_phil_pdf/hist_pdf/machiavelo.pdf">Discussion of Pythagorean theorem (Machiavelo 2013)</a></li>
<li>O'Meara, Dominic J. <i>Pythagoras Revived</i>. Oxford University Press, 1989. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198239130" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-823913-0</a> (paperback), <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198244851" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-824485-1</a> (hardcover)</li>
<li><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_VIII" class="extiw" title="s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book VIII">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book VIII Pythagoras</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00p693b">Pythagoras</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b00p693b/In_Our_Time_Pythagoras">listen now</a>)</li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Huffman, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras">"Pythagoras"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APythagoras&amp;rft.atitle=Pythagoras&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl&amp;rft.aulast=Huffman&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpythagoras&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Pythagoras.html"><i>Pythagoras of Samos</i></a>, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc/pythagor.html"><i>Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans, Fragments and Commentary</i></a>, Arthur Fairbanks Hanover Historical Texts Project, Hanover College Department of History</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/pythag/pythag.html"><i>Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans</i></a>, Department of Mathematics, Texas A&amp;M University</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12587b.htm"><i>Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism</i></a>, The Catholic Encyclopedia</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pythagoras%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pythagoras%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pythagoras%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pythagoras%22%29%20OR%20%28%22585-500%22%20AND%20Pythagoras%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Pythagoras</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/author/9944">Works by Pythagoras</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organelle.org/organelle/tetra/tetraktys.html"><i>Tetraktys</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pythagoras.name/golden_verses_of_pythagoras.html"><i>Golden Verses of Pythagoras</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-antiquity/pythagoras.htm"><i>Pythagoras on Vegetarianism</i></a> Quotes from primary source historical literature on Pythagoras's view on Vegetarianism, Justice and Kindness</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ucom.net/~vegan/"><i>Homage to Pythagoras</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091027110142/http://geocities.com/go_darkness/god-pythagorean-pentacle.html"><i>Occult conception of Pythagoreanism</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberspacei.com/jesusi/inlight/philosophy/western/Pythagoreanism.htm"><i>Pythagoreanism Web Article</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luchte.wordpress.com/wandering-souls-the-doctrine-of-transmigration-in-pythagorean-philosophy/"><i>Wandering Souls: The Doctrine of Transmigration in Pythagorean Philosophy</i></a>, by Dr. James Luchte</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedocumentaries.net/media/164/Pythagoras/">45-minute documentary</a> about Pythagoras</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110408225053/http://www.regolish.com:80/Plays.htm">Io and Pi – theatrical play on Pythagoras's life</a></li>
<li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/gvp/gvp11.htm">Symbols</a> of Pythagoras at The Sacred Texts online</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=archaic:pythagoras">Pythagorean Texts</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek mathematics">Ancient Greek mathematics</a></div>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_the_Elder" title="Aristaeus the Elder">Aristaeus the Elder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Heraclea" title="Bryson of Heraclea">Bryson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Antioch" title="Carpus of Antioch">Carpus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_(mathematician)" title="Diocles (mathematician)">Diocles</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dinostratus" title="Dinostratus">Dinostratus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus" title="Dionysodorus">Dionysodorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domninus_of_Larissa" title="Domninus of Larissa">Domninus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eutocius_of_Ascalon" title="Eutocius of Ascalon">Eutocius</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Heron</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leon_(mathematician)" title="Leon (mathematician)">Leon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menaechmus" title="Menaechmus">Menaechmus</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_(grammarian)" title="Metrodorus (grammarian)">Metrodorus</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_(mathematician)" title="Nicomedes (mathematician)">Nicomedes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicoteles_of_Cyrene" title="Nicoteles of Cyrene">Nicoteles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(geometer)" title="Perseus (geometer)">Perseus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philon" title="Philon">Philon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></b></li>
<li><b><strong class="selflink">Pythagoras</strong></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serenus_of_Antinouplis" title="Serenus of Antinouplis">Serenus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sporus_of_Nicaea" title="Sporus of Nicaea">Sporus</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(mathematician)" title="Theaetetus (mathematician)">Theaetetus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Cyrene" title="Theodorus of Cyrene">Theodorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thymaridas" title="Thymaridas">Thymaridas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zenodorus_(mathematician)" title="Zenodorus (mathematician)">Zenodorus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Treatises</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Palimpsest" title="Archimedes Palimpsest">Archimedes Palimpsest</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica">Arithmetica</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga#Conics" title="Apollonius of Perga"><i>Conics</i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(Apollonius)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"><i>Elements</i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances" title="On Sizes and Distances"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane"><i>On the Moving Sphere</i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(Autolycus)</span></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Problems</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Problem of Apollonius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">Squaring the circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" title="Doubling the cube">Doubling the cube</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angle_trisection" title="Angle trisection">Angle trisection</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Centers</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="Timeline of Ancient Greek mathematicians">Timeline of Ancient Greek mathematicians</a></div>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophers by school</a></div>
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Milesian_school" title="Milesian school">Milesian</a></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ephesian_school" title="Ephesian school">Ephesian</a></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatic</a></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" title="Pluralist school">Pluralist</a></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomist</a></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">Sophist</a></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Others</span></td>
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<td style="padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;">
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><strong class="selflink">Pythagoras</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(philosopher)" title="Archelaus (philosopher)">Archelaus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_(philosopher)" title="Hippo (philosopher)">Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes</a></li>
</ul>
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</table>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek schools of philosophy</a></div>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></th>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Schools</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesian_school" title="Ephesian school">Ephesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milesian_school" title="Milesian school">Milesian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">Sophism</a></li>
</ul>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Philosophers</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Pythagoras</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socratic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Schools</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Philosophers</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Schools</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Philosophers</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
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<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#History" title="Ancient Greece">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Periods</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" title="Roman Greece">Roman Greece</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doric_hexapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric hexapolis">Doris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argos" title="Argos">Argos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalkis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boeotarch" title="Boeotarch">Boeotarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphē paranóm?n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apella" title="Apella">Apella</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harmost" title="Harmost">Harmost</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Lydia" title="List of kings of Lydia">Kings of Lydia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Pythagoras</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Others</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agis_II" title="Agis II">Agis II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_I" title="Leonidas I">Leonidas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miltiades" title="Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(general)" title="Pausanias (general)">Pausanias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Groups</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of Ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By culture</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Culture" title="Ancient Greece">Culture</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_calendars" title="Hellenic calendars">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek wedding customs">Wedding customs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_science" title="Category:Ancient Greek science">Sciences</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Structures</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera <span style="font-size:90%;">(Olympia)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus <span style="font-size:90%;">(Olympia)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
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						<li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pythagoras" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pythagoras" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pythagoras" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li>					</ul>
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			<div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-lang' aria-labelledby='p-lang-label'>
			<h3 id='p-lang-label'>Languages</h3>

			<div class="body">
									<ul>
						<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_von_Samos" title="Pythagoras von Samos – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a href="//am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B3%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5" title="?ይታጎረስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="?يثاغورس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as"><a href="//as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="পাইথেগাৰাছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" title="Pitágoras – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pifaqor" title="Pifaqor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="পিথাগোরাস – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡорт?а</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Піфагор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Белару?ка?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пітагор – белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="//bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस – भोजप?री" lang="bh" hreflang="bh">भोजप?री</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Питагор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Българ?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕའེ་?་གྷོ་ར་ཟི? – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A0gores" title="Pitàgores – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="//co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoru" title="Pitagoru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πυθαγό?ας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" title="Pitágoras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoro" title="Pitagoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="?یثاغورث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">?ارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagore" title="Pythagore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytagoras" title="Pytagoras – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADot%C3%A1gar%C3%A1s" title="Píotágarás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" title="Pitágoras – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E9%81%94%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="畢?哥拉斯 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8" title="પાયથાગોરસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગ?જરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"><a href="//xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%83%80%EA%B3%A0%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4" title="피타고?스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Պյութագորաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन?दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoro" title="Pitagoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"><a href="//bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="পিথাগোরাস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy">বিষ?ণ?প?রিয়া মণিপ?রী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BD%C3%BEag%C3%B3ras" title="Pýþagóras – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">?slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="פיתגורס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೈಥಾಗರಸ? – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ?ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="პით?გ?რ? – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქ?რთული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEtagoras" title="Pîtagoras – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"><a href="//mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84)" title="Пифагор (фило?оф) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagors" title="Pitagors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_vu_Samos" title="Pythagoras vu Samos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCthagorasz" title="Püthagorasz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Питагора – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македон?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പൈതഗോറസ? – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पायथागॉरस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بيثاجوراس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" title="Pitágoras – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ပိုက်သာဂိုးရပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="ピタゴラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitag%C3%B2ras" title="Pitagòras – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pifagor" title="Pifagor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪਾਈਥਾਗੋਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="?يثاغورث – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="//jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A0gora" title="Pitàgora – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A1goras" title="Pitágoras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithagoras" title="Pithagoras – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Ру??кий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="पैथागोरस? – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस?कृतम?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%A0gura" title="Pitàgura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="පයිතගරස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytagoras_zo_Samu" title="Pytagoras zo Samu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sloven?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenš?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پیتاگۆرس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Питагора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Срп?ки / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / ?рп?кохрват?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="பித?தாகரஸ? – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="పైథాగరస? – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెల?గ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="พีทาโ?รัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisagor" title="Pisagor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="//tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pifagor" title="Pifagor – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Піфагор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Україн?ька</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="?یثاغورث – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCthagoras" title="Püthagoras – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1" title="פיט?ג?ר?ס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E9%81%94%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="畢?哥拉斯 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97taguors" title="Pėtaguors – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="毕达哥拉斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a href="//mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai">मैथिली</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li>					</ul>
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