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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Plato</h1>
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<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Plato</span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/220px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" width="220" height="330" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/330px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/440px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a>
<div>Roman copy of a portrait bust by <a href="/wiki/Silanion" title="Silanion">Silanion</a> for the Academia in Athens (c. 370 BC)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td>428/427 or 424/423 BC<br />
<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>348/347 BC (age <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 80</span>)<br />
<span class="deathplace">Athens</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Era</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Region</th>
<td class="category">Western philosophy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></td>
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<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Main interests</div>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Notable ideas</div>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic idealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_tripartite_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's tripartite theory of soul">Plato's tripartite theory of soul</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperuranion" title="Hyperuranion">hyperuranion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metaxy" title="Metaxy">metaxy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ra" title="Khôra">khôra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Methexis" title="Methexis">methexis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theia_mania" title="Theia mania">theia mania</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Agathos_kai_sophos" title="Agathos kai sophos">agathos kai sophos</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influences</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
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</td>
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<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influenced</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Most of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> that came after his works</div>
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<p><b>Plato</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup class="reference" id="ref_Anone"><a href="#endnote_Anone">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:Πλάτων">Πλάτων</a></span><sup class="reference" id="ref_Anone"><a href="#endnote_Anone">[a]</a></sup> <i>Plát?n</i>, <small>pronounced&#160;</small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Greek" title="Help:IPA for Greek">[plá.tɔ?n]</a></span> in <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Classical Attic</a>; 428/427 or 424/423<sup class="reference" id="ref_Bnone"><a href="#endnote_Bnone">[b]</a></sup> – 348/347 BC) was a <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athens</a>, the first institution of higher learning in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Unlike nearly all of his <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophical contemporaries</a>, Plato's entire <i><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">œuvre</a></i> is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p>Along with his teacher, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, and his most famous student, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, Plato laid the very foundations of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Br_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Br-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead197839_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead197839-5">[5]</a></sup> In addition to being a foundational figure for Western science, philosophy, and mathematics, Plato has also often been cited as one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Western_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Western religion">Western religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> particularly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, amongst other scholars, called "Platonism for the people."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Plato's influence on <a href="/wiki/Christian_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian thought">Christian thought</a> is often thought to be mediated by his major influence on <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine of Hippo</a>, one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">philosophers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologians">theologians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">history of Christianity</a>.</p>
<p>Plato was the innovator of the <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> forms in philosophy, which originate with him. Plato appears to have been the founder of Western <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, with his <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's Republic"><i>Republic</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's Laws"><i>Laws</i></a> among other dialogues, providing some of the earliest extant treatments of political questions from a philosophical perspective. Plato's own most decisive philosophical influences are usually thought to have been Socrates, <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, although few of his predecessors' works remain extant and much of what we know about these figures today derives from Plato himself.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> describes Plato as "...one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most penetrating, wide-ranging, and influential authors in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of philosophy">history of philosophy</a>. ... He was not the first thinker or writer to whom the word “philosopher? should be applied. But he was so self-conscious about how philosophy should be conceived, and what its scope and ambitions properly are, and he so transformed the intellectual currents with which he grappled, that the subject of philosophy, as it is often conceived—a rigorous and systematic examination of <a href="/wiki/Ethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical">ethical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistemological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological">epistemological</a> issues, armed with a distinctive method—can be called his invention. Few other authors in the history of Western philosophy approximate him in depth and range: perhaps only Aristotle (who studied with him), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> would be generally agreed to be of the same rank."<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Birth_and_family"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Birth and family</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Plato_and_Pythagoras"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Plato and Pythagoras</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Plato_and_Socrates"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Plato and Socrates</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Later_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Later life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Recurrent_themes"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Recurrent themes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Metaphysics"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Metaphysics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Theory_of_Forms"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Theory of Forms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Epistemology"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Epistemology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#The_state"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">The state</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Unwritten_doctrines"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Unwritten doctrines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Dialectic"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Dialectic</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Dialogues"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Dialogues</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Writings_of_doubted_authenticity"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Writings of doubted authenticity</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Spurious_writings"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Spurious writings</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Composition_of_the_dialogues"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Composition of the dialogues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Narration_of_the_dialogues"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Narration of the dialogues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Trial_of_Socrates"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Trial of Socrates</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Unity_and_diversity_of_the_dialogues"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Unity and diversity of the dialogues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Platonic_scholarship"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Platonic scholarship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Textual_sources_and_history"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Textual sources and history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Modern_editions"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Modern editions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Primary_sources_.28Greek_and_Roman.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Primary sources (Greek and Roman)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Secondary_sources"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
<tr>
<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Plato" title="Category:Plato">a series</a> on</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato-raphael.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Plato-raphael.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/100px-Plato-raphael.jpg" width="100" height="107" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/150px-Plato-raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/200px-Plato-raphael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="262" /></a>
<div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">Plato from <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i> (1509–1511)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Plato" title="Early life of Plato">Early life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialogues_of_Plato" title="Category:Dialogues of Plato">Works</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_epistemology" title="Platonic epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" title="Platonic idealism">Idealism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" title="Platonic realism">Realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentals" title="Transcendentals">Transcendentals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_man_argument" title="Third man argument">Third man argument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_five_regimes" title="Plato's five regimes">Five regimes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Plato's unwritten doctrines</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Plato" title="Early life of Plato">Early life of Plato</a></div>
<p>Due to a lack of surviving accounts, little is known about Plato's early life and education. The philosopher came from one of the wealthiest and most politically active families in&#160;Athens. Ancient sources describe him as a bright though modest boy who excelled in his studies. His father contributed all which was necessary to give to his son a good education, and, therefore, Plato must have been instructed in grammar, music, gymnastics and philosophy by some of the most distinguished teachers of his era.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Birth_and_family">Birth and family</span></h4>
<p>The exact time and place of Plato's birth are unknown, but it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic and influential family. Based on ancient sources, most modern scholars believe that he was born in Athens or <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a><sup class="reference" id="ref_Cnone"><a href="#endnote_Cnone">[c]</a></sup> between 429 and 423 BCE. His father was <a href="/wiki/Ariston_(Athenian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariston (Athenian)">Ariston</a>. According to a disputed tradition, reported by <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a>, Ariston traced his descent from the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Athens">king of Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codrus" title="Codrus">Codrus</a>, and the king of <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanthus" title="Melanthus">Melanthus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-10">[10]</a></sup> Plato's mother was <a href="/wiki/Perictione" title="Perictione">Perictione</a>, whose family boasted of a relationship with the famous Athenian <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">lawmaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LaI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaI-11">[11]</a></sup> Perictione was sister of <a href="/wiki/Charmides" title="Charmides">Charmides</a> and niece of <a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a>, both prominent figures of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a>, the brief <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a>, which followed on the collapse of Athens at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> (404–403 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-TW1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TW1-12">[12]</a></sup> Besides Plato himself, Ariston and Perictione had three other children; these were two sons, <a href="/wiki/Adeimantus_of_Collytus" title="Adeimantus of Collytus">Adeimantus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaucon" title="Glaucon">Glaucon</a>, and a daughter <a href="/wiki/Potone" title="Potone">Potone</a>, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a> (the nephew and successor of Plato as head of his philosophical Academy).<sup id="cite_ref-TW1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TW1-12">[12]</a></sup> The brothers Adeimantus and Glaucon are mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> as sons of Ariston,<sup id="cite_ref-PlRep368a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlRep368a-13">[13]</a></sup> and presumably brothers of Plato, but some have argued they were uncles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> But in a scenario in the <i><a href="/wiki/Memorabilia_(Xenophon)" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)">Memorabilia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> confused the issue by presenting a Glaucon much younger than Plato.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
<p>The traditional date of Plato's birth (428/427) is based on a dubious interpretation of Diogenes Laertius, who says, "When [Socrates] was gone, [Plato] joined Cratylus the Heracleitean and Hermogenes, who philosophized in the manner of Parmenides. Then, at twenty-eight, Hermodorus says, [Plato] went to Euclides in Megara." As Debra Nails argues, "The text itself gives no reason to infer that Plato left immediately for Megara and implies the very opposite."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002247_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002247-16">[16]</a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Letter_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Letter (Plato)">Seventh Letter</a></i>, Plato notes that his coming of age coincided with the taking of power by the Thirty, remarking, "But a youth under the age of twenty made himself a laughingstock if he attempted to enter the political arena." Thus, Nails dates Plato's birth to 424/423.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002246_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002246-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to some accounts, Ariston tried to force his attentions on Perictione, but failed in his purpose; then the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">god</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> appeared to him in a vision, and as a result, Ariston left Perictione unmolested.<sup id="cite_ref-Ap1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ap1-18">[18]</a></sup> Another legend related that, when Plato was an infant, bees settled on his lips while he was sleeping: an augury of the sweetness of style in which he would discourse about philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
<p>Ariston appears to have died in Plato's childhood, although the precise dating of his death is difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-TN_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN-20">[20]</a></sup> Perictione then married <a href="/wiki/Pyrilampes" title="Pyrilampes">Pyrilampes</a>, her mother's brother,<sup id="cite_ref-NA229_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA229-21">[21]</a></sup> who had served many times as an ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian court</a> and was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, the leader of the democratic faction in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-P13_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P13-22">[22]</a></sup> Pyrilampes had a son from a previous marriage, Demus, who was famous for his beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Perictione gave birth to Pyrilampes' second son, Antiphon, the half-brother of Plato, who appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmenides (Plato)">Parmenides</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-P126c_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P126c-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
<p>In contrast to reticence about himself, Plato often introduced his distinguished relatives into his dialogues, or referred to them with some precision: Charmides has a dialogue named after him; Critias speaks in both <i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i>; and Adeimantus and Glaucon take prominent parts in the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie198611_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie198611-25">[25]</a></sup> These and other references suggest a considerable amount of family pride and enable us to reconstruct Plato's <a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">family tree</a>. According to Burnet, "the opening scene of the <i>Charmides</i> is a glorification of the whole [family] connection ... Plato's dialogues are not only a memorial to Socrates, but also the happier days of his own family."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2004186_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2004186-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Name">Name</span></h4>
<p>According to <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, the philosopher was named <i>Aristocles</i> (Ἀ?ιστοκλῆς) after his grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa.C3.ABrtius1925.C2.A7_4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa.C3.ABrtius1925.C2.A7_4-27">[27]</a></sup> It was common in Athenian society for boys to be named after grandfathers (or fathers). But there is only one inscriptional record of an Aristocles, an early Archon of Athens in 605/4 BCE. There is no record of a line from Aristocles to Plato's father, Ariston. However, if Plato was not named after an ancestor named Plato (there is no record of one), then the origin of his renaming as <i>Plato</i> becomes a conundrum.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedley_21-2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedley_21-2-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
<p>The sources of Diogenes account for this fact by claiming that his <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> coach, Ariston of Argos, dubbed him <i>Platon</i>, meaning "broad," on account of his robust figure<sup id="cite_ref-LaIV_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaIV-29">[29]</a></sup> or that Plato derived his name from the breadth (πλατ?της, <i>platytēs</i>) of his eloquence, or else because he was very wide (πλατ?ς, <i>platýs</i>) across the forehead.<sup id="cite_ref-LaN_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaN-30">[30]</a></sup> Recently a scholar has argued that even the name Aristocles for Plato was a much later invention.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[31]</a></sup> Although <i>Platon</i> was a fairly common name (31 instances are known from Athens alone<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1986p._12_.28footnote.29_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1986p._12_.28footnote.29-32">[32]</a></sup>), the name does not occur in Plato's known family line. Another scholar, however, claims that "there is good reason for not dismissing [the idea that Aristocles was Plato's given name] as a mere invention of his biographers", noting how prevalent that account is in our sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedley_21-2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedley_21-2-28">[28]</a></sup> The fact that the philosopher in his maturity called himself <i>Platon</i> is indisputable, but the origin of this naming must remain moot unless the record is made to yield more information.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> informs us that Speusippus praised Plato's quickness of mind and modesty as a boy, and the "first fruits of his youth infused with hard work and love of study".<sup id="cite_ref-Ap2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ap2-33">[33]</a></sup> Plato must have been instructed in grammar, music, and <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> by the most distinguished teachers of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-DS_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-34">[34]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a> went so far as to say that Plato wrestled at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmian games">Isthmian games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LaV_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaV-35">[35]</a></sup> Plato had also attended courses of philosophy; before meeting Socrates, he first became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a> (a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic</a> Greek philosopher) and the Heraclitean doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Ar987a_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ar987a-36">[36]</a></sup> W. A. Borody argues that an Athenian openness towards a wider range of sexuality may have contributed to the Athenian philosophers' openness towards a wider range of thought, a cultural situation Borody describes as "polymorphously discursive."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorody1998_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorody1998-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Plato_and_Pythagoras">Plato and Pythagoras</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png" width="220" height="208" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_61v_2.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="222" /></a>
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Pythagoras, depicted as a medieval scholar in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i></div>
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<p>Although Socrates influenced Plato directly as related in the dialogues, the influence of Pythagoras upon Plato also appears to have significant discussion in the philosophical literature. Pythagoras, or in a broader sense, the Pythagoreans, allegedly exercised an important influence on the work of Plato. According to <a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a>, this influence consists of three points: (1) The <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">platonic Republic</a> might be related to the idea of "a tightly organized community of like-minded thinkers", like the one established by Pythagoras in Croton. (2) There is evidence that Plato possibly took from Pythagoras the idea that mathematics and, generally speaking, abstract thinking is a secure basis for philosophical thinking as well as "for substantial theses in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="Morals">morals</a>". (3) Plato and Pythagoras shared a "mystical approach to the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> and its place in the material world". It is probable that both were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
<p>Aristotle claimed that the philosophy of Plato closely followed the teachings of the Pythagoreans,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> repeats this claim: "They say Plato learned all things Pythagorean" (<i>Platonem ferunt didicisse Pythagorea omnia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Plato_and_Socrates">Plato and Socrates</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_and_Plato.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Socrates_and_Plato.jpg/170px-Socrates_and_Plato.jpg" width="170" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Socrates_and_Plato.jpg/255px-Socrates_and_Plato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Socrates_and_Plato.jpg/340px-Socrates_and_Plato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="556" /></a>
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Plato and <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> in a medieval depiction</div>
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<p>The precise relationship between Plato and Socrates remains an area of contention among scholars. Plato makes it clear in his <a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)"><i>Apology of Socrates</i></a>, that he was a devoted young follower of Socrates. In that dialogue, Socrates is presented as mentioning Plato by name as one of those youths close enough to him to have been corrupted, if he were in fact guilty of corrupting the youth, and questioning why their fathers and brothers did not step forward to testify against him if he was indeed guilty of such a crime (33d-34a). Later, Plato is mentioned along with Crito, Critobolus, and Apollodorus as offering to pay a fine of 30 minas on Socrates' behalf, in lieu of the death penalty proposed by Meletus (38b). In the <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i>, the title character lists those who were in attendance at the prison on Socrates' last day, explaining Plato's absence by saying, "Plato was ill." (<i>Phaedo</i> 59b)</p>
<p>Plato never speaks in his own voice in his dialogues. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Letter_(Plato)" title="Second Letter (Plato)"><i>Second Letter</i></a>, it says, "no writing of Plato exists or ever will exist, but those now said to be his are those of a Socrates become beautiful and new" (341c); if the Letter is Plato's, the final qualification seems to call into question the dialogues' historical fidelity. In any case, <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> seem to present a somewhat different portrait of Socrates from the one Plato paints. Some have called attention to the problem of taking Plato's Socrates to be his mouthpiece, given Socrates' reputation for irony and the dramatic nature of the dialogue form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss196450.E2.80.9351_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss196450.E2.80.9351-42">[42]</a></sup></p>
<p>Aristotle attributes a different doctrine with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of forms">Ideas</a> to Plato and Socrates (<i>Metaphysics</i> 987b1–11). Putting it in a nutshell, Aristotle merely suggests that Socrates' idea of forms can be discovered through investigation of the natural world, unlike Plato's Forms that exist beyond and outside the ordinary range of human understanding.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_life">Later life</span></h3>
<p>Plato may have traveled in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy1984_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy1984-43">[43]</a></sup> Said to have returned to Athens at the age of forty, Plato founded one of the earliest known organized schools in Western Civilization on a plot of land in the Grove of Hecademus or Academus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns1961xiii_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns1961xiii-44">[44]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a> was a large enclosure of ground about six <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit_of_length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion (unit of length)">stadia</a> outside of Athens proper. One story is that the name of the Academy comes from the ancient hero, <a href="/wiki/Academus" class="mw-redirect" title="Academus">Academus</a>. Another story is that the name came from a supposed a former owner, a citizen of Athens also named Academus. Yet another account is that it was named after a member of the army of <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece#Arcadia" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Arcadian</a> named Echedemus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson182716_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson182716-45">[45]</a></sup> The Academy operated until it was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> in 84 BCE. Neoplatonists revived the Academy in the early 5th century, and it operated until AD 529, when it was closed by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, who saw it as a threat to the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Many intellectuals were schooled in the Academy, the most prominent one being Aristotle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon20031.E2.80.933_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon20031.E2.80.933-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress20001_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress20001-47">[47]</a></sup></p>
<p>Throughout his later life, Plato became entangled with the politics of the city of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>. According to Diogenes Laertius, Plato initially visited Syracuse while it was under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiginos197673_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiginos197673-48">[48]</a></sup> During this first trip Dionysius's brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion of Syracuse</a>, became one of Plato's disciples, but the tyrant himself turned against Plato. Plato almost faced death, but he was sold into slavery. Then Anniceris<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> bought Plato's freedom for twenty <a href="/wiki/Mina_(unit)" title="Mina (unit)">minas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> and sent him home. After Dionysius's death, according to <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Letter_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Letter (Plato)">Plato's <i>Seventh Letter</i></a>, Dion requested Plato return to Syracuse to tutor <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_II_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius II of Syracuse">Dionysius II</a> and guide him to become a philosopher king. Dionysius II seemed to accept Plato's teachings, but he became suspicious of Dion, his uncle. Dionysius expelled Dion and kept Plato against his will. Eventually Plato left Syracuse. Dion would return to overthrow Dionysius and ruled Syracuse for a short time before being usurped by <a href="/wiki/Calippus_of_Syracuse" title="Calippus of Syracuse">Calippus</a>, a fellow disciple of Plato.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span></h3>
<p>A variety of sources have given accounts of Plato's death. One story, based on a mutilated manuscript,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiginos1976194_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiginos1976194-51">[51]</a></sup> suggests Plato died in his bed, whilst a young <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> girl played the flute to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchall1996_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchall1996-52">[52]</a></sup> Another tradition suggests Plato died at a wedding feast. The account is based on Diogenes Laertius's reference to an account by Hermippus, a third-century Alexandrian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiginos1976195_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiginos1976195-53">[53]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, Plato simply died in his sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiginos1976195_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiginos1976195-53">[53]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span></h2>
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Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i>, a fresco by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>. Aristotle gestures to the earth, representing his belief in knowledge through empirical observation and experience, while holding a copy of his <i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i> in his hand. Plato holds his <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> and gestures to the heavens, representing his belief in <a href="/wiki/The_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forms">The Forms</a></div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Recurrent_themes">Recurrent themes</span></h3>
<p>Plato often discusses the father-son relationship and the question of whether a father's interest in his sons has much to do with how well his sons turn out. In ancient Athens, a boy was socially located by his family identity, and Plato often refers to his characters in terms of their paternal and fraternal relationships. Socrates was not a family man, and saw himself as the son of his mother, who was apparently a midwife. A divine fatalist, Socrates mocks men who spent exorbitant fees on tutors and trainers for their sons, and repeatedly ventures the idea that good character is a gift from the gods. Crito reminds Socrates that orphans are at the mercy of chance, but Socrates is unconcerned. In the <i>Theaetetus</i>, he is found recruiting as a disciple a young man whose inheritance has been squandered. Socrates twice compares the relationship of the older man and his boy lover to the father-son relationship (<i>Lysis</i> 213a, <i>Republic</i> 3.403b), and in the <i>Phaedo</i>, Socrates' disciples, towards whom he displays more concern than his biological sons, say they will feel "fatherless" when he is gone.</p>
<p>In several of Plato's dialogues, Socrates promulgates the idea that <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> is a matter of recollection, and not of learning, observation, or study.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaird_.26_Kaufmann2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird_.26_Kaufmann2008-54">[54]</a></sup> He maintains this view somewhat at his own expense, because in many dialogues, Socrates complains of his forgetfulness. Socrates is often found arguing that knowledge is not empirical, and that it comes from divine insight. In many middle period dialogues, such as the <i>Phaedo</i>, <i>Republic</i> and <i>Phaedrus</i> Plato advocates a belief in the immortality of the soul, and several dialogues end with long speeches imagining the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. More than one dialogue contrasts knowledge and opinion, perception and <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> and custom, and body and soul.</p>
<p>Several dialogues tackle questions about art: Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Muses" class="mw-redirect" title="Muses">muses</a>, and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness (drunkenness, eroticism, and dreaming) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaedrus (Plato)">Phaedrus</a></i> (265a–c), and yet in the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)"><i>Republic</i></a></i> wants to outlaw Homer's great poetry, and laughter as well. In <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i>, Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the <i>Republic</i>. The dialogue <i>Ion</i> suggests that <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> functioned in the ancient Greek world as the Bible does today in the modern Christian world: as divinely inspired literature that can provide moral guidance, if only it can be properly interpreted.</p>
<p>Socrates and his company of disputants had something to say on many subjects, including politics and art, religion and science, justice and medicine, virtue and vice, crime and punishment, pleasure and pain, rhetoric and rhapsody, human nature and sexuality, as well as love and wisdom.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a></div>
<p>"Platonism" is a term coined by scholars to refer to the intellectual consequences of denying, as Plato's Socrates often does, the reality of the material world. In several dialogues, most notably the <i>Republic</i>, Socrates inverts the common man's intuition about what is knowable and what is real. While most people take the objects of their senses to be real if anything is, Socrates is contemptuous of people who think that something has to be graspable in the hands to be real. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i>, he says such people are <i>eu amousoi</i> (εὖ ἄμουσοι), an expression that means literally, "happily without the muses" (<i>Theaetetus</i> 156a). In other words, such people live without the divine inspiration that gives him, and people like him, access to higher insights about reality.</p>
<p>Socrates' idea that reality is unavailable to those who use their senses is what puts him at odds with the common man, and with common sense. Socrates says that he who sees with his eyes is blind, and this idea is most famously captured in his <a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegory of the cave">allegory of the cave</a>, and more explicitly in his description of <a href="/wiki/The_divided_line_of_Plato" class="mw-redirect" title="The divided line of Plato">the divided line</a>. The allegory of the cave (begins <i>Republic</i> 7.514a) is a paradoxical analogy wherein Socrates argues that the invisible world is the most intelligible ("noeton") and that the visible world ("(h)oraton") is the least knowable, and the most obscure.</p>
<p>Socrates says in the <i>Republic</i> that people who take the sun-lit world of the senses to be good and real are living pitifully in a den of evil and ignorance. Socrates admits that few climb out of the den, or cave of ignorance, and those who do, not only have a terrible struggle to attain the heights, but when they go back down for a visit or to help other people up, they find themselves objects of scorn and ridicule.</p>
<p>According to Socrates, physical objects and physical events are "shadows" of their ideal or perfect forms, and exist only to the extent that they instantiate the perfect versions of themselves. Just as shadows are temporary, inconsequential epiphenomena produced by physical objects, physical objects are themselves fleeting phenomena caused by more substantial causes, the ideals of which they are mere instances. For example, Socrates thinks that perfect justice exists (although it is not clear where) and his own trial would be a cheap copy of it.</p>
<p>The allegory of the cave (often said by scholars to represent Plato's own epistemology and metaphysics) is intimately connected to his political ideology (often said to also be Plato's own), that only people who have climbed out of the cave and cast their eyes on a vision of goodness are fit to rule. Socrates claims that the enlightened men of society must be forced from their divine contemplations and be compelled to run the city according to their lofty insights. Thus is born the idea of the "<a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">philosopher-king</a>", the wise person who accepts the power thrust upon him by the people who are wise enough to choose a good master. This is the main thesis of Socrates in the <i>Republic</i>, that the most wisdom the masses can muster is the wise choice of a ruler.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theory_of_Forms">Theory of Forms</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a></div>
<p>The theory of Forms (or theory of Ideas) typically refers to the belief that the material world as it seems to us is not the real world, but only an "image" or "copy" of the real world. In some of Plato's dialogues, this is expressed by Socrates, who spoke of forms in formulating <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" title="Platonic realism">a solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">problem of universals</a>. The forms, according to Socrates, are <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstract</a> representations of the many <a href="/wiki/Type_(metaphysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type (metaphysics)">types</a> of things, and <a href="/wiki/Property_(metaphysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Property (metaphysics)">properties</a> we feel and see around us, that can only be perceived by reason (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el" xml:lang="el">λογική</span>). (That is, they are <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a>.) In other words, Socrates was able to recognize two worlds: the apparent world, which constantly changes, and an unchanging and unseen world of forms, which may be the cause of what is apparent.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Epistemology">Epistemology</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Platonic_epistemology" title="Platonic epistemology">Platonic epistemology</a></div>
<p>Many have interpreted Plato as stating—even having been the first to write—that <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> is <a href="/wiki/Justified_true_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Justified true belief">justified true belief</a>, an influential view that informed future developments in epistemology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine20035_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine20035-55">[55]</a></sup> This interpretation is partly based on a reading of the <i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i> wherein Plato argues that knowledge is distinguished from mere true belief by the knower having an "account" of the object of her or his true belief (<i>Theaetetus</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Theaetetus&amp;page=201c%E2%80%93d&amp;lang=en">201c–d</a>). And this theory may again be seen in the <i>Meno</i>, where it is suggested that true belief can be raised to the level of knowledge if it is bound with an account as to the question of "why" the object of the true belief is so (<i>Meno</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Meno&amp;page=97d%E2%80%9398a&amp;lang=en">97d–98a</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1973230_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1973230-56">[56]</a></sup> Many years later, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a> famously demonstrated the problems of the justified true belief account of knowledge. That the modern theory of justified true belief as knowledge which Gettier addresses is equivalent to Plato's is accepted by some scholars but rejected by others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1979366_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1979366-57">[57]</a></sup> Plato himself also identified problems with the <i>justified true belief</i> definition in the <i>Theaetetus</i>, concluding that justification (or an "account") would require knowledge of <i>differentness</i>, meaning that the definition of knowledge is <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">circular</a> (<i>Theaetetus</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Theaetetus&amp;page=210a%E2%80%93b&amp;lang=en">210a–b</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1973256_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1973256-58">[58]</a></sup></p>
<p>Later in the <i><a href="/wiki/Meno_(Plato)#Dialogue_with_Meno.27s_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Meno (Plato)">Meno</a></i>, Socrates uses a geometrical example to expound Plato's view that knowledge in this latter sense is acquired by <a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">recollection</a>. Socrates elicits a fact concerning a geometrical construction from a slave boy, who could not have otherwise known the fact (due to the slave boy's lack of education). The knowledge must be present, Socrates concludes, in an eternal, non-experiential form.</p>
<p>In other dialogues, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(dialogue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (dialogue)">Republic</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i>, Plato himself associates knowledge with the apprehension of unchanging Forms and their relationships to one another (which he calls "expertise" in <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a>), including through the processes of <i>collection</i> and <i>division</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2011176.E2.80.93187_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2011176.E2.80.93187-59">[59]</a></sup> More explicitly, Plato himself argues in the <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> that knowledge is always proportionate to the realm from which it is gained. In other words, if one derives one's account of something experientially, because the world of sense is in flux, the views therein attained will be mere opinions. And opinions are characterized by a lack of necessity and stability. On the other hand, if one derives one's account of something by way of the non-sensible forms, because these forms are unchanging, so too is the account derived from them. That apprehension of forms is required for knowledge may be taken to cohere with Plato's theory in the <i>Theaetetus</i> and <i>Meno</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2011432_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2011432-60">[60]</a></sup> Indeed, the apprehension of Forms may be at the base of the "account" required for justification, in that it offers <a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">foundational</a> knowledge which itself needs no account, thereby avoiding an <a href="/wiki/Infinite_regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinite regression">infinite regression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2011189_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2011189-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_state">The state</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic (Plato)</a></div>
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<i>Papirus Oxyrhynchus</i>, with fragment of Plato's <i>Republic</i></div>
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<p>Plato's philosophical views had many societal implications, especially on the idea of an ideal <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> or government. There is some discrepancy between his early and later views. Some of the most famous doctrines are contained in the <i>Republic</i> during his middle period, as well as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> and the <i>Statesman</i>. However, because Plato wrote dialogues, it is assumed that Socrates is often speaking for Plato. This assumption may not be true in all cases.</p>
<p>Plato, through the words of Socrates, asserts that societies have a tripartite class structure corresponding to the appetite/spirit/reason structure of the individual soul. The appetite/spirit/reason are analogous to the castes of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007345.E2.80.93349_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007345.E2.80.93349-62">[62]</a></sup></p>
<ul>
<li><i>Productive</i> (Workers) — the labourers, carpenters, plumbers, masons, merchants, farmers, ranchers, etc. These correspond to the "appetite" part of the soul.</li>
<li><i>Protective</i> (Warriors or Guardians) — those who are adventurous, strong and brave; in the armed forces. These correspond to the "spirit" part of the soul.</li>
<li><i>Governing</i> (Rulers or Philosopher Kings) — those who are intelligent, rational, self-controlled, in love with wisdom, well suited to make decisions for the community. These correspond to the "reason" part of the soul and are very few.</li>
</ul>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>, Plato locates the parts of the soul within the human body: Reason is located in the head, spirit in the top third of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a>, and the appetite in the middle third of the torso, down to the <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorter2006360_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorter2006360-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to this model, the principles of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> (as it existed in his day) are rejected as only a few are fit to rule. Instead of rhetoric and persuasion, Plato says reason and wisdom should govern. As Plato puts it:</p>
<dl>
<dd>"Until philosophers rule as kings or those who are now called kings and leading men genuinely and adequately philosophise, that is, until political power and philosophy entirely coincide, while the many natures who at present pursue either one exclusively are forcibly prevented from doing so, cities will have no rest from evils,... nor, I think, will the human race." (<i>Republic</i> 473c-d)</dd>
</dl>
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Plato in his academy, drawing after a painting by Swedish painter Carl Johan Wahlbom</div>
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<p>Plato describes these "philosopher kings" as "those who love the sight of truth" (<i>Republic</i> 475c) and supports the idea with the analogy of a captain and his ship or a doctor and his medicine. According to him, sailing and health are not things that everyone is qualified to practice by nature. A large part of the <i>Republic</i> then addresses how the educational system should be set up to produce these philosopher kings.</p>
<p>However, it must be taken into account that the ideal city outlined in the <i>Republic</i> is qualified by Socrates as the ideal <i>luxurious</i> city, examined to determine how it is that injustice and justice grow in a city (<i>Republic</i> 372e). According to Socrates, the "true" and "healthy" city is instead the one first outlined in book II of the <i>Republic</i>, 369c–372d, containing farmers, craftsmen, merchants, and wage-earners, but lacking the guardian class of philosopher-kings as well as delicacies such as "perfumed oils, incense, prostitutes, and pastries", in addition to paintings, gold, ivory, couches, a multitude of occupations such as poets and hunters, and war.</p>
<p>In addition, the ideal city is used as an image to illuminate the state of one's soul, or the <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">will</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">desires</a> combined in the human body. Socrates is attempting to make an image of a rightly ordered human, and then later goes on to describe the different kinds of humans that can be observed, from tyrants to lovers of money in various kinds of cities. The ideal city is not promoted, but only used to magnify the different kinds of individual humans and the state of their soul. However, the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">philosopher king</a> image was used by many after Plato to justify their personal political beliefs. The philosophic soul according to Socrates has reason, will, and desires united in virtuous harmony. A philosopher has the <a href="/wiki/Moderate" title="Moderate">moderate</a> love for <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a> to act according to wisdom. Wisdom is <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Goodness_and_value_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodness and value theory">Good</a> or the right relations between all that <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">exists</a>.</p>
<p>Wherein it concerns states and rulers, Plato has made interesting arguments. For instance he asks which is better—a bad democracy or a country reigned by a tyrant. He argues that it is better to be ruled by a bad tyrant, than be a bad democracy (since here all the people are now responsible for such actions, rather than one individual committing many bad deeds.) This is emphasised within the <i>Republic</i> as Plato describes the event of mutiny on board a ship.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> Plato suggests the ship's crew to be in line with the democratic rule of many and the captain, although inhibited through ailments, the tyrant. Plato's description of this event is parallel to that of democracy within the state and the inherent problems that arise.</p>
<p>According to Plato, a state made up of different kinds of souls will, overall, decline from an <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> (rule by the best) to a <a href="/wiki/Timocracy" title="Timocracy">timocracy</a> (rule by the honorable), then to an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> (rule by the few), then to a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> (rule by the people), and finally to <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> (rule by one person, rule by a tyrant).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007350_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007350-66">[66]</a></sup> Aristocracy is the form of government (<i>politeia</i>) advocated in Plato's <i>Republic</i>. This regime is ruled by a philosopher king, and thus is grounded on wisdom and reason. The aristocratic state, and the man whose nature corresponds to it, are the objects of Plato's analyses throughout much of the <i>Republic</i>, as opposed to the other four types of states/men, who are discussed later in his work. In Book VIII, Plato states in order the other four imperfect societies with a description of the state's structure and individual character. In timocracy the ruling class is made up primarily of those with a warrior-like character.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> In his description, Plato has <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> in mind. Oligarchy is made up of a society in which wealth is the criterion of merit and the wealthy are in control.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> In democracy, the state bears resemblance to ancient Athens with traits such as equality of political opportunity and freedom for the individual to do as he likes.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> Democracy then degenerates into tyranny from the conflict of rich and poor. It is characterized by an undisciplined society existing in chaos, where the tyrant rises as popular champion leading to the formation of his private army and the growth of oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007350_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007350-66">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorter2006253.E2.80.93267_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorter2006253.E2.80.93267-71">[71]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unwritten_doctrines">Unwritten doctrines</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Plato's unwritten doctrines</a></div>
<p>For a long time, Plato's unwritten doctrine<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Grandjean1998_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Grandjean1998-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> had been controversial. Many modern books on Plato seem to diminish its importance; nevertheless, the first important witness who mentions its existence is Aristotle, who in his <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></i> (209 b) writes: "It is true, indeed, that the account he gives there [i.e. in <i>Timaeus</i>] of the participant is different from what he says in his so-called <i>unwritten teachings</i> (ἄγ?αφα δόγματα)." The term "ἄγ?αφα δόγματα" literally means <i>unwritten doctrines</i> and it stands for the most fundamental metaphysical teaching of Plato, which he disclosed only orally, and some say only to his most trusted fellows, and which he may have kept secret from the public. The importance of the unwritten doctrines does not seem to have been seriously questioned before the 19th century.</p>
<p>A reason for not revealing it to everyone is partially discussed in <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i> (276 c) where Plato criticizes the written transmission of knowledge as faulty, favoring instead the spoken <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>: "he who has knowledge of the just and the good and beautiful ... will not, when in earnest, write them in ink, sowing them through a pen with words, which cannot defend themselves by argument and cannot teach the truth effectually." The same argument is repeated in Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Letter_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Letter (Plato)">Seventh Letter</a></i> (344 c): "every serious man in dealing with really serious subjects carefully avoids writing." In the same letter he writes (341 c): "I can certainly declare concerning all these writers who claim to know the subjects that I seriously study ... there does not exist, nor will there ever exist, any treatise of mine dealing therewith." Such secrecy is necessary in order not "to expose them to unseemly and degrading treatment" (344 d).</p>
<p>It is, however, said that Plato once disclosed this knowledge to the public in his lecture <i>On the Good</i> (Πε?ὶ τἀγαθοῦ), in which the Good (τὸ ἀγαθόν) is identified with the One (the Unity, τὸ ἕν), the fundamental ontological principle. The content of this lecture has been transmitted by several witnesses. <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> describes the event in the following words: "Each came expecting to learn something about the things that are generally considered good for men, such as wealth, good health, physical strength, and altogether a kind of wonderful happiness. But when the mathematical demonstrations came, including numbers, geometrical figures and astronomy, and finally the statement Good is One seemed to them, I imagine, utterly unexpected and strange; hence some belittled the matter, while others rejected it."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a> quotes <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a>, who states that "according to Plato, the first principles of everything, including the Forms themselves are One and Indefinite Duality (ἡ ἀό?ιστος δυάς), which he called Large and Small (τὸ μέγα καὶ τὸ μικ?όν)", and Simplicius reports as well that "one might also learn this from Speusippus and Xenocrates and the others who were present at Plato's lecture on the Good".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
<p>Their account is in full agreement with Aristotle's description of Plato's metaphysical doctrine. In <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> he writes: "Now since the Forms are the causes of everything else, he [i.e. Plato] supposed that their elements are the elements of all things. Accordingly the material principle is the Great and Small [i.e. the Dyad], and the essence is the One (τὸ ἕν), since the numbers are derived from the Great and Small by participation in the One" (987 b). "From this account it is clear that he only employed two causes: that of the essence, and the material cause; for the Forms are the cause of the essence in everything else, and the One is the cause of it in the Forms. He also tells us what the material substrate is of which the Forms are predicated in the case of sensible things, and the One in that of the Forms - that it is this the duality (the Dyad, ἡ δυάς), the Great and Small (τὸ μέγα καὶ τὸ μικ?όν). Further, he assigned to these two elements respectively the causation of good and of evil" (988 a).</p>
<p>The most important aspect of this interpretation of Plato's metaphysics is the continuity between his teaching and the neoplatonic interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Ficino" class="mw-redirect" title="Ficino">Ficino</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> which has been considered erroneous by many but may in fact have been directly influenced by oral transmission of Plato's doctrine. A modern scholar who recognized the importance of the unwritten doctrine of Plato was <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gomperz" title="Heinrich Gomperz">Heinrich Gomperz</a> who described it in his speech during the 7th <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="International Congress of Philosophy">International Congress of Philosophy</a> in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomperz1931_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomperz1931-78">[78]</a></sup> All the sources related to the ἄγ?αφα δόγματα have been collected by Konrad Gaiser and published as <i>Testimonia Platonica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaiser1998_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaiser1998-79">[79]</a></sup> These sources have subsequently been interpreted by scholars from the German <i>Tübingen School of interpretation</i> such as Hans Joachim Krämer or Thomas A. Szlezák.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dialectic">Dialectic</span></h3>
<p>The role of <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> in Plato's thought is contested but there are two main interpretations: a type of reasoning and a method of intuition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1996104_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1996104-81">[81]</a></sup> Simon Blackburn adopts the first, saying that Plato's dialectic is "the process of eliciting the truth by means of questions aimed at opening out what is already implicitly known, or at exposing the contradictions and muddles of an opponent's position."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1996104_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1996104-81">[81]</a></sup> A similar interpretation has been put forth by Louis Hartz, who suggests that elements of the dialectic are borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> According to this view, opposing arguments improve upon each other, and prevailing opinion is shaped by the synthesis of many conflicting ideas over time. Each new idea exposes a flaw in the accepted model, and the epistemological substance of the debate continually approaches the truth. Hartz's is a teleological interpretation at the core, in which philosophers will ultimately exhaust the available body of knowledge and thus reach "the end of history." Karl Popper, on the other hand, claims that dialectic is the art of intuition for "visualising the divine originals, the Forms or Ideas, of unveiling the Great Mystery behind the common man's everyday world of appearances."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopper1962133_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper1962133-83">[83]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dialogues">Dialogues<span id="Works"></span><span id="Plato.27s_dialogues"></span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_pagination" title="Stephanus pagination">Stephanus pagination</a></div>
<p>Thirty-five dialogues and thirteen letters (the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Plato)" title="Epistles (Plato)"><i>Epistles</i></a>) have traditionally been ascribed to Plato, though modern scholarship doubts the authenticity of at least some of these. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts.</p>
<p>The usual system for making unique references to sections of the text by Plato derives from a 16th-century edition of Plato's works by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Estienne" title="Henri Estienne">Henricus Stephanus</a>. An overview of Plato's writings according to this system can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_pagination" title="Stephanus pagination">Stephanus pagination</a> article.</p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Timaeus_stephanus_pages_32_33.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Timaeus_stephanus_pages_32_33.jpg/400px-Timaeus_stephanus_pages_32_33.jpg" width="400" height="314" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Timaeus_stephanus_pages_32_33.jpg/600px-Timaeus_stephanus_pages_32_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Timaeus_stephanus_pages_32_33.jpg/800px-Timaeus_stephanus_pages_32_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1588" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Timaeus_stephanus_pages_32_33.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Volume 3, pages 32–33, of the 1578 Stephanus edition of Plato, showing a passage of <i>Timaeus</i> with the Latin translation and notes of <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Serres" title="Jean de Serres">Jean de Serres</a></div>
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<p>One tradition regarding the arrangement of Plato's texts is according to <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy" title="Tetralogy">tetralogies</a>. This scheme is ascribed by Diogenes Laertius to an ancient scholar and court astrologer to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> named <a href="/wiki/Thrasyllus_of_Mendes" title="Thrasyllus of Mendes">Thrasyllus</a>.</p>
<p>The works are usually grouped into <i>Early</i> (sometimes by some into <i>Transitional</i>), <i>Middle</i>, and <i>Late</i> period.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> This choice to group chronologically is thought worthy of criticism by some (Cooper <i>et al</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> given that it's recognised that there is no absolute agreement as to the true chronologicity, since the facts of the temporal order of writing are not confidently ascertained.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup></p>
<p>Early: <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology (of Socrates)</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippias minor">(Lesser) Hippias (minor)</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippias major">(Greater) Hippias (major)</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" title="Laches (dialogue)">Laches</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" title="Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i></p>
<p>Middle/Transitional: <i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(dialogue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (dialogue)">Republic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i>,</p>
<p>Middle/Late: <i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i></p>
<p>Late: <i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman / Politicus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> , <i><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i></p>
<p>Chronologicity was not a consideration in ancient times, in that grouping of this nature are <i>virtually absent</i> (Tarrant) in the extant writings of ancient Platonists.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Writings_of_doubted_authenticity">Writings of doubted authenticity</span></h3>
<p>Jowett mentions in his Appendix to Menexenus, that works which bore the character of a writer were attributed to that writer even when the actual author was unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup></p>
<p>For below:</p>
<p>(*) if there is no consensus among scholars as to whether Plato is the author, and (‡) if most scholars agree that Plato is <i>not</i> the author of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
<p><i><a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a></i> (*), <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" title="Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a></i> (‡), <i><a href="/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" title="Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon</a></i> (*), <i><a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a></i> (‡), <i><a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Plato)" title="Epistles (Plato)">Epistles</a></i> (*), <i><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" title="Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus</a></i> (‡), <i><a href="/wiki/Menexenus_(dialogue)" title="Menexenus (dialogue)">Menexenus</a></i>(*), <i><a href="/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" title="Minos (dialogue)">Minos</a></i> (‡) <i><a href="/wiki/Rival_Lovers" title="Rival Lovers">(Rival) Lovers</a></i> (‡), <i><a href="/wiki/Theages" title="Theages">Theages</a></i> (‡)</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Spurious_writings">Spurious writings</span></h4>
<p>The following works were transmitted under Plato's name, most of them already considered spurious in antiquity, and so were not included by Thrasyllus in his tetralogical arrangement. These works are labelled as <i>Notheuomenoi</i> ("spurious") or <i>Apocrypha</i>.</p>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Definitions_(Plato)" title="Definitions (Plato)">Definitions</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" title="Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Plato)" title="Epigrams (Plato)">Epigrams</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" title="Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_Justice" title="On Justice">On Justice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_Virtue" title="On Virtue">On Virtue</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" title="Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus</a></i>.</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Composition_of_the_dialogues">Composition of the dialogues</span></h3>
<p>No one knows the exact order Plato's dialogues were written in, nor the extent to which some might have been later revised and rewritten. A significant distinction of the early Plato and the later Plato has been offered by scholars such as E.R. Dodds and has been summarized by Harold Bloom in his book titled <i>Agon</i>: "E.R. Dodds is the classical scholar whose writings most illuminated the Hellenic descent (in) <i>The Greeks and the Irrational</i> [...] In his chapter on Plato and the Irrational Soul [...] Dodds traces Plato's spiritual evolution from the pure rationalist of the <i>Protagoras</i> to the transcendental psychologist, influenced by the Pythagoreans and Orphics, of the later works culminating in the <i>Laws</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom19825_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom19825-91">[91]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Campbell_(classicist)" title="Lewis Campbell (classicist)">Lewis Campbell</a> was the first<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet1928b9_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1928b9-92">[92]</a></sup> to make exhaustive use of <a href="/wiki/Stylometry" title="Stylometry">stylometry</a> to prove objectively that the <i>Critias</i>, <i>Timaeus</i>, <i>Laws</i>, <i>Philebus</i>, <i>Sophist</i>, and <i>Statesman</i> were all clustered together as a group, while the <i>Parmenides</i>, <i>Phaedrus</i>, <i>Republic</i>, and <i>Theaetetus</i> belong to a separate group, which must be earlier (given Aristotle's statement in his <i>Politics</i><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> that the <i>Laws</i> was written after the <i>Republic</i>; cf. Diogenes Laertius <i>Lives</i> 3.37). What is remarkable about Campbell's conclusions is that, in spite of all the stylometric studies that have been conducted since his time, perhaps the only chronological fact about Plato's works that can now be said to be <i>proven</i> by stylometry is the fact that <i>Critias</i>, <i>Timaeus</i>, <i>Laws</i>, <i>Philebus</i>, <i>Sophist</i>, and <i>Statesman</i> are the latest of Plato's dialogues, the others earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997xiv_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997xiv-94">[94]</a></sup></p>
<p>Increasingly in the most recent Plato scholarship, writers are skeptical of the notion that the order of Plato's writings can be established with any precision,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> though Plato's works are still often characterized as falling at least roughly into three groups.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> The following represents one relatively common such division.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> It should, however, be kept in mind that many of the positions in the ordering are still highly disputed, and also that the very notion that Plato's dialogues can or should be "ordered" is by no means universally accepted.</p>
<p>Among those who classify the dialogues into periods of composition, Socrates figures in all of the "early dialogues" and they are considered the most faithful representations of the historical Socrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds2004_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2004-98">[98]</a></sup> They include <i>The Apology of Socrates</i>, <i>Charmides</i>, <i>Crito</i>, <i>Euthyphro</i>, <i>Ion</i>, <i>Laches</i>, <i>Lesser Hippias</i>, <i>Lysis</i>, <i>Menexenus</i>, and <i>Protagoras</i> (often considered one of the last of the "early dialogues"). Three dialogues are often considered "transitional" or "pre-middle": <i>Euthydemus</i>, <i>Gorgias</i>, and <i>Meno</i>.</p>
<p>Whereas those classified as "early dialogues" often conclude in <a href="/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia">aporia</a>, the so-called "middle dialogues" provide more clearly stated positive teachings that are often ascribed to Plato such as the theory of Forms. These dialogues include <i>Cratylus</i>, <i>Phaedo</i>, <i>Phaedrus</i>, <i>Republic</i>, <i>Symposium</i>, <i>Parmenides</i>, and <i>Theaetetus</i>. Proponents of dividing the dialogues into periods often consider the <i>Parmenides</i> and <i>Theaetetus</i> to come late in this period and be transitional to the next, as they seem to treat the theory of Forms critically (<i>Parmenides</i>) or only indirectly (<i>Theaetetus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandwood1990251_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandwood1990251-99">[99]</a></sup> Ritter's stylometric analysis places <i>Phaedrus</i> as probably after <i>Theaetetus</i> and <i>Parmenides</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandwood199077_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandwood199077-100">[100]</a></sup> although it does not relate to the theory of Forms in the same way. The first book of the <i>Republic</i> is often thought to have been written significantly earlier than the rest of the work, although possibly having undergone revisions when the later books were attached to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandwood1990251_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandwood1990251-99">[99]</a></sup></p>
<p>The remaining dialogues are classified as "late" and are generally agreed to be difficult and challenging pieces of philosophy. This grouping is the only one proven by stylometric analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997xiv_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997xiv-94">[94]</a></sup> While looked to for Plato's "mature" answers to the questions posed by his earlier works, those answers are difficult to discern. Some scholars<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds2004_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2004-98">[98]</a></sup> indicate that the theory of Forms is absent from the late dialogues, its having been refuted in the <i>Parmenides</i>, but there isn't total consensus that the <i>Parmenides</i> actually refutes the theory of Forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeinwald1991_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinwald1991-101">[101]</a></sup> The so-called "late dialogues" include <i>Critias</i>, <i>Laws</i>, <i>Philebus</i>, <i>Sophist</i>, <i>Statesman</i>, and <i>Timaeus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds2004_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2004-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Narration_of_the_dialogues">Narration of the dialogues</span></h3>
<p>Plato never presents himself as a participant in any of the dialogues, and with the exception of the <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i>, there is no suggestion that he heard any of the dialogues firsthand. Some dialogues have no narrator but have a pure "dramatic" form (examples: <i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaedrus (Plato)">Phaedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i>), some dialogues are narrated by Socrates, wherein he speaks in first person (examples: <i><a href="/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" title="Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>). One dialogue, <i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i>, begins in dramatic form but quickly proceeds to Socrates' narration of a conversation he had previously with the sophist for whom the dialogue is named; this narration continues uninterrupted till the dialogue's end.</p>
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<a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Plato's Symposium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anselm_Feuerbach" title="Anselm Feuerbach">Anselm Feuerbach</a>, 1873)</div>
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<p>Two dialogues <i>Phaedo</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i> also begin in dramatic form but then proceed to virtually uninterrupted narration by followers of Socrates. <i>Phaedo</i>, an account of Socrates' final conversation and hemlock drinking, is narrated by Phaedo to Echecrates in a foreign city not long after the execution took place.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> The <i>Symposium</i> is narrated by Apollodorus, a Socratic disciple, apparently to Glaucon. Apollodorus assures his listener that he is recounting the story, which took place when he himself was an infant, not from his own memory, but as remembered by Aristodemus, who told him the story years ago.</p>
<p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i> is a peculiar case: a dialogue in dramatic form embedded within another dialogue in dramatic form. In the beginning of the <i>Theaetetus</i> (142c-143b), <a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclides</a> says that he compiled the conversation from notes he took based on what Socrates told him of his conversation with the title character. The rest of the <i>Theaetetus</i> is presented as a "book" written in dramatic form and read by one of Euclides' slaves (143c). Some scholars take this as an indication that Plato had by this date wearied of the narrated form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet1928a.C2.A7177_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1928a.C2.A7177-103">[103]</a></sup> With the exception of the <i>Theaetetus</i>, Plato gives no explicit indication as to how these orally transmitted conversations came to be written down.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trial_of_Socrates">Trial of Socrates</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a></div>
<p>The trial of Socrates is the central, unifying event of Plato's dialogues. Because of this, <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i> is among the most frequently read of his works. In the <i>Apology</i>, Socrates tries to dismiss rumors that he is a <a href="/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">sophist</a> and defends himself against charges of disbelief in the gods and corruption of the young. Socrates insists that long-standing slander will be the real cause of his demise, and says the legal charges are essentially false. Socrates famously denies being wise, and explains how his life as a philosopher was launched by the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_at_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle at Delphi">Oracle at Delphi</a>. He says that his quest to resolve the riddle of the oracle put him at odds with his fellow man, and that this is the reason he has been mistaken for a menace to the city-state of Athens.</p>
<p>If Plato's important dialogues do not refer to Socrates' execution explicitly, they allude to it, or use characters or themes that play a part in it. Five dialogues foreshadow the trial: In the <i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i> (210d) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i> (2a–b) Socrates tells people that he is about to face corruption charges. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i> (94e–95a), one of the men who brings legal charges against Socrates, <a href="/wiki/Anytus" title="Anytus">Anytus</a>, warns him about the trouble he may get into if he does not stop criticizing important people. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></i>, Socrates says that his trial will be like a doctor prosecuted by a cook who asks a jury of children to choose between the doctor's bitter medicine and the cook's tasty treats (521e–522a). In the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></i> (7.517e), Socrates explains why an enlightened man (presumably himself) will stumble in a courtroom situation. The <i>Apology</i> is Socrates' defense speech, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i> and <i>Phaedo</i> take place in prison after the conviction. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></i>, Socrates is a guest at the home of <a href="/wiki/Callias_III" title="Callias III">Callias</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Hipponicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipponicus">Hipponicus</a>, a man whom Socrates disparages in the <i>Apology</i> as having wasted a great amount of money on sophists' fees.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unity_and_diversity_of_the_dialogues">Unity and diversity of the dialogues</span></h3>
<p>Two other important dialogues, the <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaedrus (Plato)">Phaedrus</a></i>, are linked to the main storyline by characters. In the <i>Apology</i> (19b, c), Socrates says <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> slandered him in a comic play, and blames him for causing his bad reputation, and ultimately, his death. In the <i>Symposium</i>, the two of them are drinking together with other friends. The character Phaedrus is linked to the main story line by character (Phaedrus is also a participant in the <i>Symposium</i> and the <i>Protagoras</i>) and by theme (the philosopher as divine emissary, etc.) The <i>Protagoras</i> is also strongly linked to the <i>Symposium</i> by characters: all of the formal speakers at the <i>Symposium</i> (with the exception of Aristophanes) are present at the home of Callias in that dialogue. <a href="/wiki/Charmides" title="Charmides">Charmides</a> and his guardian <a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a> are present for the discussion in the <i>Protagoras</i>. Examples of characters crossing between dialogues can be further multiplied. The <i>Protagoras</i> contains the largest gathering of Socratic associates.</p>
<p>In the dialogues Plato is most celebrated and admired for, Socrates is concerned with human and political virtue, has a distinctive personality, and friends and enemies who "travel" with him from dialogue to dialogue. This is not to say that Socrates is consistent: a man who is his friend in one dialogue may be an adversary or subject of his mockery in another. For example, Socrates praises the wisdom of <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_(prophet)" title="Euthyphro (prophet)">Euthyphro</a> many times in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i>, but makes him look like a fool in the <i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i>. He disparages sophists generally, and <a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a> specifically in the <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i>, whom he also slyly jabs in the <i>Cratylus</i> for charging the hefty fee of fifty <a href="/wiki/Drachma" class="mw-redirect" title="Drachma">drachmas</a> for a course on language and grammar. However, Socrates tells Theaetetus in his <a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">namesake dialogue</a> that he admires Prodicus and has directed many pupils to him. Socrates' ideas are also not consistent within or between or among dialogues.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Platonic_scholarship">Platonic scholarship</span></h3>
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"The safest general characterisation of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato." (Alfred North Whitehead, <i><a href="/wiki/Process_and_Reality" title="Process and Reality">Process and Reality</a></i>, 1929).</div>
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<p>Although their popularity has fluctuated over the years, the works of Plato have never been without readers since the time they were written.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997vii_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997vii-104">[104]</a></sup> Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> so completely eclipsed that of Plato that the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> philosophers referred to Aristotle as "the Philosopher". However, in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the study of Plato continued.</p>
<p>The only Platonic work known to western scholarship was Timaeus, until translations were made at a time post the fall of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which occurred during 1453,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Gemistos_Plethon" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gemistos Plethon">George Gemistos Plethon</a> brought Plato's original writings from Constantinople in the century of its fall. It is believed that Plethon passed a copy of the Dialogues to <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> when in 1438 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ferrara">Council of Ferrara</a>, called to unify the Greek and Latin Churches, was adjourned to Florence, where Plethon then lectured on the relation and differences of Plato and Aristotle, and fired Cosimo with his enthusiasm;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELackner200121_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELackner200121-106">[106]</a></sup> Cosimo would supply <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a> with Plato's text for translation to Latin. During the early Islamic era, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> and Arab scholars translated much of Plato into Arabic and wrote <a href="/wiki/Close_reading" title="Close reading">commentaries</a> and interpretations on Plato's, Aristotle's and other Platonist philosophers' works (see <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a>). Many of these comments on Plato were translated from Arabic into Latin and as such influenced Medieval scholastic philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup></p>
<p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, with the general resurgence of interest in classical civilization, knowledge of Plato's philosophy would become widespread again in the West. Many of the greatest early modern scientists and artists who broke with <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> and fostered the flowering of the Renaissance, with the support of the Plato-inspired <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo</a> (grandson of Cosimo), saw Plato's philosophy as the basis for progress in the arts and sciences. His political views, too, were well-received: the vision of wise philosopher-kings of the <i>Republic</i> matched the views set out in works such as <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i>. More problematic was Plato's belief in <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>, transmigration of the soul, as well as his ethical views (on <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> in particular), which did not match those of Christianity. It was Plethon's student <a href="/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion" title="Basilios Bessarion">Bessarion</a> who reconciled Plato with Christian theology, arguing that Plato's views were only ideals, unattainable due to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup></p>
<p>By the 19th century, Plato's reputation was restored, and at least on par with Aristotle's. Notable Western philosophers have continued to draw upon Plato's work since that time. Plato's influence has been especially strong in mathematics and the sciences. He helped to distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">pure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> by widening the gap between "arithmetic", now called <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> and "logistic", now called <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>. He regarded "logistic" as appropriate for business men and men of war who "must learn the art of numbers or he will not know how to array his troops," while "arithmetic" was appropriate for philosophers "because he has to arise out of the sea of change and lay hold of true being."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> Plato's resurgence further inspired some of the greatest advances in logic since Aristotle, primarily through <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> and his followers <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> suggested that the scientist who takes philosophy seriously would have to avoid systematization and take on many different roles, and possibly appear as a Platonist or Pythagorean, in that such a one would have "the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949683.E2.80.93684_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949683.E2.80.93684-110">[110]</a></sup></p>
<p>Many recent philosophers have diverged from what some would describe as the <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> models and <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> ideals characteristic of traditional Platonism. A number of these postmodern philosophers have thus appeared to disparage Platonism from more or less informed perspectives. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> notoriously attacked Plato's "idea of the good itself" along with many fundamentals of Christian morality, which he interpreted as "Platonism for the masses" in one of his most important works, <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></i> (1886). <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> argued against Plato's alleged obfuscation of <i><a href="/wiki/Being" title="Being">Being</a></i> in his incomplete tome, <i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> (1927), and the philosopher of science <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> argued in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> (1945) that Plato's alleged proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> political regime in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> was prototypically <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a>. The political philosopher and professor <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> is considered by some as the prime thinker involved in the recovery of Platonic thought in its more political, and less metaphysical, form. Strauss' political approach was in part inspired by the appropriation of Plato and Aristotle by medieval <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophers</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, as opposed to the Christian metaphysical tradition that developed from <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>. Deeply influenced by Nietzsche and Heidegger, Strauss nonetheless rejects their condemnation of Plato and looks to the dialogues for a solution to what all three latter day thinkers acknowledge as 'the crisis of the West.'</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Textual_sources_and_history">Textual sources and history</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarke_Plato_page_1_recto.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Clarke_Plato_page_1_recto.jpg/220px-Clarke_Plato_page_1_recto.jpg" width="220" height="331" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Clarke_Plato_page_1_recto.jpg/330px-Clarke_Plato_page_1_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Clarke_Plato_page_1_recto.jpg/440px-Clarke_Plato_page_1_recto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="1536" /></a>
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First page of the <i>Euthyphro</i>, from the Clarke Plato (Codex Oxoniensis Clarkianus 39), 895 AD. The text is <a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">Greek minuscule</a>.</div>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_of_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues">List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues</a></div>
<p>Some 250 known manuscripts of Plato survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrumbaughWells1989_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrumbaughWells1989-111">[111]</a></sup> The texts of Plato as received today apparently represent the complete written philosophical work of Plato and are generally good by the standards of <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> No modern edition of Plato in the original Greek represents a single source, but rather it is reconstructed from multiple sources which are compared with each other. These sources are medieval manuscripts written on vellum (mainly from 9th-13th century AD Byzantium), papyri (mainly from late antiquity in Egypt), and from the independent <i>testimonia</i> of other authors who quote various segments of the works (which come from a variety of sources). The text as presented is usually not much different from what appears in the Byzantine manuscripts, and papyri and testimonia just confirm the manuscript tradition. In some editions however the readings in the papyri or testimonia are favoured in some places by the editing critic of the text. Reviewing editions of papyri for the <i>Republic</i> in 1987, Slings suggests that the use of papyri is hampered due to some poor editing practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlings198731_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlings198731-113">[113]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the first century AD, <a href="/wiki/Thrasyllus_of_Mendes" title="Thrasyllus of Mendes">Thrasyllus of Mendes</a> had compiled and published the works of Plato in the original Greek, both genuine and spurious. While it has not survived to the present day, all the extant medieval Greek manuscripts are based on his edition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997viii.E2.80.93xii_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997viii.E2.80.93xii-114">[114]</a></sup></p>
<p>The oldest surviving complete manuscript for many of the dialogues is the Clarke Plato (Codex Oxoniensis Clarkianus 39, or Codex Boleianus MS E.D. Clarke 39), which was written in Constantinople in 895 and acquired by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> The Clarke is given the <a href="/wiki/Sigla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigla">siglum</a> <i>B</i> in modern editions. <i>B</i> contains the first six tetralogies and is described internally as being written by "John the Calligrapher" on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Arethas_of_Caesarea" title="Arethas of Caesarea">Arethas of Caesarea</a>. It appears to have undergone corrections by Arethas himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds195935.E2.80.9336_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds195935.E2.80.9336-116">[116]</a></sup> For the last two tetralogies and the apocrypha, the oldest surviving complete manuscript is Codex Parisinus graecus 1807, designated <i>A</i>, which was written nearly contemporaneously to <i>B</i>, circa 900 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds195937_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds195937-117">[117]</a></sup> <i>A</i> must be a copy of the edition edited by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a>, teacher of Arethas.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup><i>A</i> probably had an initial volume containing the first 7 tetralogies which is now lost, but of which a copy was made, Codex Venetus append. class. 4, 1, which has the siglum <i>T</i>. The oldest manuscript for the seventh tetralogy is Codex Vindobonensis 54. suppl. phil. Gr. 7, with siglum <i>W</i>, with a supposed date in the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds195939_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds195939-121">[121]</a></sup> In total there are fifty-one such Byzantine manuscripts known, while others may yet be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrwin201171_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin201171-122">[122]</a></sup></p>
<p>To help establish the text, the older evidence of papyri and the independent evidence of the testimony of commentators and other authors (i.e., those who quote and refer to an old text of Plato which is no longer extant) are also used. Many papyri which contain fragments of Plato's texts are among the <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a>. The 2003 <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Texts" title="Oxford Classical Texts">Oxford Classical Texts</a> edition by Slings even cites the Coptic translation of a fragment of the <i>Republic</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> as evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlings2003xxiii_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlings2003xxiii-123">[123]</a></sup> Important authors for testimony include <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a>.</p>
<p>During the early Renaissance, the Greek language and, along with it, Plato's texts were reintroduced to Western Europe by Byzantine scholars. In September or October of 1484 <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Valori" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippo Valori">Filippo Valori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Berlinghieri" title="Francesco Berlinghieri">Francesco Berlinghieri</a> printed 1025 copies of <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino's</a> translation, using the printing press at the Dominican convent S.Jacopo di Ripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen197512_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen197512-125">[125]</a></sup> Cosimo had been influenced toward studying Plato by the many Byzantine Platonists in Florence during his day, including <a href="/wiki/George_Gemistus_Plethon" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gemistus Plethon">George Gemistus Plethon</a>.</p>
<p>The 1578 edition <sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> of Plato's complete works published by Henricus Stephanus (<a href="/wiki/Henri_Estienne" title="Henri Estienne">Henri Estienne</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> also included parallel Latin translation and running commentary by Joannes Serranus (<a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Serres" title="Jean de Serres">Jean de Serres</a>). It was this edition which established standard <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_pagination" title="Stephanus pagination">Stephanus pagination</a>, still in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzanne2009_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzanne2009-127">[127]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_editions">Modern editions</span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Texts" title="Oxford Classical Texts">Oxford Classical Texts</a> offers the current standard complete Greek text of Plato's complete works. In five volumes edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(classicist)" title="John Burnet (classicist)">John Burnet</a>, its first edition was published 1900-1907, and it is still available from the publisher, having last been printed in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997xii_.26_xxvii_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997xii_.26_xxvii-128">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> The second edition is still in progress with only the first volume, printed in 1995, and the <i>Republic</i>, printed in 2003, available. The <i>Cambridge Greek and Latin Texts</i> and <i>Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries</i> series includes Greek editions of the <i>Protagoras</i>, <i>Symposium</i>, <i>Phaedrus</i>, <i>Alcibiades</i>, and <i>Clitophon</i>, with English philological, literary, and, to an extent, philosophical commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> One distinguished edition of the Greek text is <a href="/wiki/E._R._Dodds" title="E. R. Dodds">E. R. Dodds</a>' of the <i>Gorgias</i>, which includes extensive English commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrwin1979vi_.26_11_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin1979vi_.26_11-132">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1959_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1959-133">[133]</a></sup></p>
<p>The modern standard complete English edition is the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett</a> <i>Plato, Complete Works</i>, edited by John M. Cooper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1999a482_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1999a482-134">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup> For many of these translations Hackett offers separate volumes which include more by way of commentary, notes, and introductory material. There is also the <i>Clarendon Plato Series</i> by Oxford University Press which offers English translations and thorough philosophical commentary by leading scholars on a few of Plato's works, including <a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a>'s version of the <i>Theaetetus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> Cornell University Press has also begun the <i>Agora</i> series of English translations of classical and medieval philosophical texts, including a few of Plato's.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
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<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">List of speakers in Plato's dialogues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Francis_Mason" title="Ellen Francis Mason">Ellen Francis Mason</a>, translator of Plato</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegorical interpretations of Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Cherniss" title="Harold F. Cherniss">Harold F. Cherniss</a>, major Plato scholar</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Plato's unwritten doctrines</a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<p><b>a.</b> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Anone"><a href="#ref_Anone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> Plato is a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">nickname</a> from the adjective <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=platu/s"><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλατ?ς</span></a> <i>platýs</i> "broad". Diogenes Laertius mentions three possible meanings of the nickname:<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">?γυμνάσατο δὲ πα?ὰ Ἀ?ίστωνι τῷ Ἀ?γείῳ παλαιστῇ· ἀφ' οὗ καὶ Πλάτων διὰ τὴν ε?εξίαν μετωνομάσθη, π?ότε?ον Ἀ?ιστοκλῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ πάππου καλο?μενος [ὄνομα], καθά φησιν Ἀλέξανδ?ος ?ν Διαδοχαῖς. ἔνιοι δὲ διὰ τὴν πλατ?τητα τῆς ἑ?μηνείας οὕτως ὀνομασθῆναι· ἢ ὅτι πλατὺς ἦν τὸ μέτωπον, ὥς φησι ?εάνθης.</span></dd>
<dd>"And he learnt gymnastics under Ariston, the Argive wrestler. And from him he received the name of Plato on account of his robust figure, in place of his original name which was Aristocles, after his grandfather, as Alexander informs us in his Successions of Philosophers. But others affirm that he got the name Plato from the breadth of his style, or from the breadth of his forehead, as suggested by Neanthes."</dd>
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<p>Seneca mentions the meaning of Plato's name in connection to a <a href="/wiki/Stoicism#Ethics_and_virtues" title="Stoicism">moral lesson</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup></p>
<dl>
<dd><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Illud simul cogitemus, si mundum ipsum, non minus mortalem quam nos sumus, providentia periculis eximit, posse aliquatenus nostra quoque providentia longiorem prorogari huic corpusculo moram, si voluptates, quibus pars maior perit, potuerimus regere et coercere. Plato ipse ad senectutem se diligentia protulit. Erat quidem corpus validum ac forte sortitus et illi nomen latitudo pectoris fecerat, sed navigationes ac pericula multum detraxerant viribus; parsimonia tamen et eorum quae aviditatem evocant modus et diligens sui tutela perduxit illum ad senectutem multis prohibentibus causis.</span></i></dd>
<dd>"Let us at the same time reflect, seeing that Providence rescues from its perils the world itself, which is no less mortal than we ourselves, that to some extent our petty bodies can be made to tarry longer upon earth by our own providence, if only we acquire the ability to control and check those pleasures whereby the greater portion of mankind perishes. Plato himself, by taking pains, advanced to old age. To be sure, he was the fortunate possessor of a strong and sound body (his very name was given him because of his broad chest); but his strength was much impaired by sea voyages and desperate adventures. Nevertheless, by frugal living, by setting a limit upon all that rouses the appetites, and by painstaking attention to himself, he reached that advanced age in spite of many hindrances."</dd>
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<p><b>b.</b> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Bnone"><a href="#ref_Bnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> The <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">grammarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens" title="Apollodorus of Athens">Apollodorus of Athens</a> argues in his <i>Chronicles</i> that Plato was born in the first year of the eighty-eighth Olympiad (427 BCE), on the seventh day of the month <a href="/wiki/Thargelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thargelion">Thargelion</a>; according to this tradition the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> was born this day.<sup id="cite_ref-LaII_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaII-140">[140]</a></sup> According to another biographer of him, <a href="/wiki/Neanthes_of_Cyzicus" title="Neanthes of Cyzicus">Neanthes</a>, Plato was eighty-four years of age at his death.<sup id="cite_ref-LaII_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaII-140">[140]</a></sup> If we accept Neanthes' version, Plato was younger than <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> by six years, and therefore he was born in the second year of the 87th <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympiad</a>, the year <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> died (429 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche196732_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche196732-141">[141]</a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>,</i> Plato was born in <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> in the 88th Olympiad amid the preliminaries of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesian war">Peloponnesian war</a>, and he lived 82 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Suda_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suda-142">[142]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Browne" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Browne">Sir Thomas Browne</a> also believes that Plato was born in the 88th Olympiad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne1672_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1672-143">[143]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonist">Platonists</a> celebrated Plato's birth on November 7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails20061_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENails20061-144">[144]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Wilamowitz-Moellendorff" title="Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff">Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff</a> estimates that Plato was born when Diotimos was <a href="/wiki/Archon#Ancient_Greece" title="Archon">archon eponymous</a>, namely between July 29, 428 BCE and July 24, 427 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilamowitz-Moellendorff200546_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilamowitz-Moellendorff200546-145">[145]</a></sup> Greek philologist Ioannis Kalitsounakis believes that the philosopher was born on May 26 or 27, 427 BCE, while <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes" title="Jonathan Barnes">Jonathan Barnes</a> regards 428 BCE as year of Plato's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-HBr_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBr-146">[146]</a></sup> For her part, <a href="/wiki/Debra_Nails" title="Debra Nails">Debra Nails</a> asserts that the philosopher was born in 424/423 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails20061_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENails20061-144">[144]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> Plato died at the age of 81 on the same day he was born.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup></p>
<p><b>c.</b> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Cnone"><a href="#ref_Cnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> Diogenes Laertius mentions that Plato "was born, according to some writers, in Aegina in the house of Phidiades the son of Thales". Diogenes mentions as one of his sources the <i>Universal History</i> of <a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a>. According to Favorinus, Ariston, Plato's family, and his family were sent by Athens to settle as <a href="/wiki/Cleruchy" title="Cleruchy">cleruchs</a> (colonists retaining their Athenian citizenship), on the island of Aegina, from which they were expelled by the Spartans after Plato's birth there.<sup id="cite_ref-LaIII_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaIII-148">[148]</a></sup> Nails points out, however, that there is no record of any Spartan expulsion of Athenians from Aegina between 431–411 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails200254_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENails200254-149">[149]</a></sup> On the other hand, at the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nicias" title="Peace of Nicias">Peace of Nicias</a>, Aegina was silently left under Athens' control, and it was not until the summer of 411 that the Spartans overran the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Th5.18.8.92_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Th5.18.8.92-150">[150]</a></sup> Therefore, Nails concludes that "perhaps Ariston was a cleruch, perhaps he went to Aegina in 431, and perhaps Plato was born on Aegina, but none of this enables a precise dating of Ariston's death (or Plato's birth).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails200254_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENails200254-149">[149]</a></sup> Aegina is regarded as Plato's place of birth by Suda as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Suda_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suda-142">[142]</a></sup></p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the subject of philosophy, as it is often conceived—a rigorous and systematic examination of ethical, political, metaphysical, and epistemological issues, armed with a distinctive method—can be called his invention" (<cite id="CITEREFKraut2013" class="citation web">Kraut, Richard (11 September 2013). Zalta, Edward N., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/">"Plato"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Kraut&amp;rft.date=2013-09-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fplato%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D. S., eds. (1997): "Introduction".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Br-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Br_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Plato". <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead197839-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead197839_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitehead1978">Whitehead 1978</a>, p.&#160;39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rebels-library.org/files/foucault_hermeneutics.pdf"><i>The Hermeneutics of the Subject</i></a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4363/4363-h/4363-h.htm"><i>Beyond Good and Evil</i></a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Though influenced primarily by Socrates, to the extent that Socrates is usually the main character in many of Plato's writings, he was also influenced by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/">http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SEP-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKraut2013" class="citation web">Kraut, Richard (11 September 2013). Zalta, Edward N., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/">"Plato"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Kraut&amp;rft.date=2013-09-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fplato%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DW-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, III<br />
• <a href="#CITEREFNails2002">Nails 2002</a>, p.&#160;53<br />
• <a href="#CITEREFWilamowitz-Moellendorff2005">Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 2005</a>, p.&#160;46</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LaI-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaI_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, I</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TW1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TW1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TW1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuthrie1986">Guthrie 1986</a>, p.&#160;10<br />
• <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p.&#160;xiv<br />
• <a href="#CITEREFWilamowitz-Moellendorff2005">Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 2005</a>, p.&#160;47</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-PlRep368a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PlRep368a_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Republic</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Republic&amp;page=368a&amp;lang=en">368a</a><br />
• <a href="#CITEREFWilamowitz-Moellendorff2005">Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 2005</a>, p.&#160;47</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/James_Adam_(classicist)" title="James Adam (classicist)">James Adam</a>, some have held that "Glaucon and Adeimantus were uncles of Plato, but <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Zeller" title="Eduard Zeller">Zeller</a> decides for the usual view that they were brothers" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168%3Abook%3D2%3Apage%3D368">source</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon, <i>Memorabilia</i>, 3.6.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0208&amp;layout=&amp;loc=3.6.1">1</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002247-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002247_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNails2002">Nails 2002</a>, p.&#160;247.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002246-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002246_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNails2002">Nails 2002</a>, p.&#160;246.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ap1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ap1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apuleius, <i>De Dogmate Platonis</i>, 1<br />
• Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, I<br />
• <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Plato". <i>Suda</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Suda&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Divinatione" title="De Divinatione">De Divinatione</a></i>, I, 36</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TN-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TN_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNails2002">Nails 2002</a>, p.&#160;53<br />
• <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p.&#160;xiv</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NA229-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NA229_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Charmides</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Charmides&amp;page=158a&amp;lang=en">158a</a><br />
• <a href="#CITEREFNails2003">Nails 2003</a>, pp.&#160;228–229</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-P13-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P13_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Charmides</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Charmides&amp;page=158a&amp;lang=en">158a</a><br />
• Plutarch, <i>Pericles</i>, <a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives/Pericles#13" class="extiw" title="s:Lives/Pericles">IV</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Gorgias</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Gorgias&amp;page=481d&amp;lang=en">481d</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Gorgias&amp;page=513b&amp;lang=en">513b</a><br />
• Aristophanes, <i>Wasps</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0044;query=card%3D%233;layout=;loc=54">97</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-P126c-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P126c_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Parmenides</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Parmenides&amp;page=126c&amp;lang=en">126c</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie198611-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie198611_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuthrie1986">Guthrie 1986</a>, p.&#160;11.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2004186-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2004186_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahn2004">Kahn 2004</a>, p.&#160;186.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa.C3.ABrtius1925.C2.A7_4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa.C3.ABrtius1925.C2.A7_4_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLa.C3.ABrtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Sedley_21-2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedley_21-2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedley_21-2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Sedley" title="David Sedley">David Sedley</a>, <i>Plato's Cratylus</i>, Cambridge University Press 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.cambridge.org/052158/4922/sample/0521584922ws.pdf">pp. 21–2</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LaIV-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaIV_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, IV</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LaN-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaN_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, IV<br />
• <a href="#CITEREFNotopoulos1939">Notopoulos 1939</a>, p.&#160;135</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="#CITEREFTar.C3.A1n1981">Tarán 1981</a>, p.&#160;226.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1986p._12_.28footnote.29-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1986p._12_.28footnote.29_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuthrie1986">Guthrie 1986</a>, p. 12 (footnote).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ap2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ap2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apuleius, <i>De Dogmate Platonis</i>, 2</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DS-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DS_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, IV<br />
• <a href="#CITEREFSmith1870">Smith 1870</a>, p.&#160;393</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LaV-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaV_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, V</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ar987a-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ar987a_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>Metaphysics</i>, 1.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0052&amp;query=section%3D%2315&amp;layout=&amp;loc=1.987b">987a</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorody1998-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorody1998_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorody1998">Borody 1998</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.M. Hare, Plato in C.C.W. Taylor, R.M. Hare and Jonathan Barnes, Greek Philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 (1982), 103–189, here 117–9.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1991). <i>History of Western Philosophy</i>. Routledge. pp.&#160;120–124. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07854-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07854-7">0-415-07854-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Western+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-07854-7&amp;rft.pages=120-124&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metaphysics, 1.6.1 (987a)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tusc. Disput. 1.17.39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss196450.E2.80.9351-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss196450.E2.80.9351_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss1964">Strauss 1964</a>, pp.&#160;50–51.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy1984-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy1984_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy1984">McEvoy 1984</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns1961xiii-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns1961xiii_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairns1961">Cairns 1961</a>, p.&#160;xiii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson182716-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson182716_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1827">Robinson 1827</a>, p.&#160;16.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon20031.E2.80.933-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon20031.E2.80.933_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillon2003">Dillon 2003</a>, pp.&#160;1–3.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress20001-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress20001_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPress2000">Press 2000</a>, p.&#160;1.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiginos197673-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiginos197673_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiginos1976">Riginos 1976</a>, p.&#160;73.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anniceris" title="Anniceris">Anniceris</a> the Cyrenaic philosopher.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D1">Book iii, 20</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiginos1976194-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiginos1976194_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiginos1976">Riginos 1976</a>, p.&#160;194.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchall1996-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchall1996_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchall1996">Schall 1996</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiginos1976195-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiginos1976195_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiginos1976195_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiginos1976">Riginos 1976</a>, p.&#160;195.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird_.26_Kaufmann2008-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaird_.26_Kaufmann2008_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaird_.26_Kaufmann2008">Baird &amp; Kaufmann 2008</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine20035-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine20035_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine2003">Fine 2003</a>, p.&#160;5.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1973230-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1973230_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowell1973">McDowell 1973</a>, p.&#160;230.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1979366-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1979366_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1979">Fine 1979</a>, p.&#160;366.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1973256-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1973256_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowell1973">McDowell 1973</a>, p.&#160;256.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2011176.E2.80.93187-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2011176.E2.80.93187_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2011">Taylor 2011</a>, pp.&#160;176–187.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2011432-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2011432_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2011">Lee 2011</a>, p.&#160;432.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2011189-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2011189_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2011">Taylor 2011</a>, p.&#160;189.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007345.E2.80.93349-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007345.E2.80.93349_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBl.C3.B6ssner2007">Blössner 2007</a>, pp.&#160;345–349.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Timaeus</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Timaeus&amp;page=44d&amp;lang=en">44d</a> &amp; <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Timaeus&amp;page=70&amp;lang=en">70</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorter2006360-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorter2006360_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorter2006">Dorter 2006</a>, p.&#160;360.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Republic</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Republic&amp;page=488&amp;lang=en">488</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007350-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007350_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBl.C3.B6ssner2007350_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBl.C3.B6ssner2007">Blössner 2007</a>, p.&#160;350.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Republic</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Republic&amp;page=550b&amp;lang=en">550b</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Republic</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Republic&amp;page=554a&amp;lang=en">554a</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Republic</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Republic&amp;page=561a%E2%80%93b&amp;lang=en">561a–b</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Republic</i> <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citeplato/?book=Republic&amp;page=571a&amp;lang=en">571a</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorter2006253.E2.80.93267-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorter2006253.E2.80.93267_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorter2006">Dorter 2006</a>, pp.&#160;253–267.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Grandjean1998-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez-Grandjean1998_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodriguez-Grandjean1998">Rodriguez-Grandjean 1998</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReale1990">Reale 1990</a>. Cf. p.14 and onwards.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKr.C3.A4mer1990">Krämer 1990</a>. Cf. pp.38-47.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Elementa harmonica</i> II, 30–31; quoted in <a href="#CITEREFGaiser1980">Gaiser 1980</a>, p.&#160;5.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> describes this in the last part of his final <i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Ennead</a></i> (VI, 9) entitled <i>On the Good, or the One</i> (Πε?ὶ τἀγαθοῦ ἢ τοῦ ἑνός). Jens Halfwassen states in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2006/2006-08-16.html"><i>Der Aufstieg zum Einen'</i></a> (2006) that "Plotinus' ontology—which should be called Plotinus' <a href="/wiki/Henology" title="Henology">henology</a> - is a rather accurate philosophical renewal and continuation of Plato's unwritten doctrine, i.e. the doctrine rediscovered by Krämer and Gaiser."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In one of his letters (Epistolae 1612) <a href="/wiki/Ficino" class="mw-redirect" title="Ficino">Ficino</a> writes: "The main goal of the divine Plato ... is to show one principle of things, which he called the One (τὸ ἕν)", cf. <a href="#CITEREFMontoriola1926">Montoriola 1926</a>, p.&#160;147.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomperz1931-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomperz1931_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGomperz1931">Gomperz 1931</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaiser1998-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaiser1998_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaiser1998">Gaiser 1998</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a brief description of the problem see for example <a href="#CITEREFGaiser1980">Gaiser 1980</a>. A more detailed analysis is given by <a href="#CITEREFKr.C3.A4mer1990">Krämer 1990</a>. Another description is by <a href="#CITEREFReale1997">Reale 1997</a> and <a href="#CITEREFReale1990">Reale 1990</a>. A thorough analysis of the consequences of such an approach is given by <a href="#CITEREFSzlezak1999">Szlezak 1999</a>. Another supporter of this interpretation is the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Albert" title="Karl Albert">Karl Albert</a>, cf. <a href="#CITEREFAlbert1980">Albert 1980</a> or <a href="#CITEREFAlbert1996">Albert 1996</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a> is also sympathetic towards it, cf. <a href="#CITEREFGrondin2010">Grondin 2010</a> and <a href="#CITEREFGadamer1980">Gadamer 1980</a>. Gadamer's final position on the subject is stated in <a href="#CITEREFGadamer1997">Gadamer 1997</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1996104-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1996104_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1996104_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburn1996">Blackburn 1996</a>, p.&#160;104.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartz, Louis. 1984. <i>A Synthesis of World History</i>. Zurich: Humanity Press</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper1962133-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopper1962133_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopper1962">Popper 1962</a>, p.&#160;133.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CDC Reeve (Delta Kappa Epsilon Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f2yn0T8U-a8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Plato+works&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=59IaVcuIC5DnaKyNgKgM&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Plato%20works&amp;f=false"><i>A Plato Reader: Eight Essential Dialogues</i> (page vi)</a>, Hackett Publishing, 2012 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1603849173" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1603849173</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Barrow (Professor of Philosophy of Education at Simon Fraser University, Canada and Fellow of The Royal Society of Canada), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZkG_BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA178&amp;dq=Plato+works+groupings&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=Dt8aVdHHH8zWaufggNAE&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Plato%20works%20groupings&amp;f=false"><i>Plato</i>: Appendix 2: Notes on the authenticity and Groupings of Plato's works</a>, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1472504852" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1472504852</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZCB33OPRE-AC&amp;pg=PR10&amp;dq=Plato+works+groupings&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=eQMbVcerGo3saLzngdAF&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Plato%20works%20groupings&amp;f=false"><i>Platonic Writings/Platonic Readings</i> (page x)</a> (edited by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/philo/people/faculty/full-time/charles-l-griswold/">CL Griswold Jr</a>), Penn State Press, 2010 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271044810" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0271044810</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JM Cooper (Stuart Professor of Philosophy, Princeton University, 1997); DS Hutchinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Fv9AKY_DBVYC&amp;pg=PR12&amp;dq=Plato+works+groupings&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7-waVd_NKJPWasapgpAI&amp;ved=0CDEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=Plato%20works%20groupings&amp;f=false"><i>Complete Works</i> (p. xii)</a>, Hackett Publishing, 1997.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H Tarrant (Professor of Classics at the University of Newcastle, New South Wales), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wFdMO4_wm-sC&amp;pg=PA37&amp;dq=Plato+works+groupings&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=swIbVeqvN8fPaPWXgKgM&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Plato%20works%20groupings&amp;f=false"><i>Plato's First Interpreters</i></a>, Cornell University Press, 2000 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080143792X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 080143792X</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett">B Jowett</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1682/1682-h/1682-h.htm"><i>Menexenus</i>: Appendix I (1st paragraph)</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The extent to which scholars consider a dialogue to be authentic is noted in <a href="#CITEREFCooper1997">Cooper 1997</a>, pp.&#160;v–vi.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom19825-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom19825_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloom1982">Bloom 1982</a>, p.&#160;5.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1928b9-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet1928b9_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnet1928b">Burnet 1928b</a>, p.&#160;9.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>Politics</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058&amp;layout=&amp;loc=2.1264b">1264b24-27</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997xiv-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997xiv_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997xiv_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1997">Cooper 1997</a>, p.&#160;xiv.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraut2013">Kraut 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2002">Schofield 2002</a>; and <a href="#CITEREFRowe2006">Rowe 2006</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrickhouseSmith">Brickhouse &amp; Smith</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFGuthrie1986">Guthrie 1986</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVlastos1991">Vlastos 1991</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPenner1992">Penner 1992</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKahn1996">Kahn 1996</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFine1999b">Fine 1999b</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2004-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds2004_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds2004_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds2004_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds2004">Dodds 2004</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandwood1990251-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandwood1990251_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandwood1990251_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandwood1990">Brandwood 1990</a>, p.&#160;251.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandwood199077-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandwood199077_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandwood1990">Brandwood 1990</a>, p.&#160;77.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinwald1991-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeinwald1991_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeinwald1991">Meinwald 1991</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The time is not long after the death of Socrates; for the Pythagoreans [Echecrates &amp; co.] have not heard any details yet" (<a href="#CITEREFBurnet1911">Burnet 1911</a>, p.&#160;5).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1928a.C2.A7177-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet1928a.C2.A7177_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnet1928a">Burnet 1928a</a>, §177.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997vii-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997vii_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1997">Cooper 1997</a>, p.&#160;vii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. U. M. Smith - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NcTHBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=neuroscience+twentieth+century&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=KLiOVeXlO8zd7QbIxr2wDg&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=neuroscience%20twentieth%20century&amp;f=false">Brain, Mind and Consciousness in the History of Neuroscience (page 1)</a> Springer Science &amp; Business, 1 Jan 2014, 374 pages, <i>Volume 6 of History, philosophy and theory of the life sciences SpringerLink&#160;: Bücher</i> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9401787743" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9401787743</a> [Retrieved 2015-06-27]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELackner200121-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELackner200121_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLackner2001">Lackner 2001</a>, p.&#160;21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFBurrell1998">Burrell 1998</a> and <a href="#CITEREFHasse2002">Hasse 2002</a>, pp.&#160;33–45.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Harris, Jonathan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html">"Byzantines in Renaissance Italy"</a>. <i>ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies</i>. College of Staten Island, City University of New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Byzantines+in+Renaissance+Italy&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-orb.net%2Fencyclop%2Flate%2Flaterbyz%2Fharris-ren.html&amp;rft.jtitle=ORB%3A+The+Online+Reference+Book+for+Medieval+Studies&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyer1991">Boyer 1991</a>, p.&#160;86: 'Plato is important in the history of mathematics largely for his role as inspirer and director of others, and perhaps to him is due the sharp distinction in ancient Greece between arithmetic (in the sense of the theory of numbers) and logistic (the technique of computation). Plato regarded logistic as appropriate for the businessman and for the man of war, who "must learn the art of numbers or he will not know how to array his troops." The philosopher, on the other hand, must be an arithmetician "because he has to arise out of the sea of change and lay hold of true being."'</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949683.E2.80.93684-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949683.E2.80.93684_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEinstein1949">Einstein 1949</a>, pp.&#160;683–684.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrumbaughWells1989-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrumbaughWells1989_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrumbaughWells1989">Brumbaugh &amp; Wells 1989</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrwin2011">Irwin 2011</a>, pp.&#160;64 &amp; 74. See also <a href="#CITEREFSlings1987">Slings 1987</a>, p.&#160;34: "... primary MSS. together offer a text of tolerably good quality" (this is without the further corrections of other sources).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlings198731-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlings198731_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlings1987">Slings 1987</a>, p.&#160;31.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997viii.E2.80.93xii-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997viii.E2.80.93xii_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1997">Cooper 1997</a>, pp.&#160;viii–xii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302214520/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/philosophy/collections/manuscripts">Manuscripts - Philosophy Faculty Library (Internet Archive)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds195935.E2.80.9336-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds195935.E2.80.9336_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1959">Dodds 1959</a>, pp.&#160;35–36.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds195937-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds195937_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1959">Dodds 1959</a>, p.&#160;37.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RD McKirahan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EmtFGKmWa60C&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=the+original+Plato+text&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=eBYMVenyOZXsaJmQgcgE&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=the%20original%20Plato%20text&amp;f=false"><i>Philosophy Before Socrates: An Introduction with Texts and Commentary</i> (2nd ed.), Hackett Publishing, 2011, p. 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1603846123" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1603846123</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RS Brumbaugh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=If5YWCbJhHoC&amp;pg=PA199&amp;dq=the+first+copy+of+plato+is+9th+century&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ahcMVbqzGMT1aoqIgdgN&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=the%20first%20copy%20of%20plato%20is%209th%20century&amp;f=false"><i>Plato for the Modern Age</i> (p. 199)</a>, University Press of America, 1991 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819183563" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0819183563</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Duffy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1aj0AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA144&amp;dq=philosophy+Photos,+Arethas+teacher+Plato&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=qyEMVXLW3Wrw64C4BA&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=philosophy%20Photos%2C%20Arethas%20teacher%20Plato&amp;f=false"><i>Byzantine Philosophy and Its Ancient Sources</i>: "The lonely mission of Michael Psellos"</a> edited by K Ierodiakonou (Oxford University Press, 2004) <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199269718" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0199269718</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds195939-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds195939_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1959">Dodds 1959</a>, p.&#160;39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin201171-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrwin201171_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrwin2011">Irwin 2011</a>, p.&#160;71.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlings2003xxiii-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlings2003xxiii_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlings2003">Slings 2003</a>, p.&#160;xxiii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Hankins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BLgfAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA300&amp;dq=the+manuscript+tradition+of+Plato&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=lpsLVZKJMNT7as3ggqgE&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=the%20manuscript%20tradition%20of%20Plato&amp;f=false"><i>Plato in the Italian Renaissance</i> Vol. 1 (p. 300)</a>, BRILL, 1990 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004091610" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9004091610</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen197512-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen197512_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1975">Allen 1975</a>, p.&#160;12.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Platonis opera quae extant omnia</i> edidit Henricus Stephanus, Genevae, 1578.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzanne2009-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzanne2009_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzanne2009">Suzanne 2009</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1997xii_.26_xxvii-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1997xii_.26_xxvii_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1997">Cooper 1997</a>, pp.&#160;xii &amp; xxvii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/category/academic/series/classicalstudies/oct.do">Oxford Classical Texts - Classical Studies &amp; Ancient History Series - Series - Academic, Professional, &amp; General - Oxford University Press</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/ca/knowledge/series/series_display/item3936986/Cambridge-Greek-and-Latin-Classics/">Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics - Series - Academic and Professional Books - Cambridge University Press</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/ca/knowledge/series/series_display/item3936941/Cambridge-Classical-Texts-and-Commentaries/">Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries - Series - Academic and Professional Books - Cambridge University Press</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin1979vi_.26_11-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrwin1979vi_.26_11_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrwin1979">Irwin 1979</a>, pp.&#160;vi &amp; 11.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1959-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1959_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1959">Dodds 1959</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1999a482-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1999a482_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1999a">Fine 1999a</a>, p.&#160;482.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hackettpublishing.com/philosophy/complete-works">Complete Works - Philosophy</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/category/academic/series/philosophy/cps.do">Clarendon Plato Series - Philosophy Series - Series - Academic, Professional, &amp; General - Oxford University Press</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/collections/?collection_id=137">Cornell University Press&#160;: Agora Editions</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, 3.4; translation by Robert Drew Hicks</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seneca, <i>Epistulae</i>, VI 58:29-30; translation by Robert Mott Gummere</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LaII-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaII_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaII_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, II</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche196732-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche196732_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1967">Nietzsche 1967</a>, p.&#160;32.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Suda-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suda_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suda_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Plato". <i>Suda</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Suda&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1672-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne1672_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1672">Browne 1672</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENails20061-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails20061_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails20061_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNails2006">Nails 2006</a>, p.&#160;1.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilamowitz-Moellendorff200546-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilamowitz-Moellendorff200546_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilamowitz-Moellendorff2005">Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 2005</a>, p.&#160;46.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HBr-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HBr_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Plato". <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><br />
• <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Plato". <i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios Volume V (in Greek)</i>. 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+The+Helios+Volume+V+%28in+Greek%29&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, Epistulae, VI, 58, 31: <i>natali suo decessit et annum umum atque octogensimum</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LaIII-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaIII_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Life of Plato</i>, III</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENails200254-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails200254_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails200254_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNails2002">Nails 2002</a>, p.&#160;54.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Th5.18.8.92-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Th5.18.8.92_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_5#5:18" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 5">5.18</a><br />
• Thucydides, <a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_8#8:92" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 8">8.92</a></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_sources_.28Greek_and_Roman.29">Primary sources (Greek and Roman)</span></h3>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>, <i>De Dogmate Platonis</i>, I. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/apuleius/apuleius.dog1.shtml">Latin Library</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wasps" title="The Wasps">The Wasps</a></i>. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0043:line=1">Perseus program</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a>. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0051:book=1:section=980a">Perseus program</a>.</i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Divinatione" title="De Divinatione">De Divinatione</a></i>, I. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/divinatione1.shtml">Latin library</a>.</li>
<li><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />&#160;<cite id="CITEREFLa.C3.ABrtius1925" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). "<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_III" class="extiw" title="s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book III">Plato</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a></i> <b>1:3</b>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=Diogenes&amp;rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&amp;rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&amp;rft.date=1925&amp;rft.edition=Two+volume&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Plato. <i><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wikisource link to" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a>&#160;<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charmides_(Plato)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Charmides (Plato)">Charmides</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett">Jowett, Benjamin</a> (translator). <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Calt%3DWikisource+link+to%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bwikisource%3ACharmides+%28Plato%29%7CCharmides%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Plato&amp;rft.au=Plato&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWikisource%5D%5D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Plato"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0175:text=Charm.:section=153a">Perseus program</a>.</li>
<li><span class="citation book">Plato. <i><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wikisource link to" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a>&#160;<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gorgias" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Gorgias">Gorgias</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett">Jowett Benjamin</a> (translator). <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Calt%3DWikisource+link+to%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bwikisource%3AGorgias%7CGorgias%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Plato&amp;rft.au=Plato&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWikisource%5D%5D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Plato"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0177:text=Gorg.:section=447a">Perseus program</a>.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Plato (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0173:text=Parm.:section=126a&amp;redirect=true"><i>Parmenides</i></a>. Translated by Burnet, John. Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.au=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Parmenides&amp;rft.date=1903&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0173%3Atext%3DParm.%3Asection%3D126a%26redirect%3Dtrue&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> republished by: <cite class="citation web">Crane, Gregory (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/about">"Perseus Digital Library Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.btitle=Perseus+Digital+Library+Project&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fabout&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Plato. <i><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wikisource link to" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a>&#160;<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Republic" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Republic">The Republic</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett">Jowett Benjamin</a> (translator). <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Calt%3DWikisource+link+to%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bwikisource%3AThe+Republic%7CThe+Republic%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Plato&amp;rft.au=Plato&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWikisource%5D%5D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Plato"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168">Perseus program</a>.</li>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (1683) [written in the late 1st century]. "<a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wikisource link to" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a>&#160;<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_(Dryden_translation)/Pericles" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Lives (Dryden translation)/Pericles">Pericles</a>". <i>Lives</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">Dryden, John</a> (translator). <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Calt%3DWikisource+link+to%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bwikisource%3ALives+%28Dryden+translation%29%2FPericles%7CPericles%5D%5D&amp;rft.atitle=Lives&amp;rft.aulast=Plutarch&amp;rft.au=Plutarch&amp;rft.date=1683&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWikisource%5D%5D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Plato"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0181:text=Per.:chapter=39:section=1">Perseus program</a>.</li>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wikisource link to" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a>&#160;<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Moral_letters_to_Lucilius/Letter_58" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Moral letters to Lucilius/Letter 58">Moral Letters to Lucilius: Letter 58</a></i>. Translated by Richard Mott Gummere. <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Calt%3DWikisource+link+to%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bwikisource%3AMoral+letters+to+Lucilius%2FLetter+58%7CMoral+Letters+to+Lucilius%3A+Letter+58%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Seneca+the+Younger&amp;rft.au=Seneca+the+Younger&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWikisource%5D%5D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Plato"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/seneca.ep6.shtml">Latin Library</a>.</li>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wikisource link to" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a>&#160;<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" class="extiw" title="wikisource:History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crawley" title="Richard Crawley">Crawley, Richard</a> (translator). <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Calt%3DWikisource+link+to%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bwikisource%3AHistory+of+the+Peloponnesian+War%7CHistory+of+the+Peloponnesian+War%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Thucydides&amp;rft.au=Thucydides&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWikisource%5D%5D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Plato"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span>, V, VIII. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0199">Perseus program</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Memorabilia_(Xenophon)" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)">Memorabilia</a></i>. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0207:book=1:chapter=1:section=1">Perseus program</a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</span></h3>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAlbert1980" class="citation book">Albert, Karl (1980). <i>Griechische Religion und platonische Philosophie</i>. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft.aulast=Albert&amp;rft.btitle=Griechische+Religion+und+platonische+Philosophie&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Hamburg&amp;rft.pub=Felix+Meiner+Verlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAlbert1996" class="citation book">Albert, Karl (1996). <i>Einführung in die philosophische Mystik</i>. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft.aulast=Albert&amp;rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+philosophische+Mystik&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Darmstadt&amp;rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAllen1975" class="citation book">Allen, Michael J. B. (1975). "Introduction". <i>Marsilio Ficino: The Philebus Commentary</i>. University of California Press. pp.&#160;1–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+J.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Allen&amp;rft.btitle=Marsilio+Ficino%3A+The+Philebus+Commentary&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=1-58&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBaird_.26_Kaufmann2008" class="citation book">Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter, eds. (2008). <i>Philosophic Classics: From Plato to Derrida</i> (Fifth ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-158591-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-158591-6">0-13-158591-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophic+Classics%3A+From+Plato+to+Derrida&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=Fifth&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-158591-6&amp;rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn1996" class="citation book">Blackburn, Simon (1996). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft.aulast=Blackburn&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBloom1982" class="citation book">Bloom, Harold (1982). <i>Agon</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Harold&amp;rft.aulast=Bloom&amp;rft.btitle=Agon&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBl.C3.B6ssner2007" class="citation encyclopaedia">Blössner, Norbert (2007). "The City-Soul Analogy". In Ferrari, G. R. F. <i>The Cambridge Companion to Plato's Republic</i>. Translated from the German by G. R. F. Ferrari. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=The+City-Soul+Analogy&amp;rft.aufirst=Norbert&amp;rft.aulast=Bl%C3%B6ssner&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Plato%27s+Republic&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBorody1998" class="citation journal">Borody, W. A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kenstange.com/nebula/feat013/feat013.html">"Figuring the Phallogocentric Argument with Respect to the Classical Greek Philosophical Tradition"</a>. <i>Nebula, A Netzine of the Arts and Science</i> <b>13</b>: 1–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Figuring+the+Phallogocentric+Argument+with+Respect+to+the+Classical+Greek+Philosophical+Tradition&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Borody&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkenstange.com%2Fnebula%2Ffeat013%2Ffeat013.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Nebula%2C+A+Netzine+of+the+Arts+and+Science&amp;rft.pages=1-27&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=13" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1991" class="citation book">Boyer, Carl B. (1991). Merzbach, Uta C., ed. <i>A History of Mathematics</i> (Second ed.). John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-54397-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-54397-7">0-471-54397-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Boyer&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-54397-7&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBrandwood1990" class="citation book">Brandwood, Leonard (1990). <i>The Chronology of Plato's Dialogues</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Leonard&amp;rft.aulast=Brandwood&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+Plato%27s+Dialogues&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBrickhouseSmith" class="citation web">Brickhouse, Thomas; Smith, Nicholas D. Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/">"Plato"</a>. <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Brickhouse&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicholas+D.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fplato%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1672" class="citation book">Browne, Sir Thomas (1672). "XII". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudodoxia/pseudo412.html#b26"><i>Pseudodoxia Epidemica</i></a> <b>IV</b> (6th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=XII&amp;rft.aufirst=Sir+Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Browne&amp;rft.btitle=Pseudodoxia+Epidemica&amp;rft.date=1672&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2Fpseudodoxia%2Fpseudo412.html%23b26&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBrumbaughWells1989" class="citation journal">Brumbaugh, Robert S.; Wells, Rulon S. (October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40858970">"Completing Yale's Microfilm Project"</a>. <i>The Yale University Library Gazette</i> <b>64</b> (1/2): 73–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Completing+Yale%27s+Microfilm+Project&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Brumbaugh&amp;rft.au=Wells%2C+Rulon+S.&amp;rft.date=1989-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40858970&amp;rft.issue=1%2F2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Yale+University+Library+Gazette&amp;rft.pages=73-75&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=64" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBurnet1911" class="citation book">Burnet, John (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/platosphaedo00platuoft"><i>Plato's Phaedo</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Burnet&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Phaedo&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplatosphaedo00platuoft&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBurnet1928a" class="citation book">Burnet, John (1928a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burnetsgreekphil00burnuoft"><i>Greek Philosophy: Part I: Thales to Plato</i></a>. MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Burnet&amp;rft.btitle=Greek+Philosophy%3A+Part+I%3A+Thales+to+Plato&amp;rft.date=1928&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburnetsgreekphil00burnuoft&amp;rft.pub=MacMillan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBurnet1928b" class="citation book">Burnet, John (1928b). <i>Platonism</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Burnet&amp;rft.btitle=Platonism&amp;rft.date=1928&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFCairns1961" class="citation encyclopaedia">Cairns, Huntington (1961). "Introduction". In Hamilton, Edith; Cairns, Huntington. <i>The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.aufirst=Huntington&amp;rft.aulast=Cairns&amp;rft.btitle=The+Collected+Dialogues+of+Plato%2C+Including+the+Letters&amp;rft.date=1961&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBurrell1998" class="citation encyclopaedia">Burrell, David (1998). "Platonism in Islamic Philosophy". In Craig, Edward. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> <b>7</b>. Routledge. pp.&#160;429–430.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Platonism+in+Islamic+Philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Burrell&amp;rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=429-430&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFCooper1997" class="citation book">Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D. S., eds. (1997). <i>Plato: Complete Works</i>. Hackett Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Complete+Works&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDillon2003" class="citation book">Dillon, John (2003). <i>The Heirs of Plato: A Study of the Old Academy</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Dillon&amp;rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Plato%3A+A+Study+of+the+Old+Academy&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDodds1959" class="citation book">Dodds, E. R. (1959). <i>Plato Gorgias</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Dodds&amp;rft.btitle=Plato+Gorgias&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDodds2004" class="citation book">Dodds, E. R. (2004) [1951]. <i>The Greeks and the Irrational</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Dodds&amp;rft.btitle=The+Greeks+and+the+Irrational&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDorter2006" class="citation book">Dorter, Kenneth (2006). <i>The Transformation of Plato's Republic</i>. Lexington Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth&amp;rft.aulast=Dorter&amp;rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Plato%27s+Republic&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Lexington+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1949" class="citation encyclopaedia">Einstein, Albert (1949). "Remarks to the Essays Appearing in this Collective Volume". In Schilpp. <i>Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist</i>. The Library of Living Philosophers <b>7</b>. MJF Books. pp.&#160;663–688.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Remarks+to+the+Essays+Appearing+in+this+Collective+Volume&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft.aulast=Einstein&amp;rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%3A+Philosopher-Scientist&amp;rft.date=1949&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=663-688&amp;rft.pub=MJF+Books&amp;rft.series=The+Library+of+Living+Philosophers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFine1979" class="citation journal">Fine, Gail (July 1979). "Knowledge and Logos in the Theaetetus". <i>Philosophical Review</i> <b>88</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Knowledge+and+Logos+in+the+Theaetetus&amp;rft.aufirst=Gail&amp;rft.aulast=Fine&amp;rft.date=1979-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Reprinted in <a href="#CITEREFFine2003">Fine 2003</a>.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFine1999a" class="citation encyclopaedia">Fine, Gail (1999a). "Selected Bibliography". <i>Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;481–494.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Selected+Bibliography&amp;rft.aufirst=Gail&amp;rft.aulast=Fine&amp;rft.btitle=Plato+1%3A+Metaphysics+and+Epistemology&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=481-494&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFine1999b" class="citation encyclopaedia">Fine, Gail (1999b). "Introduction". <i>Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;1–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.aufirst=Gail&amp;rft.aulast=Fine&amp;rft.btitle=Plato+2%3A+Ethics%2C+Politics%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+Soul&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=1-33&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFine2003" class="citation book">Fine, Gail (2003). "Introduction". <i>Plato on Knowledge and Forms: Selected Essays</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.aufirst=Gail&amp;rft.aulast=Fine&amp;rft.btitle=Plato+on+Knowledge+and+Forms%3A+Selected+Essays&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGadamer1980" class="citation book">Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1980) [1968]. "Plato's Unwritten Dialectic". <i>Dialogue and Dialectic</i>. Yale University Press. pp.&#160;124–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Unwritten+Dialectic&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&amp;rft.aulast=Gadamer&amp;rft.btitle=Dialogue+and+Dialectic&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=124-155&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGadamer1997" class="citation encyclopaedia">Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1997). "Introduzione". In Girgenti, Giuseppe. <i>La nuova interpretazione di Platone</i>. Milan: Rusconi Libri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Introduzione&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&amp;rft.aulast=Gadamer&amp;rft.btitle=La+nuova+interpretazione+di+Platone&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Milan&amp;rft.pub=Rusconi+Libri&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGaiser1980" class="citation journal">Gaiser, Konrad (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/phr/1980/00000025/F0020001/art00002">"Plato's Enigmatic Lecture 'On the Good<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Phronesis</i> <b>25</b> (1): 5–37. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F156852880x00025">10.1163/156852880x00025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Enigmatic+Lecture+%27On+the+Good%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Konrad&amp;rft.aulast=Gaiser&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbrill%2Fphr%2F1980%2F00000025%2FF0020001%2Fart00002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852880x00025&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Phronesis&amp;rft.pages=5-37&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=25" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGaiser1998" class="citation book">Gaiser, Konrad (1998). Reale, Giovanni, ed. <i>Testimonia Platonica: Le antiche testimonianze sulle dottrine non scritte di Platone</i>. Milan: Vita e Pensiero.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Konrad&amp;rft.aulast=Gaiser&amp;rft.btitle=Testimonia+Platonica%3A+Le+antiche+testimonianze+sulle+dottrine+non+scritte+di+Platone&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Milan&amp;rft.pub=Vita+e+Pensiero&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> First published as "Testimonia Platonica. Quellentexte zur Schule und mündlichen Lehre Platons" as an appendix to Gaiser's <i>Platons Ungeschriebene Lehre</i>, Stuttgart, 1963.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGomperz1931" class="citation encyclopaedia">Gomperz, H. (1931). "Plato's System of Philosophy". In Ryle, G. <i>Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Philosophy</i>. London. pp.&#160;426–431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato%27s+System+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.aulast=Gomperz&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seventh+International+Congress+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1931&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=426-431&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Reprinted in Gomperz, H. (1953). <i>Philosophical Studies</i>. Boston: Christopher Publishing House 1953, pp.&#160;119–24.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGrondin2010" class="citation encyclopaedia">Grondin, Jean (2010). "Gadamer and the Tübingen School". In Gill, Christopher; Renaud, François. <i>Hermeneutic Philosophy and Plato: Gadamer's Response to the Philebus</i>. Academia Verlag. pp.&#160;139–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Gadamer+and+the+T%C3%BCbingen+School&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.aulast=Grondin&amp;rft.btitle=Hermeneutic+Philosophy+and+Plato%3A+Gadamer%27s+Response+to+the+Philebus&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=139-156&amp;rft.pub=Academia+Verlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1986" class="citation book">Guthrie, W.K.C. (1986). <i>A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 4, Plato: The Man and His Dialogues: Earlier Period</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31101-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31101-2">0-521-31101-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=W.K.C.&amp;rft.aulast=Guthrie&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Philosophy%3A+Volume+4%2C+Plato%3A+The+Man+and+His+Dialogues%3A+Earlier+Period&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-31101-2&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHasse2002" class="citation encyclopaedia">Hasse, Dag Nikolaus (2002). "Plato arabico-latinus". In Gersh; Hoenen. <i>The Platonic Tradition in the Middle Ages: A Doxographic Approach</i>. De Gruyter. pp.&#160;33–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato+arabico-latinus&amp;rft.aufirst=Dag+Nikolaus&amp;rft.aulast=Hasse&amp;rft.btitle=The+Platonic+Tradition+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+Doxographic+Approach&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=33-66&amp;rft.pub=De+Gruyter&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1979" class="citation book">Irwin, T. H. (1979). <i>Plato: Gorgias</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Irwin&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Gorgias&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2011" class="citation encyclopaedia">Irwin, T. H. (2011). "The Platonic Corpus". In Fine, G. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Plato</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=The+Platonic+Corpus&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Irwin&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Plato&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book">Jones, Daniel (2006). Roach, Peter; Hartman, James; Setter, Jane, eds. <i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i> (17 ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=17&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKahn1996" class="citation book">Kahn, Charles H. (1996). <i>Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64830-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64830-0">0-521-64830-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Kahn&amp;rft.btitle=Plato+and+the+Socratic+Dialogue%3A+The+Philosophical+Use+of+a+Literary+Form&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-64830-0&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1992" class="citation book">Kierkegaard, Søren (1992). "Plato". <i>The Concept of Irony</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02072-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02072-3">978-0-691-02072-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&amp;rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&amp;rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Irony&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-02072-3&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKr.C3.A4mer1990" class="citation book">Krämer, Hans Joachim (1990). Catan, John R., ed. <i>Plato and the Foundations of Metaphysics: A Work on the Theory of the Principles and Unwritten Doctrines of Plato with a Collection of the Fundamental Documents</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0433-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0433-1">0-7914-0433-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans+Joachim&amp;rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4mer&amp;rft.btitle=Plato+and+the+Foundations+of+Metaphysics%3A+A+Work+on+the+Theory+of+the+Principles+and+Unwritten+Doctrines+of+Plato+with+a+Collection+of+the+Fundamental+Documents&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7914-0433-1&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLee2011" class="citation encyclopaedia">Lee, M.-K. (2011). "The <i>Theaetetus</i>". In Fine, G. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Plato</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;411–436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=The+Theaetetus&amp;rft.aufirst=M.-K.&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Plato&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=411-436&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKraut2013" class="citation web">Kraut, Richard (11 September 2013). Zalta, Edward N., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/">"Plato"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Kraut&amp;rft.date=2013-09-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fplato%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLackner2001" class="citation encyclopaedia">Lackner, D. F. (2001). "The Camaldolese Academy: Ambrogio Traversari, Marsilio Ficino and the Christian Platonic Tradition". In Allen; Rees. <i>Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, His Philosophy, His Legacy</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=The+Camaldolese+Academy%3A+Ambrogio+Traversari%2C+Marsilio+Ficino+and+the+Christian+Platonic+Tradition&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Lackner&amp;rft.btitle=Marsilio+Ficino%3A+His+Theology%2C+His+Philosophy%2C+His+Legacy&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMeinwald1991" class="citation book">Meinwald, Constance Chu (1991). <i>Plato's Parmenides</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Constance+Chu&amp;rft.aulast=Meinwald&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Parmenides&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1973" class="citation book">McDowell, J. (1973). <i>Plato: Theaetetus</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=McDowell&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Theaetetus&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy1984" class="citation journal">McEvoy, James (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poiesis.nlx.com/display.cfm?clientId=0&amp;advquery=toc.sect.ipj.1.2&amp;infobase=postoc.nfo&amp;softpage=GetClient42&amp;view=browse">"Plato and The Wisdom of Egypt"</a>. <i>Irish Philosophical Journal</i> (Belfast: Dept. of Scholastic Philosophy, Queen's University of Belfast) <b>1</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0266-9080">0266-9080</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato+and+The+Wisdom+of+Egypt&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=McEvoy&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoiesis.nlx.com%2Fdisplay.cfm%3FclientId%3D0%26advquery%3Dtoc.sect.ipj.1.2%26infobase%3Dpostoc.nfo%26softpage%3DGetClient42%26view%3Dbrowse&amp;rft.issn=0266-9080&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Irish+Philosophical+Journal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMontoriola1926" class="citation book">Montoriola, Karl Markgraf von (1926). <i>Briefe Des Mediceerkreises Aus Marsilio Ficino's Epistolarium</i>. Berlin: Juncker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+Markgraf+von&amp;rft.aulast=Montoriola&amp;rft.btitle=Briefe+Des+Mediceerkreises+Aus+Marsilio+Ficino%27s+Epistolarium&amp;rft.date=1926&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Juncker&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFNails2002" class="citation book">Nails, Debra (2002). <i>The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics</i>. Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-564-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-564-9">0-87220-564-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Debra&amp;rft.aulast=Nails&amp;rft.btitle=The+People+of+Plato%3A+A+Prosopography+of+Plato+and+Other+Socratics&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87220-564-9&amp;rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFNails2006" class="citation book">Nails, Debra (2006). "The Life of Plato of Athens". In Benson, Hugh H. <i>A Companion to Plato</i>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1521-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1521-1">1-4051-1521-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Plato+of+Athens&amp;rft.aufirst=Debra&amp;rft.aulast=Nails&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Plato&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=1-4051-1521-1&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche1967" class="citation book">Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1967). "Vorlesungsaufzeichnungen". <i>Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe (in German)</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-013912-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-013912-X">3-11-013912-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Vorlesungsaufzeichnungen&amp;rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Wilhelm&amp;rft.aulast=Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Werke%3A+Kritische+Gesamtausgabe+%28in+German%29&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=3-11-013912-X&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFNotopoulos1939" class="citation journal">Notopoulos, A. (April 1939). "The Name of Plato". <i>Classical Philology</i> (The University of Chicago Press) <b>34</b> (2): 135–145. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F362227">10.1086/362227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=The+Name+of+Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Notopoulos&amp;rft.date=1939-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F362227&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&amp;rft.pages=135-145&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=34" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPenner1992" class="citation encyclopaedia">Penner, Terry (1992). "Socrates and the Early Dialogues". In Kraut, Richard. <i>The Cambridge Companion to Plato</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;121–169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Socrates+and+the+Early+Dialogues&amp;rft.aufirst=Terry&amp;rft.aulast=Penner&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Plato&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=121-169&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Plato". <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Plato". <i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios Volume XVI (in Greek)</i>. 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+The+Helios+Volume+XVI+%28in+Greek%29&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?search_method=QUERY&amp;login=guest&amp;enlogin=guest&amp;page_num=1&amp;user_list=LIST&amp;searchstr=Plato&amp;field=hw_eng&amp;num_per_page=25&amp;db=REAL">"Plato"</a>. <i>Suda</i>. 10th century.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.btitle=Suda&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoa.org%2Fsol-bin%2Fsearch.pl%3Fsearch_method%3DQUERY%26login%3Dguest%26enlogin%3Dguest%26page_num%3D1%26user_list%3DLIST%26searchstr%3DPlato%26field%3Dhw_eng%26num_per_page%3D25%26db%3DREAL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPopper1962" class="citation book">Popper, K. (1962). <i>The Open Society and its Enemies</i> <b>1</b>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft.aulast=Popper&amp;rft.btitle=The+Open+Society+and+its+Enemies&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPress2000" class="citation encyclopaedia">Press, Gerald Alan (2000). "Introduction". In Press, Gerald Alan. <i>Who Speaks for Plato?: Studies in Platonic Anonymity</i>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. pp.&#160;1–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerald+Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Press&amp;rft.btitle=Who+Speaks+for+Plato%3F%3A+Studies+in+Platonic+Anonymity&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=1-14&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFReale1990" class="citation book">Reale, Giovanni (1990). Catan, John R., ed. <i>Plato and Aristotle</i>. A History of Ancient Philosophy <b>2</b>. State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Giovanni&amp;rft.aulast=Reale&amp;rft.btitle=Plato+and+Aristotle&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&amp;rft.series=A+History+of+Ancient+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFReale1997" class="citation book">Reale, Giovanni (1997). <i>Toward a New Interpretation of Plato</i>. Washington, D.C.: CUA Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Giovanni&amp;rft.aulast=Reale&amp;rft.btitle=Toward+a+New+Interpretation+of+Plato&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=CUA+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRiginos1976" class="citation book">Riginos, Alice (1976). <i>Platonica&#160;: the anecdotes concerning the life and writings of Plato</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04565-1">978-90-04-04565-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Alice&amp;rft.aulast=Riginos&amp;rft.btitle=Platonica+%3A+the+anecdotes+concerning+the+life+and+writings+of+Plato&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-04565-1&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1827" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(historian)" title="John Robinson (historian)">Robinson, John</a> (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archologiagrcao00robigoog"><i>Archæologica Græca</i></a> (Second ed.). London: A. J. Valpy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-LQzMJWs0QC&amp;oe=UTF-8">the original</a> on 2006-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Robinson&amp;rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A6ologica+Gr%C3%A6ca&amp;rft.date=1827&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-LQzMJWs0QC%26oe%3DUTF-8&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=A.+J.+Valpy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez-Grandjean1998" class="citation conference">Rodriguez-Grandjean, Pablo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciRodr.htm"><i>Philosophy and Dialogue: Plato's Unwritten Doctrines from a Hermeneutical Point of View</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Program.html">Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy</a>. Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Pablo&amp;rft.aulast=Rodriguez-Grandjean&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Dialogue%3A+Plato%27s+Unwritten+Doctrines+from+a+Hermeneutical+Point+of+View&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fwcp%2FPapers%2FAnci%2FAnciRodr.htm&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRowe2006" class="citation encyclopaedia">Rowe, Christopher (2006). "Interpreting Plato". In Benson, Hugh H. <i>A Companion to Plato</i>. Blackwell Publishing. pp.&#160;13–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Interpreting+Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rft.aulast=Rowe&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Plato&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=13-24&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSchall1996" class="citation journal">Schall, James V. (Summer 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morec.com/schall/docs/dieplato.htm">"On the Death of Plato"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Scholar_(magazine)" title="The American Scholar (magazine)">The American Scholar</a></i> <b>65</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Death+of+Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=James+V.&amp;rft.aulast=Schall&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morec.com%2Fschall%2Fdocs%2Fdieplato.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&amp;rft.ssn=summer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=65" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2002" class="citation web">Schofield, Malcolm (23 August 2002). Craig, Edward, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/A088">"Plato"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=Malcolm&amp;rft.aulast=Schofield&amp;rft.date=2002-08-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticle%2FA088&amp;rft.jtitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSedley2003" class="citation book">Sedley, David (2003). <i>Plato's Cratylus</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Sedley&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Cratylus&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSlings1987" class="citation journal">Slings, S. R. (1987). "Remarks on Some Recent Papyri of the <i>Politeia</i>". <i>Mnemosyne</i>. Fourth <b>40</b> (1/2): 27–34. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F156852587x00030">10.1163/156852587x00030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Some+Recent+Papyri+of+the+Politeia&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Slings&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852587x00030&amp;rft.issue=1%2F2&amp;rft.jtitle=Mnemosyne&amp;rft.pages=27-34&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=40" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSlings2003" class="citation book">Slings, S. R. (2003). <i>Platonis Rempublicam</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Slings&amp;rft.btitle=Platonis+Rempublicam&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1870" class="citation book">Smith, William (1870). "Plato". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2725.html"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientlibrary.com%2Fsmith-bio%2F2725.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1964" class="citation book">Strauss, Leo (1964). <i>The City and the Man</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.btitle=The+City+and+the+Man&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne2009" class="citation web">Suzanne, Bernard (8 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato-dialogues.org/stephanus.htm">"The Stephanus edition"</a>. <i>Plato and his dialogues</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=The+Stephanus+edition&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft.aulast=Suzanne&amp;rft.date=2009-03-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato-dialogues.org%2Fstephanus.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Plato+and+his+dialogues&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSzlezak1999" class="citation book">Szlezak, Thomas A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x34szlJIRIgC"><i>Reading Plato</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18984-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18984-5">0-415-18984-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Szlezak&amp;rft.btitle=Reading+Plato&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx34szlJIRIgC&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-18984-5&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFTar.C3.A1n1981" class="citation book">Tarán, Leonardo (1981). <i>Speusippus of Athens</i>. Brill Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Leonardo&amp;rft.aulast=Tar%C3%A1n&amp;rft.btitle=Speusippus+of+Athens&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFTar.C3.A1n2001" class="citation book">Tarán, Leonardo (2001). "Plato's Alleged Epitaph". <i>Collected Papers 1962-1999</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004123040" title="Special:BookSources/9004123040">9004123040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Alleged+Epitaph&amp;rft.aufirst=Leonardo&amp;rft.aulast=Tar%C3%A1n&amp;rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+1962-1999&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9004123040&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book">Taylor, Alfred Edward (2001) [1937]. <i>Plato: The Man and His Work</i>. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-41605-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-41605-4">0-486-41605-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfred+Edward&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%3A+The+Man+and+His+Work&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-486-41605-4&amp;rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation encyclopaedia">Taylor, C. C. W. (2011). "Plato's Epistemology". In Fine, G. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Plato</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;165–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Epistemology&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+C.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Plato&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=165-190&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFVlastos1991" class="citation book">Vlastos, Gregory (1991). <i>Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory&amp;rft.aulast=Vlastos&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates%3A+Ironist+and+Moral+Philosopher&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead1978" class="citation book">Whitehead, Alfred North (1978). <i>Process and Reality</i>. New York: The Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfred+North&amp;rft.aulast=Whitehead&amp;rft.btitle=Process+and+Reality&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=The+Free+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFWilamowitz-Moellendorff2005" class="citation book">Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von (2005) [1917]. <i>Plato: His Life and Work (translated in Greek by Xenophon Armyros)</i>. Kaktos. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-382-664-2" title="Special:BookSources/960-382-664-2">960-382-664-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Ulrich+von&amp;rft.aulast=Wilamowitz-Moellendorff&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%3A+His+Life+and+Work+%28translated+in+Greek+by+Xenophon+Armyros%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=960-382-664-2&amp;rft.pub=Kaktos&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation book">Alican, Necip Fikri (2012). <i>Rethinking Plato: A Cartesian Quest for the Real Plato</i>. Amsterdam and New York: Editions Rodopi B.V. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3537-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3537-9">978-90-420-3537-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Necip+Fikri&amp;rft.aulast=Alican&amp;rft.btitle=Rethinking+Plato%3A+A+Cartesian+Quest+for+the+Real+Plato&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-420-3537-9&amp;rft.pub=Amsterdam+and+New+York%3A+Editions+Rodopi+B.V.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._E._Allen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="R. E. Allen (page does not exist)">Allen, R. E.</a> (1965). <i>Studies in Plato's Metaphysics II</i>. Taylor &amp; Francis. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710036264" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0710036264</a></li>
<li>Ambuel, David (2007). <i>Image and Paradigm in Plato's Sophist</i>. Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972049" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-04-9</a></li>
<li>Arieti, James A. <i>Interpreting Plato: The Dialogues as Drama</i>, Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0847676625" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8476-7662-5</a></li>
<li>Bakalis, Nikolaos (2005). <i>Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments</i>, Trafford Publishing <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412048435" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4120-4843-5</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Barrow, Robin (2007). <i>Plato: Continuum Library of Educational Thought</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8408-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8408-5">0-8264-8408-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Robin&amp;rft.aulast=Barrow&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Continuum+Library+of+Educational+Thought&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8264-8408-5&amp;rft.pub=Continuum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Cadame, Claude (1999). <i>Indigenous and Modern Perspectives on Tribal Initiation Rites: Education According to Plato</i>, pp.&#160;278–312, in Padilla, Mark William (editor), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0JVScga2oYC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=rites+of+passage+in+ancient+greece">"Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University" title="Bucknell University">Bucknell University</a> Press, 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/083875418X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8387-5418-X</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S., eds. (1997). <i>Plato: Complete Works</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing Company</a>, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-349-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-349-2">0-87220-349-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Complete+Works&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87220-349-2&amp;rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Corlett, J. Angelo (2005). <i>Interpreting Plato's Dialogues</i>. Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972025" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-02-5</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Durant, Will (1926). <i>The Story of Philosophy</i>. Simon &amp; Schuster. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-69500-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-69500-2">0-671-69500-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Will&amp;rft.aulast=Durant&amp;rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1926&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-671-69500-2&amp;rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a> (1972). <i>La dissémination</i>, Paris: Seuil. (esp. cap.: <i>La Pharmacie de Platon</i>, 69-199) <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2020019582" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-02-001958-2</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/G._C._Field" title="G. C. Field">Field, G. C.</a> (1969). <i>The Philosophy of Plato</i> (2nd ed. with an appendix by Cross, R. C. ed.). London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-888040-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-888040-5">0-19-888040-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Field&amp;rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Plato&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.edition=2nd+ed.+with+an+appendix+by+Cross%2C+R.+C.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-888040-5&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Fine, Gail (2000). <i>Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology</i> Oxford University Press, USA, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198752067" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-875206-7</a></li>
<li>Finley, M. I. (1969). <i>Aspects of antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies</i> The Viking Press, Inc., USA</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Garvey, James (2006). <i>Twenty Greatest Philosophy Books</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-9053-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-9053-0">0-8264-9053-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Garvey&amp;rft.btitle=Twenty+Greatest+Philosophy+Books&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8264-9053-0&amp;rft.pub=Continuum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/W._K._C._Guthrie" title="W. K. C. Guthrie">Guthrie, W. K. C.</a> (1986). <i>A History of Greek Philosophy (Plato - The Man &amp; His Dialogues - Earlier Period)</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521311012" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-31101-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/W._K._C._Guthrie" title="W. K. C. Guthrie">Guthrie, W. K. C.</a> (1986). <i>A History of Greek Philosophy (Later Plato &amp; the Academy)</i> Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521311020" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-31102-0</a></li>
<li>Havelock, Eric (2005). <i>Preface to Plato (History of the Greek Mind)</i>, Belknap Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674699068" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-69906-8</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Hamilton, Edith; Cairns, Huntington, eds. (1961). <i>The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters</i>. Princeton Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09718-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09718-6">0-691-09718-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.btitle=The+Collected+Dialogues+of+Plato%2C+Including+the+Letters&amp;rft.date=1961&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-09718-6&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> publishes the hardbound series <i><a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library#Plato" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a></i>, containing Plato's works in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, with English translations on facing pages.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Irvine, Andrew David (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_on_Trial_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates on Trial (play)">Socrates on Trial: A play based on Aristophanes' Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo, adapted for modern performance</a></i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew+David&amp;rft.aulast=Irvine&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates+on+Trial%3A+A+play+based+on+Aristophanes%27+Clouds+and+Plato%27s+Apology%2C+Crito%2C+and+Phaedo%2C+adapted+for+modern+performance&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802097835" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8020-9783-5</a> (cloth); <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802095381" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8020-9538-1</a> (paper)</li>
<li>Hermann, Arnold (2010). <i>Plato's Parmenides: Text, Translation &amp; Introductory Essay</i>, Parmenides Publishing, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972711" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-71-1</a></li>
<li>Irwin, Terence (1995). <i>Plato's Ethics</i>, Oxford University Press, USA, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195086457" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-508645-7</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Jackson, Roy (2001). <i>Plato: A Beginner's Guide</i>. London: Hoder &amp; Stroughton. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-80385-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-80385-1">0-340-80385-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Roy&amp;rft.aulast=Jackson&amp;rft.btitle=Plato%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-340-80385-1&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Hoder+%26+Stroughton&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Jowett, Benjamin (1892). <i>[The Dialogues of Plato. Translated into English with analyses and introductions by B. Jowett.]</i>, Oxford Clarendon Press, UK, UIN:BLL01002931898</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Kochin, Michael S. (2002). <i>Gender and Rhetoric in Plato's Political Thought</i>. Cambridge Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80852-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80852-9">0-521-80852-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Kochin&amp;rft.btitle=Gender+and+Rhetoric+in+Plato%27s+Political+Thought&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-80852-9&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Kraut, Richard, ed. (1993). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Plato</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43610-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43610-9">0-521-43610-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Plato&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-43610-9&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lilar" title="Suzanne Lilar">Lilar, Suzanne</a> (1954), Journal de l'analogiste, Paris, Éditions Julliard; Reedited 1979, Paris, Grasset. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Julien_Gracq" title="Julien Gracq">Julien Gracq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lilar" title="Suzanne Lilar">Lilar, Suzanne</a> (1963), <i>Le couple</i>, Paris, Grasset. Translated as <i>Aspects of Love in Western Society</i> in 1965, with a foreword by Jonathan Griffin London, Thames and Hudson.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lilar" title="Suzanne Lilar">Lilar, Suzanne</a> (1967) <i>A propos de Sartre et de l'amour</i> , Paris, Grasset.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Lundberg, Phillip (2005). <i>Tallyho - The Hunt for Virtue: Beauty,Truth and Goodness Nine Dialogues by Plato: Pheadrus, Lysis, Protagoras, Charmides, Parmenides, Gorgias, Theaetetus, Meno &amp; Sophist</i>. Authorhouse. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4184-4977-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4184-4977-6">1-4184-4977-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Phillip&amp;rft.aulast=Lundberg&amp;rft.btitle=Tallyho+-+The+Hunt+for+Virtue%3A+Beauty%2CTruth+and+Goodness+Nine+Dialogues+by+Plato%3A+Pheadrus%2C+Lysis%2C+Protagoras%2C+Charmides%2C+Parmenides%2C+Gorgias%2C+Theaetetus%2C+Meno+%26+Sophist&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-4184-4977-6&amp;rft.pub=Authorhouse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Márquez, Xavier (2012) <i>A Stranger's Knowledge: Statesmanship, Philosophy &amp; Law in Plato's Statesman</i>, Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972797" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-79-7</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Melchert, Norman (2002). <i>The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy</i>. McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517510-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517510-7">0-19-517510-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=Melchert&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Conversation%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-517510-7&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Miller, Mitchell (2004). <i>The Philosopher in Plato's Statesman</i>. Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972162" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-16-2</a></li>
<li>Mohr, Richard D. (2006). <i>God and Forms in Plato - and other Essays in Plato's Metaphysics</i>. Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972018" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-01-8</a></li>
<li>Mohr, Richard D. (Ed.), Sattler, Barbara M. (Ed.) (2010) <i>One Book, The Whole Universe: Plato's Timaeus Today</i>, Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972322" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-32-2</a></li>
<li>Moore, Edward (2007). <i>Plato</i>. Philosophy Insights Series. Tirril, Humanities-Ebooks. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847600479" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84760-047-9</a></li>
<li>Nightingale, Andrea Wilson. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3MeQikAp00C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_summary_r&amp;cad=0">"Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy"</a>, Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052148264X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-48264-X</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> publishes scholarly editions of Plato's Greek texts in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Texts" title="Oxford Classical Texts">Oxford Classical Texts</a></i> series, and some translations in the <i>Clarendon Plato Series</i>.</li>
<li>Patterson, Richard (Ed.), Karasmanis, Vassilis (Ed.), Hermann, Arnold (Ed.) (2013) <i>Presocratics &amp; Plato: Festschrift at Delphi in Honor of Charles Kahn</i>, Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972759" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-75-9</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_Sallis" title="John Sallis">Sallis, John</a> (1996). <i>Being and Logos: Reading the Platonic Dialogues</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21071-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21071-2">0-253-21071-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Sallis&amp;rft.btitle=Being+and+Logos%3A+Reading+the+Platonic+Dialogues&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-253-21071-2&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_Sallis" title="John Sallis">Sallis, John</a> (1999). <i>Chorology: On Beginning in Plato's "Timaeus"</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21308-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21308-8">0-253-21308-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Sallis&amp;rft.btitle=Chorology%3A+On+Beginning+in+Plato%27s+%22Timaeus%22&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-253-21308-8&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Sayre, Kenneth M. (2005). <i>Plato's Late Ontology: A Riddle Resolved</i>. Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972094" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-09-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Seung" title="T. K. Seung">Seung, T. K.</a> (1996). <i>Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social Order</i>. Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0847681122" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8476-8112-2</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Smith, William. (1867). <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i>. University of Michigan/Online version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.aufirst=William.&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&amp;rft.date=1867&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan%2FOnline+version&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Stewart, John. (2010). <i>Kierkegaard and the Greek World - Socrates and Plato</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754669814" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7546-6981-4</a></li>
<li>Thesleff, Holger (2009). <i>Platonic Patterns: A Collection of Studies by Holger Thesleff</i>, Parmenides Publishing, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972292" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-29-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a> has translated Plato's complete works.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/1804_The-Works-of-Plato-His-Fifty-Five-Dialogues-and-Twelve-Epistles_vols-1-5.pdf">Thomas Taylor (1804). <i>The Works of Plato, viz. His Fifty-Five Dialogues and Twelve Epistles</i></a> 5 vols</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Vlastos" title="Gregory Vlastos">Vlastos, Gregory</a> (1981). <i>Platonic Studies</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691100217" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-10021-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Vlastos" title="Gregory Vlastos">Vlastos, Gregory</a> (2006). <i>Plato's Universe - with a new Introducution by Luc Brisson</i>, Parmenides Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930972131" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-930972-13-1</a></li>
<li>Zuckert, Catherine (2009). <i>Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues</i>, The University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226993355" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-226-99335-5</a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">English <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Plato" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:Plato">Plato</a></b></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="s:el:Πλάτων">Platon</a></b></div>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Plato" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Plato">Plato</a></b></i></td>
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<ul>
<li>Works available on-line:
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Plato">Works by Plato</a> at <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> - Greek &amp; English hyperlinked text</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=166&amp;Itemid=99999999">Works of Plato (Jowett, 1892)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Plato">Works by Plato</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Plato%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Plato%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Plato%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Plato%22%29%20OR%20%28%22427-347%22%20AND%20Plato%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Plato</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/author/599">Works by Plato</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/plato/default.asp">Plato complete works, annotated and searchable, at ELPENOR</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/tetral.htm">Quick Links to Plato's Dialogues (English, Greek, French, Spanish)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=classical:plato">The Dialogues of Plato with Apocryphal Works</a> from <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> edition (1925-1968)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/">Plato</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/platoorg/">Plato's <i>Organicism</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/phaedo/">Plato's <i>Phaedo</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/platopol/">Plato's Political Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/republic/">Plato's <i>Republic</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/theatetu/">Plato's <i>Theaetetus</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/academy/">Plato's Academy</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/midplato/">Middle Platonism</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/neoplato/">Neoplatonism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/">Plato</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-ethics/">Plato's Ethics</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-friendship/">Friendship and Eros</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-metaphysics/">Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-utopia/">Plato on Utopia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-rhetoric/">Rhetoric and Poetry</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other resources:
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inpho.cogs.indiana.edu/thinker/3724">Plato</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Philosophy_Ontology_Project" title="Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project">Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/browse/plato">Plato</a> at <a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></li>
<li><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />&#160;<cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Plato_and_Platonism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Plato and Platonism">Plato and Platonism</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlato&amp;rft.atitle=Plato+and+Platonism&amp;rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato-dialogues.org/plato.htm">Website on Plato and his works: Plato and his dialogues by Bernard Suzanne</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.belmont.edu/philosophy/Book.pdf">Approaching Plato: A Guide to the Early and Middle Dialogues</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Life</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Plato" title="Early life of Plato">Early life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_epistemology" title="Platonic epistemology">Platonic epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentals" title="Transcendentals">Transcendentals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_man_argument" title="Third man argument">Third man argument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_five_regimes" title="Plato's five regimes">Five regimes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Unwritten doctrines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Plato%27s_Republic" title="Cultural influence of Plato's Republic">Cultural influence of Plato's Republic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Dialogues</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Uncontested</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" title="Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Minor" title="Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" title="Laches (dialogue)">Laches</a></i>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_228" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 228">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 228</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_23" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 23">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 23</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" title="Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Menexenus_(dialogue)" title="Menexenus (dialogue)">Menexenus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_229" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 229">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 229</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i></li>
</ul>
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</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Of doubtful<br />
authenticity</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" title="Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Plato)" title="Epistles (Plato)">Epistles</a></i>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Letter_(Plato)" title="First Letter (Plato)">Letter I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Letter_(Plato)" title="Second Letter (Plato)">Letter II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Letter_(Plato)" title="Fifth Letter (Plato)">Letter V</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Letter" title="Seventh Letter">Letter VII</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Letter_(Plato)" title="Ninth Letter (Plato)">Letter IX</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Letter_(Plato)" title="Tenth Letter (Plato)">Letter X</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Letter" title="Twelfth Letter">Letter XII</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" title="Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" title="Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Horoi" title="Horoi">Horoi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" title="Minos (dialogue)">Minos</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Justice" title="On Justice">On Justice</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Virtue" title="On Virtue">On Virtue</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rival_Lovers" title="Rival Lovers">Rival Lovers</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" title="Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" title="Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Theages" title="Theages">Theages</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Allegories and metaphors</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Gyges" title="Ring of Gyges">Ring of Gyges</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_Cave" title="Allegory of the Cave">The Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_divided_line" title="Analogy of the divided line">The Divided Line</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_sun" title="Analogy of the sun">The Sun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_State" title="Ship of State">Ship of State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chariot_Allegory" title="Chariot Allegory">The Chariot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegorical interpretations of Plato</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Plato" title="Commentaries on Plato">Commentaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">The Academy in Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">and Christianity</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Poitier_Meets_Plato" title="Poitier Meets Plato">Poitier Meets Plato</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">List of speakers in Plato's dialogues</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Plato)" title="Epigrams (Plato)">Epigrams</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Definitions_(Plato)" title="Definitions (Plato)">Definitions</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Dream" title="Plato's Dream">Plato's Dream</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Family</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariston_of_Athens" title="Ariston of Athens">Ariston of Athens</a> (father)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilampes" title="Pyrilampes">Pyrilampes</a> (stepfather)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perictione" title="Perictione">Perictione</a> (mother)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adeimantus_of_Collytus" title="Adeimantus of Collytus">Adeimantus of Collytus</a> (brother)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glaucon" title="Glaucon">Glaucon</a> (brother)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potone" title="Potone">Potone</a> (sister)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a> (nephew)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
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<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Platonists" title="Template:Platonists"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonists</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Old</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><b><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus_of_Pyrrha" title="Menedemus of Pyrrha">Menedemus of Pyrrha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crantor" title="Crantor">Crantor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_(scholarch)" title="Polemon (scholarch)">Polemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Athens" title="Crates of Athens">Crates of Athens</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Middle</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecles" title="Telecles">Telecles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evander_(philosopher)" title="Evander (philosopher)">Evander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hegesinus_of_Pergamon" title="Hegesinus of Pergamon">Hegesinus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">New</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charmadas" title="Charmadas">Charmadas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonists</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(philosopher)" title="Albinus (philosopher)">Albinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_(philosopher)" title="Atticus (philosopher)">Atticus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Tyre" title="Maximus of Tyre">Maximus of Tyre</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Longinus_(philosopher)" title="Cassius Longinus (philosopher)">Longinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Origen_the_Pagan" title="Origen the Pagan">Origen the Pagan</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Plotinus" title="Disciples of Plotinus">Disciples of Plotinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amelius" title="Amelius">Amelius</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sopater_of_Apamea" title="Sopater of Apamea">Sopater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sosipatra" title="Sosipatra">Sosipatra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aedesius" title="Aedesius">Aedesius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus_(philosopher)" title="Dexippus (philosopher)">Dexippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthius" title="Chrysanthius">Chrysanthius</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Sallustius" title="Sallustius">Sallustius</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Ephesus" title="Maximus of Ephesus">Maximus of Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Myndus" title="Eusebius of Myndus">Eusebius of Myndus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_(philosopher)" title="Antoninus (philosopher)">Antoninus</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asclepigenia" title="Asclepigenia">Asclepigenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_of_Alexandria" title="Hierocles of Alexandria">Hierocles</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermias_(philosopher)" title="Hermias (philosopher)">Hermias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aedesia" title="Aedesia">Aedesia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiodotus_of_Alexandria" title="Asclepiodotus of Alexandria">Asclepiodotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zenodotus_(philosopher)" title="Zenodotus (philosopher)">Zenodotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hegias" title="Hegias">Hegias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priscian_of_Lydia" title="Priscian of Lydia">Priscian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek schools of philosophy</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Schools</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesian_school" title="Ephesian school">Ephesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milesian_school" title="Milesian school">Milesian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">Sophism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Philosophers</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socratic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Schools</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Philosophers</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Schools</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Philosophers</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
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</table>
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div>
</th>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#History" title="Ancient Greece">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Periods</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" title="Roman Greece">Roman Greece</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doric_hexapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric hexapolis">Doris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argos" title="Argos">Argos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalkis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boeotarch" title="Boeotarch">Boeotarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphē paranóm?n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apella" title="Apella">Apella</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harmost" title="Harmost">Harmost</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Lydia" title="List of kings of Lydia">Kings of Lydia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Others</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agis_II" title="Agis II">Agis II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_I" title="Leonidas I">Leonidas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miltiades" title="Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(general)" title="Pausanias (general)">Pausanias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Groups</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of Ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By culture</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Culture" title="Ancient Greece">Culture</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_calendars" title="Hellenic calendars">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek wedding customs">Wedding customs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_science" title="Category:Ancient Greek science">Sciences</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Structures</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera <span style="font-size:90%;">(Olympia)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus <span style="font-size:90%;">(Olympia)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece-related_lists" title="Category:Ancient Greece-related lists">Lists</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
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<td style="padding:2px">
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div>
</th>
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<tr style="height:2px">
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Metaphysicians</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W. F. Hegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred N. Whitehead</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Emmet" title="Dorothy Emmet">Dorothy Emmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_St%C3%B6hr" title="Adolph Stöhr">Adolph Stöhr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard V. O. Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">David Malet Armstrong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li>
</ul>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Theories</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enactivism (psychology)">Enactivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pirsig%27s_metaphysics_of_Quality" title="Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality">Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Being" title="Being">Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Choice" title="Choice">Choice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" title="Cogito ergo sum">Cogito ergo sum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_change" title="Identity and change">Identity and change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" title="Matter (philosophy)">Matter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" title="Motion (physics)">Motion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Necessity" title="Necessity">Necessity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Notion_(philosophy)" title="Notion (philosophy)">Notion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physical_body" title="Physical body">Physical body</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta" title="Meta">Meta-</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_epistemology" title="Genetic epistemology">Genetic epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Representative_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative realism">Representative realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_justification" title="Theory of justification">Justification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_reason" title="Speculative reason">Speculative reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alethiology" title="Alethiology">Alethiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-epistemology" title="Meta-epistemology">Meta-epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Epistemology" title="Portal:Epistemology">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_and_political_philosophers" title="List of social and political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Ambroise_de_Bonald" title="Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald">Bonald</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(philosopher)" title="Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)">Bosanquet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan ?ilas">?ilas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Plamenatz" title="John Plamenatz">Plamenatz</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_theories" title="Category:Social theories">Social theories</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">Consensus theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminist political theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Social concepts</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Four occupations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">more...</a></b></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics">Philosophy and economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy of love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" title="Philosophy of sex">Philosophy of sex</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Social_and_political_philosophy" title="Portal:Social and political philosophy">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Social_and_political" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Social and political">Task Force</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Theories</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian ethics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Ethics of care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil">Evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Freedom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering or Pain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">Trust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">full index...</a></b></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Philosophers</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W. F. Hegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J. L. Mackie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">William Frankena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">more...</a></b></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related articles</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ethics" title="Portal:Ethics">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_language" title="List of philosophers of language">Philosophers</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Herder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Noir%C3%A9" title="Ludwig Noiré">Ludwig Noiré</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Fritz Mauthner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Benjamin Lee Whorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bergmann" title="Gustav Bergmann">Gustav Bergmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Jaakko Hintikka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Soames" title="Scott Soames">Scott Soames</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawthorne" title="John Hawthorne">John Hawthorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neale" title="Stephen Neale">Stephen Neale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_theory_of_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast theory of meaning">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivist theory of names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verification_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Verification theory">Verification theory</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" title="Meaning (linguistics)">Meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></b></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" title="Category:Philosophy of language">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Language" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Language">Task Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Concepts</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" title="Scientific revolution">Scientific revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">Scientific theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">Theory choice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">Theory-ladenness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Metatheory_of_science" title="Category:Metatheory of science">Metatheory<br />
of science</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">Constructive empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_realism" title="Constructive realism">Constructive realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li>
<li>{<a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inductionism" title="Inductionism">Inductionism</a>}</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" title="Epistemological anarchism">Epistemological anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a>-<a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a>-<a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">Scientific essentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">Scientific formalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Philosophy of</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics" title="Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics">thermal and statistical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_motion" title="Philosophy of motion">Motion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_environment" title="Philosophy of environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Technology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering" title="Philosophy of engineering">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_computer_science" title="Philosophy of computer science">Computer science</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Information</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">Related topics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a> by era</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Ancient</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><strong class="selflink">Plato</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurians</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Medieval</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early modern</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Classical modern</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Schelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Late modern</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy_of_science" title="Portal:Philosophy of science">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<ul>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/108159964">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108159964">108159964</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79139459">n79139459</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/000000012096469X">0000 0001 2096 469X</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118594893">118594893</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/auth/196943">196943</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027076164">027076164</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920019p">cb11920019p</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920019p">(data)</a></span></span></li>
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<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&amp;role=&amp;nation=&amp;subjectid=500248317">500248317</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//musicbrainz.org/artist/f414935c-7ea7-45d7-b243-d7c0990158d8">f414935c-7ea7-45d7-b243-d7c0990158d8</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35425332">35425332</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452937">00452937</a></span></span></li>
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(тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="//bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प?लेटो – भोजप?री" lang="bh" hreflang="bh">भोजप?री</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Българ?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕི་ལ་?ོན? – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – бур?ад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Бур?ад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3" title="Plató – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="//ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="//co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platone" title="Platone – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="//dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Πλάτων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="//eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%A5n" title="Platån – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platono" title="Platono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="//ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="ا?لاطون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">?ارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="?拉圖 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B" title="પ?લેટો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગ?જરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got"><a href="//got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD" title="????????? – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got">????????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A4" title="플?톤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պլատոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प?लेटो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन?दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a href="//ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"><a href="//bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B" title="প?লেটো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy">বিষ?ণ?প?রিয়া মণিপ?রী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="//ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">?slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platone" title="Platone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="?פלטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A" title="ಪ?ಲೇಟೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ?ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლ?ტ?ნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქ?რთული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="//lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="//lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="//lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ປະລາຕົງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platons" title="Platons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonas" title="Platonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/platon" title="platon – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македон?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="പ?ലേറ?റോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प?लेटो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლ?ტ?ნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მ?რგ?ლური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="ا?لاطون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="ا?لاطون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">ماز?رونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a href="//min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="//cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ပလေး?ိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="//nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1t%C5%8Dn" title="Plát?n – N?huatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">N?huatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प?लेटो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="プラトン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">?охчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="//nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platone" title="Platone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om"><a href="//om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileetoo" title="Pileetoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflotun" title="Aflotun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਫ਼ਲਾਤੂਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="ا?لاطون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="//pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="اپلاتون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="//jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plieto" title="Plieto – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="//km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC" title="ផ្លា?ូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសា?្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="//tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%A3o" title="Platão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="//kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a href="//ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plahto" title="Plahto – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Ру?инь?кый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Ру??кий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Былатыан – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="//se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se">Sámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="प?लातोन? – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस?कृतम?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platone" title="Platone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoni" title="Platoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platuni" title="Platuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D" title="ප්ලේට? – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a href="//sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="ا?لاطون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sloven?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenš?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu"><a href="//cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Платѡнъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu">Словѣнь?къ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡ?ⰠⰔ?Ⱏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ئە?لاتوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Срп?ки / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / ?рп?кохрват?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="பிளேட?டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a href="//kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%84%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Әфләтүн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B" title="ప?లేటో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెల?గ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="เพลโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="?флотун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a href="//chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%9E%E1%8F%99" title="?? – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr">?ᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="//tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Україн?ька</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="ا?لاطون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="//ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%87" title="بىراتۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><a href="//vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="//wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="?拉圖 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="?拉图 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">?语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פל?ט?ן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="?拉圖 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="//zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato_(filosoof)" title="Plato (filosoof) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platuons" title="Platuons – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="?拉图 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a href="//mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प?लेटो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai">मैथिली</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li>					</ul>
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