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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">List of political philosophers</h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_social_and_political_philosophers" title="List of social and political philosophers">List of social and political philosophers</a></div>
<p>This is a <b>list of political philosophers</b>, including some who may be better known for their work in other areas of philosophy. Note, however, that the list is for people who are <i>principally</i> philosophers. The philosophers are listed in order by year of birth to show rough direction of influences and of development of political thought. See also, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a>.</p>
<p><b>Ancient, medieval and early modern</b></p>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (died c. 1750 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> (551–479 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (470–399 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> (470–390 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (427–355 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (427–347 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a> (412–323 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeschines" title="Aeschines">Aeschines</a> (389–314 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> (372–289 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> (350–283 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Zi">Xun Zi</a> (310–237 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Thiruvalluvar</a> (c. 200 BCE–c. 30 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Han_Feizi" title="Han Feizi">Han Feizi</a> (?–233 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> (106–43 BCE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> (63–113 CE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> (354–430 CE)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Shaybani" title="Muhammad al-Shaybani">Muhammad al-Shaybani</a> (749–805)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a> (870–950)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghazali" title="Ghazali">Ghazali</a> (1058–1111)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes (Ibn Rushd)</a> (1126–1198)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Al-Mawardi</a> (972–1058)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1135–1204)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Aquinas">St. Thomas Aquinas</a> (1225–1274)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> (1263–1328)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a> (1270–1342)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> (1285–1349)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332–1406)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> (1363–1434)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> (1469–1527)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muntzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Muntzer">Thomas Muntzer</a> (1490–1525)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> (1509–1564)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hooker (theologian)">Richard Hooker</a> (1554–1600)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><b>Modern (born pre-19th century)</b></p>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a> (1530–1596)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Farkas_Kovacs%C3%B3czy" title="Farkas Kovacsóczy">Farkas Kovacsóczy</a> (1540–1594)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> (1561–1626)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> (1583–1645)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> (1588–1679)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Gerrard Winstanley</a> (1609-1676)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a> (1611–1677)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> (1632–1677)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> (1689–1755)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)</a> (1694–1778)</li>
<li>Shah Waliullah (1703–1763)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> (1703–1792)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (1711–1776)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great (Frederick II)</a> (1712–1786)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> (1712–1788)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a> (1723–1780)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> (1723–1790)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> (1729–1797)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> (1737–1809)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1743–1826)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> (1748–1832)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (1751–1836)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (1756–1836)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> (1759–1797)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a> (1760–1825)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus</a> (1766–1834)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a> (1767–1830)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg W. F. Hegel">Georg W. F. Hegel</a> (1770–1831)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> (1772–1823)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a> (1772–1837)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a> (1773–1836)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> (1788–1860)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> (1795–1881)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> (1798–1857)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><b>Born in 19th century</b></p>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nahda" title="Al-Nahda">Rifa' al-Tahtawi</a> (1801–1873)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach">Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach</a> (1804–1872)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> (1805–1859)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a> (1806–1856)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (1806–1873)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simion_B%C4%83rnu%C8%9Biu" title="Simion Bărnuțiu">Simion Bărnuțiu</a> (1808–1864)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> (1809–1865)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> (1813–1855)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> (1814–1876)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (1817–1862)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (1818–1883)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Syed_Ahmad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Syed Ahmad Khan">Sir Syed Ahmad Khan</a> (1818–1898)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> (1820–1895)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> (1820–1903)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Green" title="Thomas Hill Green">Thomas Hill Green</a> (1836–1882)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a> (1840–1910)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> (1842–1921)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> (1844–1900)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a> (1847–1922)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> (1850–1932)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Bunde_Veblen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorstein Bunde Veblen">Thorstein Bunde Veblen</a> (1857–1929)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> (1859–1952)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> (1866–1925)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> (1866–1952)</li>
<li>Mohandas Karam Chand <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a> (1869–1948)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> (1870–1919)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1872–1970)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> (1875–1944)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> (1877–1938)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a> (1900–1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleo_Carabellese" title="Pantaleo Carabellese">Pantaleo Carabellese</a> (1877–1948)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> (1878–1965)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bauer" title="Otto Bauer">Otto Bauer</a> (1881–1938)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Luk%C3%A1cs" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Lukács">Georg Lukács</a> (1885–1971)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Sergio Panunzio</a> (1886–1944)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pol%C3%A1nyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Polányi">Karl Polányi</a> (1886–1964)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> (1888–1985)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> (1889–1976)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> (1891–1937)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> (1892–1940)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd" title="Herman Dooyeweerd">Herman Dooyeweerd</a> (1894–1977)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> (1895–1973)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a> (1897–1957)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> (1898–1979)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> (1899–1973)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sohn-Rethel" title="Alfred Sohn-Rethel">Alfred Sohn-Rethel</a> (1899–1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> (1899–1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhimrao_Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimrao Ambedkar">Bhimrao Ambedkar</a>(1891–1956)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a> (1898–1974)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><b>Born in 20th century</b></p>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> (1900–1980)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Michael Oakeshott</a> (1901–1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> (1902–1994)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> (1903–1969)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> (1905–1982)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a> (1905–1983)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (1905–1980)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> (1906–1975)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> (1906–1966)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a> (1909–1943)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a> (1909–1997)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Norberto Bobbio</a> (1909–2004)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> (1913–1960)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> (1915–1980)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman Malik</a> (1919–1988)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a> (1918–1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> (1921–2006)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a> (1921–2002)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a> (1922–1997)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_S._Wolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheldon S. Wolin">Sheldon S. Wolin</a> (1922–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> (1925–1961)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> (1925–1995)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> (1926–1995)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> (1926–1984)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Shklar" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Shklar">Judith Shklar</a> (1928–1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a> (1929–2007)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> (1929–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a> (1929–2003)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a> (1930–1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a> (1931–2013)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> (1931–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> (1931–1994)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_C._Mansfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey C. Mansfield">Harvey C. Mansfield</a> (1932–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a> (1933–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a> (1934–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a> (1934–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a> (1935–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a> (1937–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Connolly" title="William E. Connolly">William E. Connolly</a> (1938–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> (1938–2002)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_W._Rae" title="Douglas W. Rae">Douglas W. Rae</a> (1939–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a> (1940–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a> (1940–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a> (1941–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Étienne Balibar</a> (1942–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Lorenzo Peña">Lorenzo Peña</a> (1944–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Marramao" title="Giacomo Marramao">Giacomo Marramao</a> (1946–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Tully_(philosopher)" title="James Tully (philosopher)">James Tully</a> (1946–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> (1947–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> (1956–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rae_Helen_Langton" title="Rae Helen Langton">Rae Helen Langton</a> (1961–)</li>
</ul>
</div>


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