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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Friedrich Nietzsche</h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">"Nietzsche" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nietzsche (disambiguation)">Nietzsche (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
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<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Friedrich Nietzsche</span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Nietzsche187a.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Nietzsche187a.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/220px-Nietzsche187a.jpg" width="220" height="298" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/330px-Nietzsche187a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nietzsche187a.jpg/440px-Nietzsche187a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1986" /></a>
<div>Nietzsche in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1875</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td><span class="nickname"><span class="nowrap">Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche</span></span><br />
<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1844-10-15</span>)</span>15 October 1844<br />
<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6cken" title="Röcken">Röcken</a> (near <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzen" title="Lützen">Lützen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>25 August 1900<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1900-08-25</span>)</span> (aged&#160;55)<br />
<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Nationality</th>
<td class="category">German</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Education</th>
<td><span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Pforta" title="Pforta">Schulpforta</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Alma&#160;mater</th>
<td>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> <small>(1864–65; no degree)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a> <small>(1865–68; BA, 1868; <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate">PhD(Hon)</a>, 1869)</small></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Era</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Region</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th>
<td class="category">
<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Metaphysical voluntarism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Institutions</th>
<td class="org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Main interests</div>
</th>
<td>
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Value_theory" title="Value theory">Value theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Voluntarism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fact%E2%80%93value_distinction" title="Fact–value distinction">Fact–value distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-foundationalism" title="Anti-foundationalism">Anti-foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Notable ideas</div>
</th>
<td>
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li>
<li><i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermensch</a></span></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/God_is_dead" title="God is dead">God is dead</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li>
<li><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Amor_fati" title="Amor fati">Amor fati</a></span></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior#Herd_behavior_in_human_societies" title="Herd behavior">Herd instinct</a></li>
<li><span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tschandala" title="Tschandala">Tschandala</a></span></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Last_man" title="Last man">Last man</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">Perspectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nietzschean_affirmation" title="Nietzschean affirmation">Nietzschean affirmation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influences</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._W._von_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="J. W. von Goethe">Goethe</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Ritschl" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl">Ritschl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influenced</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Signature</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Nietzsche_Signature.svg" class="image"><img alt="Friedrich Nietzsche Signature.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Friedrich_Nietzsche_Signature.svg/150px-Friedrich_Nietzsche_Signature.svg.png" width="150" height="38" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Friedrich_Nietzsche_Signature.svg/225px-Friedrich_Nietzsche_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Friedrich_Nietzsche_Signature.svg/300px-Friedrich_Nietzsche_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="66" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/i?/ long 'e' in 'seed'">i?</span><span title="/tʃ/ 'ch' in 'china'">tʃ</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> <small>German:</small> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_German" title="Help:IPA for German">[ˈf?i?d?ɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈni?t͡sʃə]</a></span>; 15 October 1844&#160;– 25 August 1900) was a German <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural critic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> and modern intellectual history.<sup id="cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_A._Belliotti_2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond_A._Belliotti_2013-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell_1945_766_.26_770_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_1945_766_.26_770-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich_Nietzsche_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich_Nietzsche-8">[8]</a></sup> He began his career as a <a href="/wiki/Classical_philology" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical philology">classical philologist</a> before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> in 1869, at the age of 24. Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life, and he completed much of his core writing in the following decade.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> In 1889, at age 44, he suffered a collapse and a complete loss of his mental faculties.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> He lived his remaining years in the care of his mother (until her death in 1897), and then with his sister <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche" title="Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche">Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche</a>, and died in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
<p>Nietzsche's body of writing spanned philosophical <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemics</a>, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction, and drew widely on <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>. His writing displayed a fondness for <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> while engaging with a wide range of subjects including <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>. Some prominent elements of his philosophy include his radical critique of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">perspectivism</a>; his notion of the <a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a>; his <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">genealogical</a> critique of religion and <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a>, and his related theory of <a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">master–slave morality</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> his aesthetic <a href="/wiki/Nietzschean_affirmation" title="Nietzschean affirmation">affirmation</a> of existence in response to the "<a href="/wiki/God_is_dead" title="God is dead">death of God</a>" and the profound crisis of <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-5">[5]</a></sup> and his characterization of the human <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a> as the expression of competing <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">wills</a>, collectively understood as the <a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">will to power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> In his later work, he developed influential concepts such as the <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermensch</a></span></i> and the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">eternal return</a>, and became increasingly preoccupied with the creative powers of the individual to overcome social, cultural, and moral contexts in pursuit of aesthetic health.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich_Nietzsche_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich_Nietzsche-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
<p>After his death, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche became the curator and editor of her brother's manuscripts, reworking Nietzsche's unpublished writings to fit her own <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism#1871_to_World_War_I.2C_1914.E2.80.931918" title="German nationalism">German nationalist</a> ideology while often contradicting or obfuscating his stated opinions, which were explicitly <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche.27s_criticism_of_anti-Semitism_and_nationalism" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">opposed to antisemitism and nationalism</a>. Through her published editions, Nietzsche's work became associated with <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> 20th-century scholars contested this interpretation of his work and corrected editions of his writings were soon made available. His thought enjoyed renewed popularity in the 1960s, and his ideas have since had a profound impact on 20th and early-21st century thinkers across philosophy—especially in schools of <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>—as well as art, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_A._Belliotti_2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond_A._Belliotti_2013-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell_1945_766_.26_770_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_1945_766_.26_770-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich_Nietzsche_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich_Nietzsche-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Youth_.281844.E2.80.9369.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Youth (1844–69)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Professor_at_Basel_.281869.E2.80.9378.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Professor at Basel (1869–78)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Independent_philosopher_.281879.E2.80.9388.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Independent philosopher (1879–88)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Psychological_illness_and_death_.281889.E2.80.931900.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Psychological illness and death (1889–1900)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Citizenship.2C_nationality.2C_ethnicity"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Citizenship, nationality, ethnicity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Relationships_and_sexuality"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Relationships and sexuality</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Apollonian_and_Dionysian"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Apollonian and Dionysian</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Perspectivism"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Perspectivism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#The_.22slave_revolt.22_in_morals"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The "slave revolt" in morals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Death_of_God_and_nihilism"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Death of God and nihilism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Will_to_power"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Will to power</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Eternal_return"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Eternal return</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#.C3.9Cbermensch"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Übermensch</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Critique_of_mass_culture"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Critique of mass culture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Reading_and_influence"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reading and influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Youth_.281844.E2.80.9369.29">Youth (1844–69)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Youth (1844–69)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><span id="youth"></span> Born on 15 October 1844, Nietzsche grew up in the small town of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6cken" title="Röcken">Röcken</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>. He was named after King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a>, who turned forty-nine on the day of Nietzsche's birth. (Nietzsche later dropped his middle name "Wilhelm".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197422_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197422-18">[18]</a></sup>) Nietzsche's parents, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813–49), a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a> and former teacher, and Franziska Oehler (1826–97), married in 1843, the year before their son's birth. They had two other children: a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche" title="Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche">Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche</a>, born in 1846, and a second son, Ludwig Joseph, born in 1848. Nietzsche's father died from a brain ailment in 1849; Ludwig Joseph died six months later, at age two.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicks_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicks-19">[19]</a></sup> The family then moved to <a href="/wiki/Naumburg" title="Naumburg">Naumburg</a>, where they lived with Nietzsche's maternal grandmother and his father's two unmarried sisters. After the death of Nietzsche's grandmother in 1856, the family moved into their own house, now <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche-Haus,_Naumburg" title="Nietzsche-Haus, Naumburg">Nietzsche-Haus</a>, a museum and Nietzsche study centre.</p>
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Nietzsche in 1861</div>
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<p>Nietzsche attended a boys' school and then, later, a private school, where he became friends with Gustav Krug, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Wagner" title="Rudolf Wagner">Rudolf Wagner</a>, and Wilhelm Pinder, all of whom came from highly respected families.</p>
<p>In 1854, he began to attend Domgymnasium in Naumburg but since he showed particular talents in music and language, the internationally recognized <a href="/wiki/Pforta" title="Pforta">Schulpforta</a> admitted him as a pupil. He transferred and studied there from 1858 to 1864, becoming friends with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> and Carl von Gersdorff. He also found time to work on poems and musical compositions. Nietzsche led "Germania," a music and literature club, during his summers in Naumburg.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicks_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicks-19">[19]</a></sup> At Schulpforta, Nietzsche received an important grounding in languages—Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and French—so as to be able to read important <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> he also experienced for the first time being away from his family life in a small-town conservative environment. His end-of-semester exams in March 1864 showed a 1 in Religion and German; a 2a in Greek and Latin; a 2b in French, History, and Physics; and a "lackluster" 3 in Hebrew and Mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate200537_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate200537-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
<p>While at Pforta, Nietzsche had a penchant for pursuing subjects that were considered unbecoming. He became acquainted with the work of the then almost-unknown poet <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a>, calling him "my favorite poet" and composing an essay in which he said that the mad poet raised consciousness to "the most sublime ideality."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The teacher who corrected the essay gave it a good mark but commented that Nietzsche should concern himself in the future with healthier, more lucid, and more "German" writers. Additionally, he became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ortlepp" title="Ernst Ortlepp">Ernst Ortlepp</a>, an eccentric, blasphemous, and often drunken poet who was found dead in a ditch weeks after meeting the young Nietzsche but who may have introduced Nietzsche to the music and writing of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Perhaps under Ortlepp's influence, he and a student named Richter returned to school drunk and encountered a teacher, resulting in Nietzsche's demotion from first in his class and the end of his status as a prefect.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
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Nietzsche in his younger days</div>
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<p>After graduation in September 1864,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Nietzsche commenced studies in <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and classical philology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> with hope of becoming a minister. For a short time he and Deussen became members of the <a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaft</a> <i>Frankonia</i>. After one semester (and to the anger of his mother), he stopped his theological studies and lost his faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaberg_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaberg-26">[26]</a></sup> As early as his 1862 essay "Fate and History", Nietzsche had argued that historical research had discredited the central teachings of Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a>'s <i>Life of Jesus</i> also seems to have had a profound effect on the young man.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaberg_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaberg-26">[26]</a></sup> In 1865, at the age of 20, Nietzsche wrote to his sister Elisabeth, who was deeply religious, a letter regarding his loss of faith. This letter ended with the following sentence:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"Hence the ways of men part: if you wish to strive for peace of soul and pleasure, then believe; if you wish to be a devotee of truth, then inquire..."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
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<a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>'s philosophy strongly influenced Nietzsche's earliest philosophical thought.</div>
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<p>Nietzsche subsequently concentrated on studying philology under Professor <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Ritschl" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl">Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl</a>, whom he followed to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a> in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> There, he became close friends with his fellow student <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rohde" title="Erwin Rohde">Erwin Rohde</a>. Nietzsche's first philological publications appeared soon after.</p>
<p>In 1865, Nietzsche thoroughly studied the works of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>. He owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading Schopenhauer's <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> and later admitted that Schopenhauer was one of the few thinkers whom he respected, dedicating to him the essay "<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Schopenhauer_as_Educator" class="extiw" title="s:Schopenhauer as Educator">Schopenhauer as Educator</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Untimely_Meditations_(Nietzsche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Untimely Meditations (Nietzsche)">Untimely Meditations</a></i>.</p>
<p>In 1866, he read <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Albert_Lange" title="Friedrich Albert Lange">Friedrich Albert Lange</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Geschichte_des_Materialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geschichte des Materialismus">History of Materialism</a></i>. Lange's descriptions of Kant's anti-materialistic philosophy, the rise of European <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a>, Europe's increased concern with science, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of evolution, and the general rebellion against tradition and authority intrigued Nietzsche greatly. The cultural environment encouraged him to expand his horizons beyond philology and continue his study of philosophy,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although Nietzsche would ultimately argue the impossibility of an evolutionary explanation of the human aesthetic sense.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1867, Nietzsche signed up for one year of voluntary service with the Prussian artillery division in Naumburg. He was regarded as one of the finest riders among his fellow recruits, and his officers predicted that he would soon reach the rank of captain. However, in March 1868, while jumping into the saddle of his horse, Nietzsche struck his chest against the <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">pommel</a> and tore two muscles in his left side, leaving him exhausted and unable to walk for months.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Consequently, Nietzsche turned his attention to his studies again, completing them and meeting with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> for the first time later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Professor_at_Basel_.281869.E2.80.9378.29">Professor at Basel (1869–78)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Professor at Basel (1869–78)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><span id="Professor_at_Basel"></span><span id="Basel"></span></p>
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Mid-October 1871. From left: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rohde" title="Erwin Rohde">Erwin Rohde</a>, Karl von Gersdorff, Nietzsche.</div>
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<p>In part because of Ritschl's support, Nietzsche received a remarkable offer to become professor of <a href="/wiki/Classical_philology" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical philology">classical philology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> in Switzerland. He was only 24 years old and had neither completed his doctorate nor received a teaching certificate ("<a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a>"). He was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate">honorary doctorate</a> by the University of Leipzig again with Ritschl's support.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup></p>
<p>Despite the fact that the offer came at a time when he was considering giving up philology for science, he accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197425_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197425-35">[35]</a></sup> To this day, Nietzsche is still among the youngest of the tenured Classics professors on record.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p>
<p>Nietzsche's 1870 projected <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral thesis">doctoral thesis</a>, <i>Contribution toward the Study and the Critique of the Sources of Diogenes Laertius</i> (<i>Beitrage zur Quellenkunde und Kritik des Laertius Diogenes</i>), examined the origins of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Though never submitted, it was later published as a <i>Gratulationsschrift</i> (congratulatory publication) at Basel.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
<p>Before moving to Basel, Nietzsche renounced his Prussian citizenship: for the rest of his life he remained officially <a href="/wiki/Stateless_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateless person">stateless</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
<p>Nevertheless, Nietzsche served in the Prussian forces during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–1871) as a medical <a href="/wiki/Orderly" title="Orderly">orderly</a>. In his short time in the military, he experienced much and witnessed the traumatic effects of battle. He also contracted <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> speculates that he might also have contracted <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> at a brothel along with his other infections at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> On returning to Basel in 1870, Nietzsche observed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>'s subsequent policies as an outsider and with a degree of skepticism regarding their genuineness. His inaugural lecture at the university was "<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homer_and_Classical_Philology" class="extiw" title="s:Homer and Classical Philology">Homer and Classical Philology</a>". Nietzsche also met <a href="/wiki/Franz_Overbeck" title="Franz Overbeck">Franz Overbeck</a>, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> who remained his friend throughout his life. <a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a>, a little-known Russian philosopher responsible for the 1873 <i>Thought and Reality</i>, and Nietzsche's colleague the famed historian <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a>, whose lectures Nietzsche frequently attended, began to exercise significant influence on him during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
<p>Nietzsche had already met Richard Wagner in Leipzig in 1868 and later Wagner's wife, <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima</a>. Nietzsche admired both greatly and, during his time at Basel, he frequently visited Wagner's house in <a href="/wiki/Tribschen" title="Tribschen">Tribschen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a>. The Wagners brought Nietzsche into their most intimate circle and enjoyed the attention he gave to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festival</a>. In 1870, he gave Cosima Wagner the manuscript of "The Genesis of the Tragic Idea" as a birthday gift. In 1872, Nietzsche published his first book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a></i>. However, his colleagues within his field, including Ritschl, expressed little enthusiasm for the work, in which Nietzsche eschewed the classical philologic method in favor of a more speculative approach. In his <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> <i>Philology of the Future</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Wilamowitz-Moellendorff" title="Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff">Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff</a> dampened the book's reception and increased its notoriety. In response, Rohde (then a professor in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>) and Wagner came to Nietzsche's defense. Nietzsche remarked freely about the isolation he felt within the philological community and attempted unsuccessfully to transfer to a position in philosophy at Basel instead.</p>
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Nietzsche in c.&#160;1872.</div>
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<p>In 1873, Nietzsche began to accumulate notes that would be posthumously published as <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Tragic_Age_of_the_Greeks" title="Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks">Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks</a></i>. Between 1873 and 1876, he published four separate long essays: "David Strauss: the Confessor and the Writer", "On the Use and Abuse of History for Life", "Schopenhauer as Educator" and "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth". These four later appeared in a collected edition under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Untimely_Meditations_(Nietzsche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Untimely Meditations (Nietzsche)">Untimely Meditations</a></i>. The essays shared the orientation of a cultural critique, challenging the developing German culture along lines suggested by Schopenhauer and Wagner. During this time, in the circle of the Wagners, Nietzsche met <a href="/wiki/Malwida_von_Meysenbug" title="Malwida von Meysenbug">Malwida von Meysenbug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a>, and also began a friendship with <a href="/wiki/Paul_R%C3%A9e" title="Paul Rée">Paul Rée</a>, who in 1876 influenced him into dismissing the pessimism in his early writings. However, he was deeply disappointed by the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> of 1876, where the banality of the shows and baseness of the public repelled him. He was also alienated by Wagner's championing of "German culture", which Nietzsche felt a contradiction in terms, as well as by Wagner's celebration of his fame among the German public. All this contributed to Nietzsche's subsequent decision to distance himself from Wagner.</p>
<p>With the publication in 1878 of <i><a href="/wiki/Human,_All_Too_Human" title="Human, All Too Human">Human, All Too Human</a></i> (a book of <a href="/wiki/Aphorisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphorisms">aphorisms</a> ranging from metaphysics to morality to religion to gender studies), a new style of Nietzsche's work became clear, highly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a>'s <i>Thought and Reality</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> and reacting against the pessimistic philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer. Nietzsche's friendship with Deussen and Rohde cooled as well. In 1879, after a significant decline in health, Nietzsche had to resign his position at Basel. (Since his childhood, various disruptive illnesses had plagued him, including moments of shortsightedness that left him nearly blind, migraine headaches, and violent indigestion. The 1868 riding accident and diseases in 1870 may have aggravated these persistent conditions, which continued to affect him through his years at Basel, forcing him to take longer and longer holidays until regular work became impractical.)</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Independent_philosopher_.281879.E2.80.9388.29">Independent philosopher (1879–88)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Independent philosopher (1879–88)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><span id="independent_philosopher"></span><span id="philosopher"></span> Living off his pension from Basel and aid from friends, Nietzsche travelled frequently to find climates more conducive to his health and lived until 1889 as an independent author in different cities. He spent many summers in <a href="/wiki/Sils_im_Engadin/Segl" title="Sils im Engadin/Segl">Sils Maria</a> near <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a> in Switzerland. He spent his winters in the Italian cities of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapallo" title="Rapallo">Rapallo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and the French city of <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>. In 1881, when <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="French occupation of Tunisia">France occupied Tunisia</a>, he planned to travel to <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> to view Europe from the outside but later abandoned that idea, probably for health reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> Nietzsche occasionally returned to Naumburg to visit his family, and, especially during this time, he and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Forster-Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Forster-Nietzsche">his sister</a> had repeated periods of conflict and reconciliation.</p>
<p>While in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Nietzsche's failing eyesight prompted him to explore the use of <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> as a means of continuing to write. He is known to have tried using the <a href="/wiki/Hansen_Writing_Ball#Nietzsche.27s_Hansen_Writing_Ball" title="Hansen Writing Ball">Hansen Writing Ball</a>, a contemporary typewriter device. In the end, a past student of his, Heinrich Köselitz or <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_K%C3%B6selitz" title="Heinrich Köselitz">Peter Gast</a>, became a sort of private secretary to Nietzsche. In 1876, Gast transcribed the crabbed, nearly illegible handwriting of Nietzsche for the first time with Richard Wagner in Bayreuth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005221_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005221-47">[47]</a></sup> He subsequently transcribed and proofread the galleys for almost all of Nietzsche's work from then on. On at least one occasion on February 23, 1880, the usually broke Gast received 200 marks from their mutual friend, Paul Rée.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005297_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005297-48">[48]</a></sup> Gast was one of the very few friends Nietzsche allowed to criticize him. In responding most enthusiastically to <i>Zarathustra</i>, Gast did feel it necessary to point out that what were described as "superfluous" people were in fact quite necessary. He went on to list the number of people <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a>, for example, had to rely on even to supply his simple diet of goat cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005415_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005415-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
<p>To the end of his life, Gast and Overbeck remained consistently faithful friends. Malwida von Meysenbug remained like a motherly patron even outside the Wagner circle. Soon Nietzsche made contact with the music-critic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Fuchs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Fuchs (page does not exist)">Carl Fuchs</a>. Nietzsche stood at the beginning of his most productive period. Beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Human,_All_Too_Human" title="Human, All Too Human">Human, All Too Human</a></i> in 1878, Nietzsche published one book or major section of a book each year until 1888, his last year of writing; that year, he completed five.</p>
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<a href="/wiki/Lou_Andreas-Salom%C3%A9" title="Lou Andreas-Salomé">Lou Salomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_R%C3%A9e" title="Paul Rée">Paul Rée</a> and Nietzsche, 1882.</div>
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<p>In 1882, Nietzsche published the first part of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gay_Science" title="The Gay Science">The Gay Science</a></i>. That year he also met <a href="/wiki/Lou_Andreas_Salom%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Andreas Salomé">Lou Andreas Salomé</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> through Malwida von Meysenbug and Paul Rée. Nietzsche and Salomé spent the summer together in <a href="/wiki/Tautenburg" title="Tautenburg">Tautenburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, often with Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth as a chaperone. Nietzsche, however, regarded Salomé less as an equal partner than as a gifted student. Salomé reports that he asked her to marry him on three separate occasions and that she refused, though the reliability of her reports of events has come into question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197449_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197449-51">[51]</a></sup> Nietzsche's relationship with Rée and Salomé broke up in the winter of 1882–83, partially because of intrigues conducted by Elisabeth. The trio had had plans to establish a educational commune in an abandoned monastery, but the idea was abandoned. Amidst renewed bouts of illness, living in near-isolation after a falling out with his mother and sister regarding Salomé, Nietzsche fled to Rapallo, where he wrote the first part of <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i> in only ten days.</p>
<p>By 1882 Nietzsche was taking huge doses of opium but was still having trouble sleeping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005389_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005389-52">[52]</a></sup> In 1883, while staying in Nice, he was writing out his own prescriptions for the sedative <a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a>, signing them "Dr. Nietzsche".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005453_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005453-53">[53]</a></sup></p>
<p>After severing his philosophical ties with <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a> (who was long dead and never met Nietzsche) and his social ties with Wagner, Nietzsche had few remaining friends. Now, with the new style of <i>Zarathustra</i>, his work became even more alienating and the market received it only to the degree required by politeness. Nietzsche recognized this and maintained his solitude, though he often complained about it. His books remained largely unsold. In 1885, he printed only 40 copies of the fourth part of <i>Zarathustra</i> and distributed only a fraction of these among close friends, including <a href="/wiki/Helene_von_Druskowitz" title="Helene von Druskowitz">Helene von Druskowitz</a>.</p>
<p>In 1883 he tried and failed to obtain a lecturing post at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>. It was made clear to him that, in view of his attitude towards Christianity and his concept of God, he had become effectively unemployable by any German university. The subsequent "feelings of revenge and resentment" embittered him: "And hence my rage since I have grasped in the broadest possible sense what wretched means (the depreciation of my good name, my character, and my aims) <i>suffice</i> to take from me the trust of, and therewith the possibility of obtaining, pupils."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1886 Nietzsche broke with his publisher Ernst Schmeitzner, disgusted by his antisemitic opinions. Nietzsche saw his own writings as "completely buried and unexhumeable in this anti-Semitic dump" of Schmeitzner—associating the publisher with a movement that should be "utterly rejected with cold contempt by every sensible mind".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> He then printed <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></i> at his own expense. He also acquired the publication rights for his earlier works and over the next year issued second editions of <i>The Birth of Tragedy</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Human,_All_Too_Human" title="Human, All Too Human">Human, All Too Human</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_(book)" title="The Dawn (book)">Daybreak</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gay_Science" title="The Gay Science">The Gay Science</a></i> with new prefaces placing the body of his work in a more coherent perspective. Thereafter, he saw his work as completed for a time and hoped that soon a readership would develop. In fact, interest in Nietzsche's thought did increase at this time, if rather slowly and hardly perceptibly to him. During these years Nietzsche met <a href="/wiki/Meta_von_Salis" title="Meta von Salis">Meta von Salis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a>.</p>
<p>In 1886, his sister Elisabeth also married the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemite</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_F%C3%B6rster" title="Bernhard Förster">Bernhard Förster</a> and travelled to Paraguay to found <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Germania" title="Nueva Germania">Nueva Germania</a>, a "Germanic" colony—a plan Nietzsche responded to with mocking laughter.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2015)">not in citation given</span></a></i>]</sup> Through correspondence, Nietzsche's relationship with Elisabeth continued through cycles of conflict and reconciliation, but they met again only after his collapse. He continued to have frequent and painful attacks of illness, which made prolonged work impossible.</p>
<p>In 1887 Nietzsche wrote the polemic <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Genealogy of Morals">On the Genealogy of Morals</a></i>. During the same year, he encountered the work of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>, to whom he felt an immediate kinship.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> He also exchanged letters with <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a>. Brandes, who had started to teach the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> in the 1870s, wrote to Nietzsche asking him to <a href="/wiki/Kierkegaard_and_Nietzsche_comparisons#Relation_to_S.C3.B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kierkegaard and Nietzsche comparisons">read Kierkegaard</a>, to which Nietzsche replied that he would come to Copenhagen and read Kierkegaard with him. However, before fulfilling this promise, he slipped too far into illness. In the beginning of 1888, Brandes delivered in Copenhagen one of the first lectures on Nietzsche's philosophy.</p>
<p>Although Nietzsche had previously announced at the end of <i>On The Genealogy of Morals</i> a new work with the title <i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a>: Attempt at a <a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_all_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaluation of all values">Revaluation of All Values</a></i>, he eventually seems to have abandoned this idea and instead used some of the draft passages to compose <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Idols" title="Twilight of the Idols">Twilight of the Idols</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Antichrist_(book)" title="The Antichrist (book)">The Antichrist</a></i> in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></p>
<p>His health seemed to improve, and he spent the summer in high spirits. In the fall of 1888, his writings and letters began to reveal a higher estimation of his own status and "fate". He overestimated the increasing response to his writings, however, especially to the recent polemic, "<a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Wagner" title="The Case of Wagner">The Case of Wagner</a>". On his 44th birthday, after completing <i>Twilight of the Idols</i> and <i>The Antichrist</i>, he decided to write the autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Nietzsche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo (Nietzsche)">Ecce Homo</a></i>. In its preface—which suggests Nietzsche was well aware of the interpretive difficulties his work would generate—he declares, "Hear me! For I am such and such a person. Above all, do not mistake me for someone else".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dPreface.2C_section_1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dPreface.2C_section_1-59">[59]</a></sup> In December, Nietzsche began a correspondence with <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> and thought that, short of an international breakthrough, he would attempt to buy back his older writings from the publisher and have them translated into other European languages. Moreover, he planned the publication of the compilation <i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_Contra_Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche Contra Wagner">Nietzsche Contra Wagner</a></i> and of the poems that made up his collection <i>Dionysian <a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">Dithyrambs</a></i>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Psychological_illness_and_death_.281889.E2.80.931900.29">Psychological illness and death (1889–1900)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Psychological illness and death (1889–1900)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><span id="mental_breakdown_and_death"></span><span id="breakdown"></span><span id="death"></span></p>
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Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Olde" title="Hans Olde">Hans Olde</a> from the photographic series, <i>The Ill Nietzsche</i>, late-1899.</div>
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<p>On 3 January 1889, Nietzsche suffered a mental collapse. Two policemen approached him after he caused a public disturbance in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Turin,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turin, Italy">Turin</a>. What happened remains unknown, but an often-repeated tale from shortly after his death states that Nietzsche witnessed the flogging of a horse at the other end of the Piazza Carlo Alberto, ran to the horse, threw his arms up around its neck to protect it, and then collapsed to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197467_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197467-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the following few days, Nietzsche sent short writings—known as the <i>Wahnzettel</i> ("Madness Letters")—to a number of friends including <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a>. Most of them were signed "<a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a>", though some were also signed "der Gekreuzigte" meaning "the crucified one". To his former colleague Burckhardt, Nietzsche wrote: "I have had <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a> put in <a href="/wiki/Fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetters">fetters</a>. Also, last year I was crucified by the German doctors in a very drawn-out manner. Wilhelm, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>, and all anti-Semites abolished."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> Additionally, he commanded the German emperor to go to Rome to be shot and summoned the European powers to take military action against Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></p>
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The house Nietzsche stayed in while in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> (background, right), as seen from across Piazza Carlo Alberto, where he is said to have had his breakdown. To the left is the rear façade of the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Carignano" title="Palazzo Carignano">Palazzo Carignano</a>.</div>
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<p>On 6 January 1889, Burckhardt showed the letter he had received from Nietzsche to Overbeck. The following day, Overbeck received a similar letter and decided that Nietzsche's friends had to bring him back to Basel. Overbeck travelled to Turin and brought Nietzsche to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. By that time Nietzsche appeared fully in the grip of a serious mental illness, and his mother Franziska decided to transfer him to a clinic in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Binswanger" title="Otto Binswanger">Otto Binswanger</a>. In January 1889, they proceeded with the planned release of <i>Twilight of the Idols</i>, by that time already printed and bound. From November 1889 to February 1890, the art historian <a href="/wiki/Julius_Langbehn" title="Julius Langbehn">Julius Langbehn</a> attempted to cure Nietzsche, claiming that the methods of the medical doctors were ineffective in treating Nietzsche's condition. Langbehn assumed progressively greater control of Nietzsche until his secretiveness discredited him. In March 1890, Franziska removed Nietzsche from the clinic and, in May 1890, brought him to her home in Naumburg. During this process Overbeck and Gast contemplated what to do with Nietzsche's unpublished works. In February, they ordered a fifty-copy private edition of <i>Nietzsche contra Wagner</i>, but the publisher <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._G._Naumann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="C. G. Naumann (page does not exist)">C. G. Naumann</a> secretly printed one hundred. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing <i>The Antichrist</i> and <i>Ecce Homo</i> because of their more radical content. Nietzsche's reception and recognition enjoyed their first surge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Timefact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Timeline_Tracer/Chronology_source_needed" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Timeline Tracer/Chronology source needed"><span title="This chronology/history reference needs citation to reliable sources (August 2014)">chronology citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In 1893, Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth returned from <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Germania" title="Nueva Germania">Nueva Germania</a> in Paraguay following the suicide of her husband. She read and studied Nietzsche's works and, piece by piece, took control of them and their publication. Overbeck eventually suffered dismissal and Gast finally co-operated. After the death of Franziska in 1897, Nietzsche lived in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, where Elisabeth cared for him and allowed visitors, including <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> (who in 1895 had written one of the first books praising Nietzsche),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2012)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to meet her uncommunicative brother. Elisabeth at one point went so far as to employ Steiner as a tutor to help her to understand her brother's philosophy. Steiner abandoned the attempt after only a few months, declaring that it was impossible to teach her anything about philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup></p>
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<a href="/wiki/Heinrich_K%C3%B6selitz" title="Heinrich Köselitz">Peter Gast</a> would "correct" Nietzsche's writings after the philosopher's breakdown and did so without his approval.</div>
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<p>Nietzsche's mental illness was originally diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_syphilis#Tertiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary syphilis">tertiary syphilis</a>, in accordance with a prevailing medical paradigm of the time. Although most commentators regard his breakdown as unrelated to his philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a> dropped dark hints ("'Man incarnate' must also go mad")<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a>'s postmortem psychoanalysis posits a worshipful rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> Nietzsche had previously written, "all superior men who were irresistibly drawn to throw off the yoke of any kind of morality and to frame new laws had, if they were not actually mad, no alternative but to make themselves or pretend to be mad" (Daybreak,14). The diagnosis of syphilis has since been challenged and a diagnosis of "<a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">manic-depressive illness</a> with periodic psychosis followed by vascular dementia" was put forward by Cybulska prior to Schain's study.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Sax" title="Leonard Sax">Leonard Sax</a> suggested the slow growth of a right-sided retro-orbital <a href="/wiki/Meningioma" title="Meningioma">meningioma</a> as an explanation of Nietzsche's dementia;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-matthews_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews-11">[11]</a></sup> Orth and Trimble postulated <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">frontotemporal dementia</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> while other researchers have proposed a hereditary stroke disorder called <a href="/wiki/CADASIL_syndrome" title="CADASIL syndrome">CADASIL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> Poisoning by mercury, a treatment for syphilis at the time of Nietzsche's death,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> has also been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1898 and 1899 Nietzsche suffered at least two strokes. This partially paralyzed him, leaving him unable to speak or walk. He likely suffered from clinical hemiparesis/hemiplegia on the left side of his body by 1899. After contracting pneumonia in mid-August 1900, he had another stroke during the night of 24–25 August and died at about noon on 25 August.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> Elisabeth had him buried beside his father at the church in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6cken" title="Röcken">Röcken</a> bei <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzen" title="Lützen">Lützen</a>. His friend and secretary Gast gave his funeral oration, proclaiming: "Holy be your name to all future generations!"<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> Nietzsche had written in <i>Ecce Homo</i> (at that point still unpublished) of his fear that one day his name would be regarded as "holy".</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche" title="Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche">Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche</a> compiled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> from Nietzsche's unpublished notebooks and published it posthumously. Because his sister arranged the book based on her own conflation of several of Nietzsche's early outlines and took great liberties with the material, the scholarly consensus has been that it does not reflect Nietzsche's intent. (For example, Elisabeth removed aphorism 35 of <i>The Antichrist</i>, where Nietzsche rewrote a passage of the Bible.) Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Mazzino_Montinari" title="Mazzino Montinari">Mazzino Montinari</a>, the editor of Nietzsche's <i><a href="/wiki/Nachlass" title="Nachlass">Nachlass</a></i>, called it a forgery.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citizenship.2C_nationality.2C_ethnicity">Citizenship, nationality, ethnicity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Citizenship, nationality, ethnicity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>General commentators and Nietzsche scholars, whether emphasizing his cultural background or his language, overwhelmingly label Nietzsche as a "German philosopher".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> Others do not assign him a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national</a> category.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> Germany had not yet been unified into a nation-state but Nietzsche was born a citizen of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, which was then part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mencken2008_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mencken2008-86">[86]</a></sup> His birthplace, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6cken" title="Röcken">Röcken</a>, is in the modern German state of <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>. When he accepted his post at Basel, Nietzsche applied for the annulment of his Prussian citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> The official response confirming the revocation of his citizenship came in a document dated April 17, 1869,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> and for the rest of his life he remained officially <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a>.</p>
<p>Nietzsche believed that his ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish people">Polish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mencken1913_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mencken1913-89">[89]</a></sup> at least toward the end of his life. He wrote in 1888, "My ancestors were Polish noblemen (Nietzky); the type seems to have been well preserved despite three generations of German mothers."<sup id="cite_ref-hollingdalep6_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollingdalep6-90">[90]</a></sup> At one point Nietzsche becomes even more adamant about his Polish identity. "I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> On yet another occasion Nietzsche stated "Germany is a great nation only because its people have so much Polish blood in their veins [...] I am proud of my Polish descent."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> Nietzsche believed his name might have been <a href="/wiki/Germanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanized">Germanized</a>, in one letter claiming, "I was taught to ascribe the origin of my blood and name to Polish noblemen who were called Niëtzky and left their home and nobleness about a hundred years ago, finally yielding to unbearable suppression: they were Protestants."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup></p>
<p>Most scholars dispute Nietzsche's account of his family's origins. Hans von Müller debunked the genealogy put forward by Nietzsche's sister in favor of a Polish noble heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Oehler" title="Max Oehler">Max Oehler</a>, the curator of the <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche Archive">Nietzsche Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, argued that all of Nietzsche's ancestors bore German names, even the wives' families.<sup id="cite_ref-hollingdalep6_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollingdalep6-90">[90]</a></sup> Oehler claims that Nietzsche came from a long line of German <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran</a> clergymen on both sides of his family, and modern scholars regard the claim of Nietzsche's Polish ancestry as a "pure invention".<sup id="cite_ref-mencken_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mencken-95">[95]</a></sup> Colli and Montinari, the editors of Nietzsche's assembled letters, gloss Nietzsche's claims as a "mistaken belief" and "without foundation."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> The name <i>Nietzsche</i> itself is not a Polish name, but an exceptionally common one throughout central Germany, in this and cognate forms (such as <i>Nitsche</i> and <i>Nitzke</i>). The name derives from the forename <i>Nikolaus</i>, abbreviated to <i>Nick</i>; assimilated with the Slavic <i>Nitz</i>, it first became <i>Nitsche</i> and then <i>Nietzsche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hollingdalep6_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollingdalep6-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
<p>It is not known why Nietzsche wanted to be thought of as Polish nobility. According to biographer <a href="/wiki/R._J._Hollingdale" title="R. J. Hollingdale">R. J. Hollingdale</a>, Nietzsche's propagation of the Polish ancestry myth may have been part of the latter's "campaign against Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-hollingdalep6_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollingdalep6-90">[90]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Relationships_and_sexuality">Relationships and sexuality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Relationships and sexuality">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Nietzsche never married. Nietzsche proposed to <a href="/wiki/Lou_Andreas-Salom%C3%A9" title="Lou Andreas-Salomé">Lou Salomé</a> three times, but his proposal was rejected each time.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> The Nietzsche scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_K%C3%B6hler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Köhler (page does not exist)">Joachim Köhler</a> has attempted to explain Nietzsche's life history and philosophy by claiming that Nietzsche was <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a>. Köhler argues that Nietzsche's syphilis, which is "...usually considered to be the product of his encounter with a prostitute in a brothel in Cologne or Leipzig, is equally likely, it is now held, to have been contracted in a male brothel in Genoa."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> Köhler also suggests Nietzsche may have had a romantic relationship as well as a friendship with <a href="/wiki/Paul_R%C3%A9e" title="Paul Rée">Paul Rée</a>. Köhler's views have not found wide acceptance among Nietzsche scholars and commentators. Allan Megill argues that while Köhler's claim that Nietzsche was in confrontation with homosexual desire cannot simply be dismissed, "the evidence is very weak," and Köhler may be projecting twentieth-century understandings of sexuality on nineteenth-century notions of friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> Other scholars have argued that Köhler's sexuality-based interpretation is not helpful in understanding Nietzsche's philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> Some like <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Rodgers" title="Nigel Rodgers">Nigel Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mel_Thompson" title="Mel Thompson">Mel Thompson</a> have argued that continuous sickness and headaches hindered Nietzsche from engaging much with women. Yet, they bring other examples in which Nietzsche expressed his affections to other women, including Wagner's wife <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup></p>
<p>Nietzsche drank only pure water, carrying a canteen with him for this purpose, and a little strong tea in the morning. He stated that coffee "spreads darkness". Approaching middle age he experimented briefly with vegetarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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Friedrich Nietzsche in 1869.</div>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche</a></div>
<p>Because of Nietzsche's <a href="/wiki/Evocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Evocative">evocative</a> style and provocative ideas, his philosophy generates passionate reactions. His works remain controversial, due to varying interpretations and misinterpretations of his work. In the Western philosophy tradition, Nietzsche's writings have been described as the unique case of free revolutionary thought, that is, revolutionary in its structure and problems, although not tied to any revolutionary project.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2001_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett2001-105">[105]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Apollonian_and_Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Apollonian and Dionysian">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></div>
<p>The <i>Apollonian and Dionysian</i> is a two-fold philosophical concept, based on certain features of ancient Greek mythology: <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. While the concept is famously related to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a></i>, poet <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a> spoke of them before, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a> talked of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Bacchus</a>. One year before the publication of <i>The Birth of Tragedy</i>, Nietzsche wrote a fragment titled "On Music and Words".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> In it he asserted the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauerian</a> judgment that music is a primary expression of the essence of everything. Secondarily derivative are <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyrical poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, which represent mere <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenal</a> appearances of objects. In this way, <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> is born from <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>.</p>
<p>Nietzsche found in classical Athenian tragedy an art form that <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcended</a> the pessimism found in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Silenus#The_wisdom_of_Silenus" title="Silenus">wisdom of Silenus</a>. The Greek spectators, by looking into the abyss of human suffering depicted by characters on stage, passionately and joyously affirmed life, finding it worth living. A main theme in <i>The Birth of Tragedy</i> was that the fusion of Dionysian and Apollonian "<i>Kunsttrieben</i>" ("artistic impulses") forms dramatic arts, or tragedies. He goes on to argue that this fusion has not been achieved since the ancient Greek tragedians. Apollo represents harmony, progress, clarity and logic, whereas Dionysus represents disorder, intoxication, emotion and ecstasy. Nietzsche used these two forces because, for him, the world of mind and order on one side, and passion and chaos on the other formed principles that were fundamental to the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> Apollonian side being a dreaming state, full of illusions; and Dionysian being the state of intoxication, representing the liberations of instinct and dissolution of boundaries. In this mold, man appears as the <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>. He is the horror of the annihilation of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuality</a> and at the same time someone who delights in its destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> Both of these principles are meant to represent <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> states that appear through art as the power of nature in man.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup></p>
<p>The relationship between the Apollonian and Dionysian juxtapositions is apparent, in the interplay of tragedy: the tragic hero of the drama, the main protagonist, struggles to make order (in the Apollonian sense) of his unjust and chaotic (Dionysian) fate, though he dies unfulfilled in the end. Elaborating on the conception of <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> as an intellectual who cannot make up his mind, and therefore is a living <a href="/wiki/Antithesis" title="Antithesis">antithesis</a> to the man of action, Nietzsche argues that a Dionysian figure possesses knowledge to realize that his actions cannot change the eternal balance of things, and it disgusts him enough not to be able to make any act at all. Hamlet falls under this category – he has glimpsed the supernatural reality through the Ghost, he has gained true knowledge and knows that no action of his has the power to change this.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> For the audience of such drama, this tragedy allows them to sense an underlying essence, what Nietzsche called the <i>Primordial Unity</i>, which revives Dionysian nature. He describes this primordial unity as the increase of strength, experience of fullness and plenitude bestowed by <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frenzy#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:frenzy">frenzy</a>. Frenzy acts as an intoxication, and is crucial for the <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> condition that enables making of any art.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> Stimulated by this state, person's artistic will is enhanced:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"In this state one enriches everything out of one's own fullness: whatever one sees, whatever wills is seen swelled, <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taut#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:taut">taut</a>, strong, overloaded with strength. A man in this state transforms things until they mirror his power—until they are reflections of his perfection. This having to transform into perfection is—art."</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Nietzsche is adamant that the works of <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> represent the apex of artistic creation, the true realization of tragedy; it is with <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, he states, that tragedy begins its "<i>Untergang</i>" (literally "going under" or "downward-way," meaning decline, deterioration, downfall, death, etc.). Nietzsche objects to Euripides' use of <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic rationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> in his tragedies, claiming that the infusion of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> robs tragedy of its foundation, namely the fragile balance of the Dionysian and Apollonian. <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> emphasized reason to such a degree that he diffused the value of <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> and suffering to human knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> continued with this path in his dialogues and modern world eventually inherited reason at the expense of artistic impulses that could be found only in the Apollonian and Dionysus dichotomy. This leads to his conclusion that European culture from the time of Socrates had always been only Apollonian and thus <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadent</a> and unhealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> He notes that whenever Apollonian culture dominates, the Dionysian lacks the structure to make a coherent art, and when Dionysian dominates, the Apollonian lacks the necessary passion. Only the beautiful middle, the interplay of these two forces, brought together as an art represented real Greek tragedy.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup></p>
<p>An example of the impact of this idea can be seen in the book <i>Patterns of Culture</i>, where <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a> uses Nietzschean opposites of "Apollonian" and "Dionysian" as the stimulus for her thoughts about Native American cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> has written extensively on the dichotomy in <i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological Types</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> has commented that his book <i><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></i> should be read "under the sun of the great Nietzschean inquiry". Here Foucault references Nietzsche's description of the birth and death of tragedy and his explanation that the subsequent tragedy of the Western world was the refusal of tragic and, with that, refusal of the sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> Painter <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a> was influenced by Nietzsche's view of tragedy, which were presented in <i>The Birth of Tragedy.</i></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Perspectivism">Perspectivism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Perspectivism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">Perspectivism</a></div>
<p>Nietzsche claimed the death of God would eventually lead to the loss of any universal perspective on things, and along with it any coherent sense of objective truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELampert198617.E2.80.938_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELampert198617.E2.80.938-119">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidegger_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidegger-120">[120]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2012)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nietzsche himself rejected the idea of objective reality arguing that knowledge is <a href="/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)" title="Contingency (philosophy)">contingent</a> and conditional, relative to various fluid perspectives or interests.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup> This leads to constant reassessment of rules (i.e., those of philosophy, the scientific method, etc.) according to the circumstances of individual perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> This view has acquired the name <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">perspectivism</a></i>.</p>
<p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i>, Nietzsche proclaims that a table of values hangs above every great person. He points out that what is common among different peoples is the act of esteeming, of creating values, even if the values are different from one people to the next. Nietzsche asserts that what made people great was not the content of their beliefs, but the act of valuing. Thus the values a community strives to articulate are not as important as the collective will to see those values come to pass. The willing is more essential than the intrinsic worth of the goal itself, according to Nietzsche. "A thousand goals have there been so far," says Zarathustra, "for there are a thousand peoples. Only the yoke for the thousand necks is still lacking: the one goal is lacking. Humanity still has no goal." Hence, the title of the aphorism, "On The Thousand And One Goals". The idea that one value-system is no more worthy than the next, although it may not be directly ascribed to Nietzsche, has become a common premise in modern social science. <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> absorbed it and made it their own. It shaped their philosophical and cultural endeavor, as well as their political understanding. Weber for example, relies on Nietzsche's perspectivism by maintaining that objectivity is still possible—but only after a particular perspective, value, or end has been established.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup></p>
<p>Among his critique of traditional philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></i>, Nietzsche attacked <i><a href="/wiki/Thing_in_itself" class="mw-redirect" title="Thing in itself">thing in itself</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" title="Cogito ergo sum">cogito ergo sum</a></i> (<i>I think, therefore I am</i>) as <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">unfalsifiable</a> beliefs based on naive acceptance of previous notions and <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a> puts Nietzsche in a high place in the history of philosophy. While criticizing nihilism and Nietzsche together as a sign of general decay,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> he still commends him for recognizing psychological motives behind Kant and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>'s moral philosophy:<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup></p>
<blockquote>
<p>For it was Nietzsche's historic achievement to understand more clearly than any other philosopher...not only that what purported to be appeals of <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objectivity</a> were in fact expressions of subjective will, but also the nature of the problems that this posed for philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_.22slave_revolt.22_in_morals">The "slave revolt" in morals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: The &quot;slave revolt&quot; in morals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></div>
<p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a></i>, Nietzsche's <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">genealogical</a> account of the development of modern moral systems occupies a central place. For Nietzsche, a fundamental shift took place during human history from thinking in terms of <i>good and bad</i> toward <i>good and evil</i>.</p>
<p>The initial form of morality was set by a warrior <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracy</a> and other ruling castes of ancient civilizations. Aristocratic values of good and bad coincided with and reflected their relationship to lower castes such as slaves. Nietzsche presents this "master morality" as the original system of morality—perhaps best associated with Homeric Greece. To be "good" was to be happy and to have the things related to happiness: wealth, strength, health, power, etc. To be "bad" was to be like the slaves the aristocracy ruled over: poor, weak, sick, pathetic—an object of pity or disgust rather than hatred.</p>
<p><i>Slave morality</i> comes about as a reaction to master-morality. Here, value emerges from the contrast between good and evil: good being associated with other-worldliness, charity, piety, restraint, meekness, and submission; and evil seen as worldly, cruel, selfish, wealthy, and aggressive. Nietzsche sees slave morality as pessimistic and fearful, values for them serving only to ease the existence for those who suffer from the very same thing. He associates slave-morality with the Jewish and Christian traditions, in a way that slave-morality is born out of the <a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">ressentiment</a> of slaves. Nietzsche argued that the idea of equality allowed slaves to overcome their own condition without hating themselves. And by denying the inherent inequality of people (such as success, strength, beauty or intelligence), slaves acquired a method of escape, namely by generating new values on the basis of rejecting something that was seen as a perceived source of frustration. It was used to overcome the slave's own sense of inferiority before the (better-off) masters. It does so by making out slave weakness to be a matter of choice, by, e.g., relabeling it as "meekness." The "good man" of master morality is precisely the "evil man" of slave morality, while the "bad man" is recast as the "good man."</p>
<p>Nietzsche sees the slave-morality as a source of the nihilism that has overtaken Europe. Modern Europe and Christianity exist in a hypocritical state due to a tension between master and slave morality, both values contradictorily determining, to varying degrees, the values of most Europeans (who are <i><a href="/wiki/Motley" title="Motley">motley</a></i>). Nietzsche calls for exceptional people to no longer be ashamed of their uniqueness in the face of a supposed morality-for-all, which he deems to be harmful to the flourishing of exceptional people. He cautions, however, that morality, per se, is not bad; it is good for the masses, and should be left to them. Exceptional people, on the other hand, should follow their own "inner law." A favorite motto of Nietzsche, taken from <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, reads: "Become what you are."</p>
<p>A long standing assumption about Nietzsche is that he preferred master over slave morality. However, the Nietzsche scholar <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> rejected this interpretation, writing that Nietzsche's analyses of these two types of morality were only used in a <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">descriptive</a> and historic sense, they were not meant for any kind of acceptance or glorifications.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup></p>
<p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_(book)" title="The Dawn (book)">Daybreak</a></i>, Nietzsche begins his "Campaign against Morality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1974187_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1974187-130">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dM_I_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dM_I-131">[131]</a></sup> He calls himself an "immoralist" and harshly criticizes the prominent moral philosophies of his day: <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>. Nietzsche's concept "<a href="/wiki/God_is_dead" title="God is dead">God is dead</a>" applies to the doctrines of Christendom, though not to all other faiths: he claimed that <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is a successful religion that he compliments for fostering critical thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200926_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200926-132">[132]</a></sup> Still, Nietzsche saw his philosophy as a counter-movement to nihilism through appreciation of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>Art as the single superior counterforce against all will to negation of life, art as the anti-Christian, anti-Buddhist, anti-Nihilist par excellence."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Nietzsche claimed that the Christian faith as practised was not a proper representation of Jesus' teachings, as it forced people merely to believe in the way of Jesus but not to act as Jesus did, in particular his example of refusing to judge people, something that Christians had constantly done the opposite of.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200926_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200926-132">[132]</a></sup> He condemned institutionalized Christianity for emphasizing a morality of <a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">pity</a> (<i>Mitleid</i>), which assumes an inherent illness in society:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200927_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200927-134">[134]</a></sup></p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>Christianity is called the religion of <i>pity</i>. Pity stands opposed to the tonic emotions which heighten our vitality: it has a depressing effect. We are deprived of strength when we feel pity. That loss of strength which suffering as such inflicts on life is still further increased and multiplied by pity. Pity makes suffering contagious.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(book)" title="Ecce Homo (book)">Ecce Homo</a></i> Nietzsche called the establishment of moral systems based on a dichotomy of <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a> a "calamitous error",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dWhy_I_Am_a_Destiny.2C_.C2.A73_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dWhy_I_Am_a_Destiny.2C_.C2.A73-136">[136]</a></sup> and wished to initiate a <a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_all_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaluation of all values">re-evaluation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a> of the Judeo-Christian world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888c4.2C_8.2C_18.2C_29.2C_37.2C_40.2C_51.2C_57.2C_59_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888c4.2C_8.2C_18.2C_29.2C_37.2C_40.2C_51.2C_57.2C_59-137">[137]</a></sup> He indicates his desire to bring about a new, more naturalistic source of value in the vital impulses of life itself.</p>
<p>While Nietzsche attacked the principles of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, he was not antisemitic: in his work <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a></i>, he explicitly condemns antisemitism, and points out that his attack on Judaism was not an attack on contemporary Jewish people but specifically an attack upon the ancient Jewish priesthood whom he claims <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic Christians">antisemitic Christians</a> paradoxically based their views upon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200969_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200969-138">[138]</a></sup> An Israeli historian who performed a statistical analysis of everything Nietzsche wrote about Jews claims that cross references and context make clear that almost all (85%) negative comments are actually attacks on Christian doctrine or, sarcastically, on Richard Wagner.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup></p>
<p>Modern antisemitism Nietzsche felt was "despicable" and against European ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968-140">[140]</a></sup> Its cause, in his opinion, was the growth in European <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and the endemic "jealousy and hatred" of Jewish success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968-140">[140]</a></sup> He wrote that Jews should be thanked for helping uphold a respect for the philosophies of Ancient Greece,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968-140">[140]</a></sup> and for giving rise to "the noblest human being (Christ), the purest philosopher (<a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>), the mightiest book, and the most effective moral code in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-nebraska_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nebraska-141">[141]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_of_God_and_nihilism">Death of God and nihilism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Death of God and nihilism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_is_dead" title="God is dead">God is dead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></div>
<p>The statement <i><a href="/wiki/God_is_dead" title="God is dead">God is dead</a></i>, occurring in several of Nietzsche's works (notably in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gay_Science" title="The Gay Science">The Gay Science</a></i>), has become one of his best-known remarks. On the basis of it, most commentators<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> regard Nietzsche as an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>; others (such as Kaufmann) suggest that this statement reflects a more subtle understanding of divinity. Recent developments in modern science and the increasing <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> of European society had effectively 'killed' the Abrahamic God, who had served as the basis for meaning and value in the West for more than a thousand years. The death of God may lead beyond bare perspectivism to outright <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>, the belief that nothing has any inherent importance and that life lacks purpose. Here he states that the Christian moral doctrine provides people with <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">intrinsic value</a>, belief in God (which <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">justifies</a> the evil in the world) and a basis for <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective knowledge</a>. In this sense, in constructing a world where objective knowledge is possible, Christianity is an antidote to a primal form of nihilism—the despair of meaninglessness. As <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a> put the problem, "If <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> as the suprasensory ground and goal of all reality is dead, if the suprasensory world of the ideas has suffered the loss of its obligatory and above it its vitalizing and upbuilding power, then nothing more remains to which man can cling and by which he can orient himself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidegger61_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidegger61-143">[143]</a></sup></p>
<p>One such reaction to the loss of meaning is what Nietzsche calls <i>passive nihilism</i>, which he recognises in the <a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimistic</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>. Schopenhauer's doctrine—which Nietzsche also refers to as <a href="/wiki/Western_Buddhism#Philosophical_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Buddhism">Western Buddhism</a>—advocates separating oneself from will and desires in order to reduce suffering. Nietzsche characterises this <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> attitude as a "will to nothingness", whereby life turns away from itself, as there is nothing of value to be found in the world. This moving away of all value in the world is characteristic of the nihilist, although in this, the nihilist appears to be inconsistent:<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup></p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>A nihilist is a man who judges that the real world ought <i>not</i> to be, and that the world as it ought to be does not exist. According to this view, our existence (action, <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>, willing, feeling) has no meaning: this 'in vain' is the nihilists' pathos—an inconsistency on the part of the nihilists.</p>
<div class="templatequotecite"><cite>— Friedrich Nietzsche, KSA 12:9 [60], taken from <i>The Will to Power</i>, section 585, translated by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></cite></div>
</blockquote>
<p>Nietzsche approaches the problem of nihilism as a deeply personal one, stating that this problem of the modern world is a problem that has "become conscious" in him.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup> Furthermore, he emphasizes both the danger of nihilism and the possibilities it offers, as seen in his statement that "I praise, I do not reproach, [nihilism's] arrival. I believe it is one of the greatest crises, a moment of the deepest self-reflection of humanity. Whether man recovers from it, whether he becomes master of this crisis, is a question of his strength!"<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup> According to Nietzsche, it is only when nihilism is <i>overcome</i> that a culture can have a true foundation on which to thrive. He wished to hasten its coming only so that he could also hasten its ultimate departure. Heidegger interprets the death of God with what he explains as the death of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. He concludes that metaphysics has reached its potential and that the ultimate fate and downfall of metaphysics was proclaimed with the statement <i>God is dead</i>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Will_to_power">Will to power</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Will to power">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></div>
<p>A basic element in Nietzsche's philosophical outlook is the <i><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">will to power</a></i> (<i>der Wille zur Macht</i>), which he maintained provides a basis for understanding human behavior—more so than competing explanations, such as the ones based on pressure for adaptation or survival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche188613_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche188613-147">[147]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1882349_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1882349-148">[148]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1887II:12_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1887II:12-149">[149]</a></sup> As such, according to Nietzsche, the drive for conservation appears as the major motivator of human or animal behavior only in exceptions, as the general condition of life is not one of emergency, of 'struggle for existence'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888bSkirmishes_of_an_untimely_man.2C_.C2.A714_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888bSkirmishes_of_an_untimely_man.2C_.C2.A714-150">[150]</a></sup> More often than not, self-conservation is but a consequence of a creature's will to exert its strength on the outside world.</p>
<p>In presenting his theory of human behavior, Nietzsche also addressed, and attacked, concepts from philosophies popularly embraced in his days, such as Schopenhauer's notion of an aimless will or that of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>. Utilitarians claim that what moves people is mainly the desire to be happy, to accumulate pleasure in their lives. But such a conception of happiness Nietzsche rejected as something limited to, and characteristic of, the bourgeois lifestyle of the English society,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup> and instead put forth the idea that happiness is not an aim <i>per se</i>—it is instead a consequence of a successful pursuit of one's aims, of the overcoming of hurdles to one's actions—in other words, of the fulfillment of the will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888c.C2.A72_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888c.C2.A72-152">[152]</a></sup></p>
<p>Related to his theory of the will to power, is his speculation, which he did not deem final,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A736_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A736-153">[153]</a></sup> regarding the reality of the physical world, including inorganic matter—that, like man's affections and impulses, the material world is also set by the dynamics of a form of the will to power. At the core of his theory is a rejection of <i><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomism</a></i>—the idea that matter is composed of stable, indivisible units (atoms). Instead, he seems to have accepted the conclusions of <a href="/wiki/Ru%C4%91er_Bo%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruđer Bošković">Ruđer Bošković</a>, who explained the qualities of matter as a result of an interplay of forces.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A712_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A712-155">[155]</a></sup> One study of Nietzsche defines his fully developed concept of the will to power as "the element from which derive both the quantitative difference of related forces and the quality that devolves into each force in this relation" revealing the will to power as "the principle of the synthesis of forces."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeleuze200646_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeleuze200646-156">[156]</a></sup> Of such forces Nietzsche said they could perhaps be viewed as a primitive form of the will. Likewise he rejected as a mere interpretation the view that the movement of bodies is ruled by inexorable laws of nature, positing instead that movement was governed by the power relations between bodies and forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A722_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A722-157">[157]</a></sup> Other scholars disagree that Nietzsche considered the material world to be a form of the will to power. Nietzsche thoroughly criticized metaphysics, and by including the will to power in the material world, he would simply be setting up a new metaphysics. Other than aphorism 36 in Beyond Good and Evil, where he raised a question regarding will to power as being in the material world, it was only in his notes (unpublished by himself), where he wrote about a metaphysical will to power. Nietzsche directed his landlord to burn those notes in 1888 when he left Sils Maria for the last time.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eternal_return">Eternal return</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Eternal return">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></div>
<p><i>Eternal return</i> (also known as <i>eternal recurrence</i>) is a hypothetical concept that posits that the universe has been recurring, and will continue to recur, in a self-similar form for an infinite number of times across infinite time or space. It is a purely <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical</a> concept, involving no supernatural <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, but the return of beings in the same bodies. Nietzsche first invokes the idea of eternal return in a parable in Section 341 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gay_Science" title="The Gay Science">The Gay Science</a></i>, and also in the chapter "Of the Vision and the Riddle" in <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i>, among other places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1961176.E2.80.9380_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1961176.E2.80.9380-159">[159]</a></sup> Nietzsche contemplates the idea as potentially "horrifying and paralyzing," and says that its burden is the "heaviest weight" imaginable ("<i>das schwerste Gewicht</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> The wish for the eternal return of all events would mark the ultimate affirmation of life, a reaction to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>'s praise of denying the will?to?live. To comprehend eternal recurrence in his thought, and to not merely come to peace with it but to embrace it, requires <i><a href="/wiki/Amor_fati" title="Amor fati">amor fati</a></i>, "love of fate".<sup id="cite_ref-dudl_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dudl-161">[161]</a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a> points out in his lectures on Nietzsche, Nietzsche's first mention of eternal recurrence presents this concept as a <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">hypothetical <i>question</i></a> rather than postulating it as a fact. According to Heidegger, it is the burden imposed by the <i>question</i> of eternal recurrence—whether or not such a thing could possibly be true—that is so significant in modern thought: "The way Nietzsche here patterns the first communication of the thought of the 'greatest burden' [of eternal recurrence] makes it clear that this 'thought of thoughts' is at the same time 'the most burdensome thought.' "<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup></p>
<p>Not only does Nietzsche posit that the universe is recurring over infinite time and space, but that the different versions of events that have occurred in the past may at one point or another take place again, hence "all configurations that have previously existed on this earth must yet meet..."<sup id="cite_ref-Vintage_Books_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vintage_Books-163">[163]</a></sup> And with each version of events is hoping that some knowledge or awareness is gained to better the individual hence "And thus it will happen one day that a man will be born again, just like me and a woman will be born, just like Mary – only that it is hoped to be that the head of this man may contain a little less foolishness..."<sup id="cite_ref-Vintage_Books_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vintage_Books-163">[163]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nehamas" title="Alexander Nehamas">Alexander Nehamas</a> writes in <i>Nietzsche: Life as Literature</i> of three ways of seeing the eternal recurrence: "(A) My life will recur in exactly identical fashion." This expresses a totally fatalistic approach to the idea. "(B) My life may recur in exactly identical fashion." This second view conditionally asserts cosmology, but fails to capture what Nietzsche refers to in <i>The Gay Science</i>, 341. Finally, "(C) If my life were to recur, then it could recur only in identical fashion." Nehamas shows that this interpretation exists totally independently of physics and does not presuppose the truth of cosmology. Nehamas draws the conclusion that if individuals constitute themselves through their actions, then they can only maintain themselves in their current state by living in a recurrence of past actions (Nehamas 153). Nietzsche's thought is the negation of the idea of a history of salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Tongeren2000_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tongeren2000-164">[164]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".C3.9Cbermensch">Übermensch</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Übermensch">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermensch</a></div>
<p>Another concept important to an understanding of Nietzsche's thought is the <i>Übermensch</i> (translated variously as "overman", "superman", or "super-human").<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> Developing the idea of nihilism, Nietzsche wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i>, therein introducing the concept of a value-creating Übermensch, not as a project, but as an anti-project, the absence of any project.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2001_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett2001-105">[105]</a></sup> According to Lampert, "the death of God must be followed by a long twilight of piety and nihilism (II. 19; III. 8). ... Zarathustra's gift of the overman is given to a mankind not aware of the problem to which the overman is the solution."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELampert198618_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELampert198618-169">[169]</a></sup> Zarathustra presents the overman as the creator of new values, and he appears as a solution to the problem of the death of God and nihilism. The overman does not follow morality of common people since it favors mediocrity but instead rises above the notion of <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a> and above the <i><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">herd</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> In this way Zarathustra proclaims his ultimate goal as the journey towards the state of overman. He wants a kind of spiritual evolution of self-awareness and overcoming of traditional views on morality and justice that stem from the <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> beliefs still deeply rooted or related to the notion of God and Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup></p>
<p>While interpretations of Nietzsche's overman vary wildly, here is one of his quotations from <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i> (Prologue, §§3–4):</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>I teach you the overman. Man is something that shall be overcome. What have you done to overcome him?... All beings so far have created something beyond themselves; and do you want to be the ebb of this great flood, and even go back to the beasts rather than overcome man? What is ape to man? A laughing stock or painful embarrassment. And man shall be that to overman: a laughingstock or painful embarrassment. You have made your way from worm to man, and much in you is still worm. Once you were apes, and even now, too, man is more ape than any ape... The overman is the meaning of the earth. Let your will say: the overman shall be the meaning of the earth... Man is a rope, tied between beast and overman—a rope over an abyss ... what is great in man is that he is a bridge and not an end.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Zarathustra contrasts the overman with the <a href="/wiki/Last_man" title="Last man">last man</a> of egalitarian modernity (most obvious example being <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>), an alternative goal humanity might set for itself. The last man is possible only by mankind's having bred an <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathetic</a> creature who has no great passion or commitment, who is unable to dream, who merely earns his living and keeps warm. This concept appears only in <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i>, and is presented as a condition that would render the creation of the overman impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup></p>
<p>Some have suggested that the notion of eternal return is related to the overman since willing the eternal return of the same is a necessary step if the overman is to create new values, untainted by the spirit of gravity or <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>. Values involve a rank-ordering of things, and so are inseparable from approval and disapproval; yet it was dissatisfaction that prompted men to seek refuge in other-worldliness and embrace other-worldly values. It could seem that the overman, in being devoted to any values at all, would necessarily fail to create values that did not share some bit of asceticism. Willing the eternal recurrence is presented as accepting the existence of the low while still recognizing it as the low, and thus as overcoming the spirit of gravity or asceticism. One must have the strength of the overman in order to will the eternal recurrence; that is, only the overman will have the strength to fully accept all of his past life, including his failures and misdeeds, and to truly will their eternal return. This action nearly kills Zarathustra, for example, and most human beings cannot avoid other-worldliness because they really are sick, not because of any choice they made.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Critique_of_mass_culture">Critique of mass culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Critique of mass culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Friedrich Nietzsche held a pessimistic view on modern society and culture. His views stand against the concept of popular culture. He believed the press and mass culture led to conformity and brought about mediocrity. Nietzsche saw a lack of progress, leading to the decline of the human species. According to Nietzsche, individuals needed to overcome this form of mass culture. He believed some people were able to become superior individuals through the use of will power. By rising above mass culture, society would produce higher, brighter and healthier human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reading_and_influence">Reading and influence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Reading and influence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nietzsche_Archives_in_Weimar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nietzsche_Archives_in_Weimar.jpg/220px-Nietzsche_Archives_in_Weimar.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nietzsche_Archives_in_Weimar.jpg/330px-Nietzsche_Archives_in_Weimar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nietzsche_Archives_in_Weimar.jpg/440px-Nietzsche_Archives_in_Weimar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a>
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The residence of Nietzsche's last three years, along with archive in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, Germany, which holds many of Nietzsche's papers.</div>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Library of Friedrich Nietzsche">Library of Friedrich Nietzsche</a></div>
<p>A trained philologist, Nietzsche had a thorough knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>. He read <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Spir" class="mw-redirect" title="African Spir">Spir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup> who became his main opponents in his philosophy, and later <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, whom he saw as his "precursor" in many respects<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup> but as a personification of the "ascetic ideal" in others. However, Nietzsche referred to Kant as a "moral fanatic", Plato as "boring", Mill as a "blockhead", and of Spinoza he said: "How much of personal timidity and vulnerability does this masquerade of a sickly recluse betray?".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2004693.E2.80.9397_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2004693.E2.80.9397-176">[176]</a></sup></p>
<p>Nietzsche's philosophy, while innovative and revolutionary, was indebted to many predecessors. While at Basel, Nietzsche offered lecture courses on pre-Platonic philosophers for several years, and the text of this lecture series has been characterized as a "lost link" in the development of his thought. "In it concepts such as the will to power, the eternal return of the same, the overman, gay science, self-overcoming and so on receive rough, unnamed formulations and are linked to specific pre-Platonics, especially Heraclitus, who emerges as a pre-Platonic Nietzsche."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche2001xxxvii_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche2001xxxvii-177">[177]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Socratic">pre-Socratic</a> thinker <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> was known for the rejection of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Being" title="Being">being</a> as a constant and eternal principle of universe, and his embrace of "flux" and incessant change. His symbolism of the world as "child play" marked by amoral spontaneity and lack of definite rules was appreciated by Nietzsche.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoochnik200437.E2.80.939_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoochnik200437.E2.80.939-178">[178]</a></sup> From his Heraclitean sympathy, Nietzsche was also a vociferous detractor of <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, who opposed Heraclitus and believed all world is a single Being with no change at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoochnik200448_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoochnik200448-179">[179]</a></sup></p>
<p>In his <i>Egotism in German Philosophy</i>, <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a> claimed that Nietzsche's whole philosophy was a reaction to Schopenhauer. Santayana wrote that Nietzsche's work was "an emendation of that of Schopenhauer. The will to live would become the will to dominate; pessimism founded on reflection would become optimism founded on courage; the suspense of the will in contemplation would yield to a more biological account of intelligence and taste; finally in the place of pity and asceticism (Schopenhauer's two principles of morals) Nietzsche would set up the duty of asserting the will at all costs and being cruelly but beautifully strong. These points of difference from Schopenhauer cover the whole philosophy of Nietzsche."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantayana1916114_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantayana1916114-180">[180]</a></sup></p>
<p>Nietzsche expressed admiration for 17th-century French moralists such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(writer)" title="François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)">La Rochefoucauld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Bruy%C3%A8re" title="Jean de La Bruyère">La Bruyère</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vauvenargues_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauvenargues (writer)">Vauvenargues</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup> as well as for <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888d.22Why_I_am_So_Clever.22.2C_.C2.A73_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888d.22Why_I_am_So_Clever.22.2C_.C2.A73-182">[182]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">organicism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bourget" title="Paul Bourget">Paul Bourget</a> influenced Nietzsche,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup> as did that of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Espinas" title="Alfred Espinas">Alfred Espinas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup> Nietzsche wrote in a letter in 1867 that he was trying to improve his German style of writing with the help of <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a> and Schopenhauer. It was probably Lichtenberg (along with <a href="/wiki/Paul_R%C3%A9e" title="Paul Rée">Paul Rée</a>) whose aphoristic style of writing contributed to Nietzsche's own use of <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a> instead of an <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup> Nietzsche early learned of <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> through <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Albert_Lange" title="Friedrich Albert Lange">Friedrich Albert Lange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouillee_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouillee-186">[186]</a></sup> The essays of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> had a profound influence on Nietzsche, who "loved Emerson from first to last",<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup> wrote "Never have I felt so much at home in a book", and called him "[the] author who has been richest in ideas in this century so far".<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a> influenced Nietzsche's view on <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup> Notably, he also read some of the posthumous works of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzino_Montinari_1996_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzino_Montinari_1996-190">[190]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>'s <i>My Religion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>'s <i>Life of Jesus</i> and <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a>'s <i>Demons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzino_Montinari_1996_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzino_Montinari_1996-190">[190]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1974306.E2.80.9340_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1974306.E2.80.9340-191">[191]</a></sup> Nietzsche called Dostoevsky "the only psychologist from whom I have anything to learn."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888b.C2.A745_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888b.C2.A745-192">[192]</a></sup> While Nietzsche never mentions <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>, the similarities in their ideas have prompted a minority of interpreters to suggest a <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">relationship between the two</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></sup> In 1861 Nietzsche wrote an enthusiastic essay on his "favorite poet", <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a>, mostly forgotten at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup> He also expressed deep appreciation for Stifter's <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Nachsommer" title="Der Nachsommer">Indian Summer</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Sickendiek.2C_Burkhard_2004._p._323_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Sickendiek.2C_Burkhard_2004._p._323-201">[201]</a></sup> Byron's <i><a href="/wiki/Manfred" title="Manfred">Manfred</a></i> and Twain's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Sawyer" title="The Adventures of Tom Sawyer">Tom Sawyer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche</a></div>
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Portrait of Friedrich Nietzsche by <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>, 1906.</div>
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<p>Nietzsche's works did not reach a wide readership during his active writing career. However, in 1888 the influential Danish critic <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a> aroused considerable excitement about Nietzsche through a series of lectures he gave at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>. In the years after Nietzsche's death in 1900, his works became better known, and readers have responded to them in complex and sometimes controversial ways.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></sup> Many Germans eventually discovered his appeals for greater <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and personality development in <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i>, but responded to them divergently. He had some following among left-wing Germans in the 1890s; in 1894–1895 German conservatives wanted to ban his work as <a href="/wiki/Subversive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive">subversive</a>. During the late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche's ideas were commonly associated with anarchist movements</a> and appear to have had influence within them, particularly in France and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> produced the first book on Nietzsche in English in 1907, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche</a></i>, and in 1910, a book of translated paragraphs from Nietzsche, increasing knowledge of his philosophy in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup> Nietzsche is known today as a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">postmodernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Symons" title="Arthur Symons">Arthur Symons</a> described Nietzsche as the intellectual heir to <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>. Symons went on to compare the ideas of the two thinkers in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Symbolist_Movement_in_Literature" title="The Symbolist Movement in Literature">The Symbolist Movement in Literature</a></i> while Yeats tried to raise awareness of Nietzsche in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup> A similar notion was espoused by <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> who wrote of Nietzsche in his <i>New Year Letter</i> (released in 1941 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Double_Man_(book)" title="The Double Man (book)">The Double Man</a></i>): "O masterly <a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">debunker</a> of our liberal fallacies [...] all your life you stormed, like your English forerunner Blake".<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></sup> Nietzsche made an impact on <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> during the 1890s. Writer on music <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Donald Mitchell (writer)">Donald Mitchell</a> notes that <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> was "attracted to the poetic fire of Zarathustra, but repelled by the intellectual core of its writings." He also quotes Gustav himself, and adds that he was influenced by Nietzsche's conception and affirmative approach to nature, which Mahler presented in <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Third Symphony</a> using <a href="/wiki/Zarathustra%27s_roundelay" title="Zarathustra's roundelay">Zarathustra's roundelay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Frederick Delius</a> has produced a piece of choral music <a href="/wiki/A_Mass_of_Life" title="A Mass of Life">A Mass of Life</a> based on a text of <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> (who also based his <a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra_(Strauss)" title="Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)">Also sprach Zarathustra</a> on the same book), was only interested in finishing "another chapter of symphonic autobiography".<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></sup> Famous writers and poets influenced by Nietzsche include <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Jeffers" title="Robinson Jeffers">Robinson Jeffers</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Baroja" title="Pío Baroja">Pío Baroja</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_S%C3%B6dergran" title="Edith Södergran">Edith Södergran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Yukio Mishima</a>.</p>
<p>Nietzsche was an early influence on the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> counted Nietzsche, along with <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a> and Dostoyevsky as one of his primary influences.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a> wrote that he was more stimulated by Nietzsche than by any other writer.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></sup> Critics have suggested that the character of David Grief in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Son_of_the_Sun_(novel)" title="A Son of the Sun (novel)">A Son of the Sun</a></i> was based on Nietzsche.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></sup> Nietzsche's influence on <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> is most evidenced in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_the_Self" title="The Secrets of the Self">Asrar-i-Khudi</a> (The Secrets of the Self)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></sup> was another reader of Nietzsche and elements of Nietzsche's philosophy were found throughout <i><a href="/wiki/Harmonium_(poetry_collection)" title="Harmonium (poetry collection)">Harmonium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a> was influenced by the idea of Übermensch and it is central theme in his books <i><a href="/wiki/Odd_John" title="Odd John">Odd John</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(novel)" title="Sirius (novel)">Sirius</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></sup> In Russia, Nietzsche has influenced <a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></sup> and figures such as <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(poet)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a> have all incorporated or discussed parts of Nietzsche philosophy in their works. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice" title="Death in Venice">Death in Venice</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></sup> shows a use of Apollonian and Dionysian, and in <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(novel)" title="Doctor Faustus (novel)">Doctor Faustus</a></i> Nietzsche was a central source for the character of Adrian Leverkühn.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, similarly, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_and_Goldmund" title="Narcissus and Goldmund">Narcissus and Goldmund</a></i> presents two main characters in the sense of Apollonian and Dionysian as the two opposite yet intertwined spirits. Painter <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Segantini" title="Giovanni Segantini">Giovanni Segantini</a> was fascinated by <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i>, and he drew an illustration for the first Italian translation of the book. The Russian painter <a href="/wiki/Lena_Hades" title="Lena Hades">Lena Hades</a> created the oil painting cycle "<a href="/wiki/Also_Sprach_Zarathustra_(painting)" title="Also Sprach Zarathustra (painting)">Also Sprach Zarathustra</a>" dedicated to the book <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></sup></p>
<p>By World War I, Nietzsche had acquired a reputation as an inspiration for both right-wing German <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> and leftist politics. German soldiers received copies of <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i> as gifts during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann19748_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann19748-233">[233]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> provides a contrasting example of his reception: the French antisemitic Right labelled the Jewish and Leftist intellectuals who defended <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a> as "Nietzscheans".<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></sup> Nietzsche had a distinct appeal for many <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> thinkers around the start of the 20th century most notable being <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Zeitlin" title="Hillel Zeitlin">Hillel Zeitlin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Micha_Josef_Berdyczewski" title="Micha Josef Berdyczewski">Micha Josef Berdyczewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._D._Gordon" title="A. D. Gordon">A. D. Gordon</a><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> who went so far as to extoll Nietzsche as a "creator" and "emissary of life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolomb1997234.E2.80.9335_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolomb1997234.E2.80.9335-238">[238]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> was a great admirer of Nietzsche; the first president of Israel sent Nietzsche's books to his wife, adding a comment in a letter that "This was the best and finest thing I can send to you".<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Eldad" title="Israel Eldad">Israel Eldad</a>, the ideological chief of the <a href="/wiki/Stern_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern Gang">Stern Gang</a> that fought the British in Palestine in the 1940s, wrote about Nietzsche in his underground newspaper and later translated most of Nietzsche's books into Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> remarked that <i>Zarathustra</i> influenced him more than any other book he ever read. He also shared Nietzsche's view of <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></sup> Plays <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_God_Brown" title="The Great God Brown">The Great God Brown</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Laughed" title="Lazarus Laughed">Lazarus Laughed</a></i> are an example of Nietzsche's influence on O'Neill.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></sup> Nietzsche's influence on the works of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> philosophers <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></sup> can be seen in the popular <i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i>. Adorno summed up Nietzsche's philosophy as expressing the "<a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/humane#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:humane">humane</a> in a world in which humanity has become a sham."<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></sup></p>
<p>Nietzsche's growing prominence suffered a severe setback when his works became closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the German Reich. Many political leaders of the twentieth century were at least superficially familiar with Nietzsche's ideas, although it is not always possible to determine whether they actually read his work. It is debated among scholars whether Hitler read Nietzsche, although if he did his reading of him may not have been extensive.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></sup> He was a frequent visitor to the Nietzsche museum in Weimar and did use expressions of Nietzsche's, such as "lords of the earth" in <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></sup> The Nazis made selective use of Nietzsche's philosophy. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></sup> read Nietzsche. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> read Nietzsche with "curious interest," and his book <i>Beyond Peace</i> might have taken its title from Nietzsche's book <i>Beyond Good and Evil</i> which Nixon read beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> wrote that Nietzsche had exerted great influence on philosophers and on people of literary and artistic culture, but warned that the attempt to put Nietzsche's philosophy of aristocracy into practice could only be done by an organization similar to the Fascist or the Nazi party.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_1945_766_.26_770_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_1945_766_.26_770-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
<p>A decade after World War II, there was a revival of Nietzsche's philosophical writings thanks to exhaustive translations and analyses by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/R.J._Hollingdale" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J. Hollingdale">R.J. Hollingdale</a>. Others, well known philosophers in their own right, wrote commentaries on Nietzsche's philosophy, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, who produced a four-volume study and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a> who wrote a book called <i>Dostoyevski, Tolstoy and Nietzsche</i> where he portrays Nietzsche and Dostoyevski as the "thinkers of tragedy".<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a> compares Nietzsche's importance to ethics to that of <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a> read Nietzsche avidly from his early life, and later frequently discussed many of his concepts in his own works. Nietzsche has influenced philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Max Scheler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a>. Camus described Nietzsche as "the only artist to have derived the extreme consequences of an aesthetics of the <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurd</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a> called Nietzsche one of the masters of the "school of suspicion", alongside <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ric.C5.93ur_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ric.C5.93ur-266">[266]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> was also influenced by Nietzsche.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections" title="Memories, Dreams, Reflections">Memories, Dreams, Reflections</a></i>, a biography transcribed by his secretary, he cites Nietzsche as a large influence.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></sup> Aspects of Nietzsche's philosophy, especially his ideas of the self and his relation to society, also run through much of late-twentieth and early twenty-first century thought.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></sup> His deepening of the romantic-heroic tradition of the nineteenth century, for example, as expressed in the ideal of the "grand striver" appears in the work of thinkers from <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Roberto Mangabeira Unger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></sup> For Nietzsche this grand striver overcomes obstacles, engages in epic struggles, pursues new goals, embraces recurrent novelty, and transcends existing structures and contexts. No social or cultural construct can contain this idealized individual.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nietzsche-Stein_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nietzsche-Stein_01.jpg/220px-Nietzsche-Stein_01.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nietzsche-Stein_01.jpg/330px-Nietzsche-Stein_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nietzsche-Stein_01.jpg/440px-Nietzsche-Stein_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a>
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The <i>Nietzsche Stone</i>, near <a href="/wiki/Surlej" title="Surlej">Surlej</a>, the inspiration for <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i></div>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche_bibliography" title="Friedrich Nietzsche bibliography">Friedrich Nietzsche bibliography</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_about_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="List of works about Friedrich Nietzsche">List of works about Friedrich Nietzsche</a></div>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Greek_Music_Drama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Greek Music Drama (page does not exist)">The Greek Music Drama</a></i> (1870)</li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Greek_State&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Greek State (page does not exist)">The Greek State</a></i> (1871)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a></i> (1872)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Truth_and_Lies_in_a_Nonmoral_Sense" title="On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense">On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense</a></i> (1873)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Tragic_Age_of_the_Greeks" title="Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks">Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks</a></i> (1873)</li>
<li><i>We Philologists</i> (1874, posthumous)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Untimely_Meditations_(Nietzsche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Untimely Meditations (Nietzsche)">Untimely Meditations</a></i> (1876)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Human,_All_Too_Human" title="Human, All Too Human">Human, All Too Human</a></i> (1878)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_(book)" title="The Dawn (book)">The Dawn</a></i> (1881)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gay_Science" title="The Gay Science">The Gay Science</a></i> (1882)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i> (1883)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></i> (1886)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a></i> (1887)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Wagner" title="The Case of Wagner">The Case of Wagner</a></i> (1888)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Idols" title="Twilight of the Idols">Twilight of the Idols</a></i> (1888)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Antichrist_(book)" title="The Antichrist (book)">The Antichrist</a></i> (1888)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(book)" title="Ecce Homo (book)">Ecce Homo</a></i> (1888)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_contra_Wagner" title="Nietzsche contra Wagner">Nietzsche contra Wagner</a></i> (1888)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> (unpublished manuscripts edited by <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche" title="Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche">Elisabeth</a>)</li>
<li><i>The Peacock and the Buffalo: The Poetry of Nietzsche</i> (2010) (first complete English translation of Nietzsche's poetry)<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche">Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">The Antichrist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_free_will" title="Friedrich Nietzsche and free will">Friedrich Nietzsche and free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy (philosophy)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Man" title="The Ascent of Man">The Ascent of Man</a></i></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/idealism/#Nie">Idealism on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzch/">"Friedrich Nietzsche,"</a> by Dale Wilkerson, <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, ISSN 2161-0002, retrieved 14 October 2015.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael N. Forster, <i>After Herder: Philosophy of Language in the German Tradition</i>, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 9.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWells1990" class="citation">Wells, John C (1990), "Nietzsche", <i>Longman pronunciation dictionary</i>, Harlow, UK: Longman, p.&#160;478, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05383-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-05383-8">0-582-05383-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=John+C&amp;rft.aulast=Wells&amp;rft.btitle=Longman+pronunciation+dictionary&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-582-05383-8&amp;rft.pages=478&amp;rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=Longman&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-iep.utm.edu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Friedrich Nietzsche," by Dale Wilkerson, <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, ISSN 2161-0002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzch/">http://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzch/</a>. 14 October2015.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Raymond_A._Belliotti_2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_A._Belliotti_2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_A._Belliotti_2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond A. Belliotti, <i>Jesus or Nietzsche: How Should We Live Our Lives?</i> (Rodopi, 2013), 195–201</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Russell_1945_766_.26_770-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_1945_766_.26_770_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_1945_766_.26_770_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_1945_766_.26_770_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1945). <i>A History of Western Philosophy</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.&#160;766 &amp; 770. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20158-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20158-1">0-671-20158-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1945&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-671-20158-1&amp;rft.pages=766+%26+770&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Friedrich_Nietzsche-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich_Nietzsche_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich_Nietzsche_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich_Nietzsche_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wicks, R. (Summer 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/nietzsche/">"Friedrich Nietzsche"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved 2011-10-06.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brobjer, Thomas. <i>Nietzsche's philosophical context: an intellectual biography</i>, p. 42. University of Illinois Press, 2008.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bernd, Magnus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414670/Friedrich-Nietzsche">"Nietzsche, Friedrich"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche%2C+Friedrich&amp;rft.aufirst=Magnus&amp;rft.aulast=Bernd&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F414670%2FFriedrich-Nietzsche&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-matthews-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthews_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthews_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Matthews (4 May 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3313279/Madness-of-Nietzsche-was-cancer-not-syphilis.html">"'Madness' of Nietzsche was cancer not syphilis"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKinnon, A. M. (2012). 'Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion: Towards a Theory after Nietzsche'. Journal of Contemporary Religion, vol 27, no. 2, pp. 203–216 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3056/1/Nietzsche_religion_metaphor_for_repository.pdf">[1]</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See his own words: F. Nietzsche (1888), <i>Twilight of the Idols</i>. "Four Great Errors", 1, tr. W. Kaufmann &amp; R.J. Hollingdale (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handprint.com/SC/NIE/GotDamer.html">online version</a>). A strict example of a cause-and-effect mismatch, with regard to the God-creator as the cause and our concepts as the effects, is perhaps not fully stressed in this fragment, but the more <i>explicit</i> it is stressed in the same book, chapter "»Reason«&#160;in philosophy", 4, as well as in <i>The Antichrist</i> (57, where real and imaginary origins are contrasted, and 62, where he calls <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> 'a fatality' – 'fatal' also meaning 'unavoidable') and in <i>The Genealogy of Morals</i>, books 1–3, among others. The topic of "<i>false</i> origins" of ideas is also suggested in <i>The Four Great Errors</i>, 3, and (precisely about morality) in e.g. <i>The Will to Power</i>, tr. W. Kaufmann, 343 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qylpH4E4enQC&amp;pg=PT272#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">online text here</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Gemes, J. Richardson, <i>The Oxford Handbook of Nietzsche</i>, Oxford Univ. Press, 2013, p. 177-178 ("The Duality of Nietzsche's Theory of the Will to Power: The Psychological and Cosmological Aspects"). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZmJAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA177&amp;redir_esc=y&amp;f=false">Read online here</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golomb, Jacob and Robert S. Wistrich (eds.), 2002, <i>Nietzsche, Godfather of Fascism?: On the Uses and Abuses of a Philosophy.</i> Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marianne Constable, "Genealogy and Jurisprudence: Nietzsche, Nihilism, and the Social Scientification of Law,? <i>Law &amp; Social Inquiry</i> 19, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 551–590.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/nietzsche66.html"><i>Stanford News</i></a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197422-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197422_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1974">Kaufmann 1974</a>, p.&#160;22.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wicks-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wicks_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wicks_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wicks, Robert (2014-01-01). Zalta, Edward N., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/nietzsche/"><i>Friedrich Nietzsche</i></a> (Winter 2014 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Wicks&amp;rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=2014-01-01&amp;rft.edition=Winter+2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2014%2Fentries%2Fnietzsche%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krell, David Farrell, and Donald L. Bates. The Good European: Nietzsche's work sites in word and image. University of Chicago Press, 1997.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECate200537-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate200537_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCate2005">Cate 2005</a>, p.&#160;37.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayman, Ronald. <i>Nietzsche: A Critical Life</i>, p. 42. Oxford University Press, 1980.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohler, Joachim. <i>Nietzsche &amp; Wagner: A Lesson in Subjugation</i>, p. 17. Yale University Press, 1998.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingdale, R.J. <i>Nietzche: The Man and his Philosophy</i>, p. 21. Cambridge University Press, 1999.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His "valedictorian paper" (<i>Valediktionsarbeit</i>, graduation thesis for Pforta students) was titled "On <a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis of Megara</a>" ("<i>De Theognide Megarensi</i>"); see Anthony K. Jensen, Helmut Heit (eds.), <i>Nietzsche as a Scholar of Antiquity</i>, A&amp;C Black, 2014, p. 4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Schaberg-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaberg_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaberg_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchaberg1996" class="citation">Schaberg, William (1996), <i>The Nietzsche Canon</i>, University of Chicago Press, p.&#160;32</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Schaberg&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nietzsche+Canon&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSalaquarda1996" class="citation">Salaquarda, Jörg (1996), "Nietzsche and the Judaeo-Christian tradition", <i>The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche</i>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, p.&#160;99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche+and+the+Judaeo-Christian+tradition&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&amp;rft.aulast=Salaquarda&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=99&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babbledom.com/2011/02/17/intermission/"><i>Nietzsche, Letter to His Sister (1865)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+Letter+to+His+Sister+%281865%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabbledom.com%2F2011%2F02%2F17%2Fintermission%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414670/Friedrich-Nietzsche">"Friedrich Nietzsche (German philosopher) – Encyclopedia Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2014-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche+%28German+philosopher%29+%93+Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2014-04-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F414670%2FFriedrich-Nietzsche&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pence, Charles H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/759427/Nietzsches_Aesthetic_Critique_of_Darwin">"Nietzsche's aesthetic critique of Darwin"</a>. <i>History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences</i> <b>33</b> (2): 165–90. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22288334">22288334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche%27s+aesthetic+critique+of+Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Pence&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F759427%2FNietzsches_Aesthetic_Critique_of_Darwin&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22288334&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=History+and+Philosophy+of+the+Life+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=165-90&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=33" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayman, Ronald. <i>Nietzsche: A Critical Life</i>, p. 93. Oxford University Press (New York), 1980.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nietzsche, Friedrich. <a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Selected_Letters_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#To_Freiherr_Karl_Von_Gersdorff_.E2.80.93_June.2C_1868" class="extiw" title="s:Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche">Letter to Karl Von Gersdorff</a>, June 1868.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche1868" class="citation">Nietzsche, Friedrich (November 1868), <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Selected_Letters_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#To_Rohde_-_October.2C_1868"><i>Letter to Rohde</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Friedrich&amp;rft.aulast=Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Letter+to+Rohde&amp;rft.date=1868-11&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FSelected_Letters_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche%23To_Rohde_-_October.2C_1868&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony K. Jensen, Helmut Heit (eds.), <i>Nietzsche as a Scholar of Antiquity</i>, A&amp;C Black, 2014, p. 129.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197425-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197425_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1974">Kaufmann 1974</a>, p.&#160;25.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2004" class="citation">Bishop, Paul (2004), <i>Nietzsche and Antiquity</i>, p.&#160;117</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Bishop&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Antiquity&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=117&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony K. Jensen, Helmut Heit (eds.), <i>Nietzsche as a Scholar of Antiquity</i>, A&amp;C Black, 2014, p. 115.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George E. McCarthy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.kenyon.edu/mccarthy/Book1.htm"><i>Dialectics and Decadence</i></a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between 1868 and 1870, he published two other studies on Diogenes Laertius: <i>De Fontibus Diogenis Laertii</i> ("On the Sources of Diogenes Laertius"; Part I: 1868, Part II: 1869) and <i>Analecta Laertiana</i> (1870); see Jensen and Heit (eds.), 2014, p. 115.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hecker, Hellmuth: "Nietzsches Staatsangehörigkeit als Rechtsfrage", <i>Neue Juristische Wochenschrift</i>, Jg. 40, 1987, nr. 23, pp. 1388–91.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His, Eduard: "Friedrich Nietzsches Heimatlosigkeit", <i>Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde</i>, vol. 40, 1941, p. 159–86. Note that some authors (among them Deussen and <a href="/wiki/Mazzino_Montinari" title="Mazzino Montinari">Montinari</a>) mistakenly claim that Nietzsche became a Swiss citizen.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sax, L. (2003). "What was the cause of Nietzsche's dementia?". <i>Journal of medical biography</i> <b>11</b> (1): 47–54. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522502">12522502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=What+was+the+cause+of+Nietzsche%27s+dementia%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.aulast=Sax&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12522502&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+medical+biography&amp;rft.pages=47-54&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=11" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchain2001" class="citation">Schain, Richard (2001), <i>The Legend of Nietzsche's Syphilis</i>, Westwood: Greenwood Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Schain&amp;rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+Nietzsche%27s+Syphilis&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Westwood&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A more detailed citation is required. (November 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, M.S. <i>Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition</i>. University of Illinois Press, 2002.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A more detailed citation is required. (November 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Safranski, Rüdiger (trans. Shelley Frisch). <i>Nietzsche: A Philosophical Biography</i>, p. 161. W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 2003. "This work had long been consigned to oblivion, but it had a lasting impact on Nietzsche. Section 18 of <i>Human, All Too Human</i> cited Spir, not by name, but by presenting a 'proposition by an outstanding logician' (2,38; HH I §18)."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFG.C3.BCntzel2003" class="citation">Güntzel, Stephan (2003-10-15), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hypernietzsche.org/navigate.php?sigle=sgunzel-4">"Nietzsche's Geophilosophy"</a>, <i>Journal of Nietzsche Studies</i> (in English and German) (University Park (Penn State): The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>) <b>25</b>: 85</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche%27s+Geophilosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephan&amp;rft.aulast=G%C3%BCntzel&amp;rft.date=2003-10-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hypernietzsche.org%2Fnavigate.php%3Fsigle%3Dsgunzel-4&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nietzsche+Studies&amp;rft.pages=85&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=25" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>; republished on HyperNietzsche.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005221-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005221_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCate2005">Cate 2005</a>, p.&#160;221.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005297-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005297_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCate2005">Cate 2005</a>, p.&#160;297.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005415-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005415_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCate2005">Cate 2005</a>, p.&#160;415.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">"Nietzsche and Lou Andreas-Salomé", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.f-nietzsche.de/lou_e.htm"><i>F Nietzsche</i></a>, DE</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche+and+Lou+Andreas-Salom%C3%A9&amp;rft.btitle=F+Nietzsche&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.f-nietzsche.de%2Flou_e.htm&amp;rft.place=DE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197449-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197449_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1974">Kaufmann 1974</a>, p.&#160;49.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005389-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005389_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCate2005">Cate 2005</a>, p.&#160;389.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECate2005453-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate2005453_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCate2005">Cate 2005</a>, p.&#160;453.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nietzsche, Friedrich. <a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Selected_Letters_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_To_Peter_Gast_.E2.80.93_August_1883_2" class="extiw" title="s:Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche">Letter to Peter Gast</a>. August 1883.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenietzschechannel.com/correspondence/corresp.htm#schmei">"Correspondences"</a>. Thenietzschechannel.com. 2000-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Correspondences&amp;rft.date=2000-02-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenietzschechannel.com%2Fcorrespondence%2Fcorresp.htm%23schmei&amp;rft.pub=Thenietzschechannel.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Förster-Nietzsche, Elisabeth". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.search.eb.com.librarypx.lclark.edu/eb/article-9034925"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> (online ed.). October 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche%2C+Elisabeth&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2008-10-10&amp;rft.edition=online&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.search.eb.com.librarypx.lclark.edu%2Feb%2Farticle-9034925&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nietzsche, Friedrich. <a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Selected_Letters_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_To_Peter_Gast_.E2.80.93_March.2C_1887" class="extiw" title="s:Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche">Letter to Peter Gast</a>. March 1887.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMontinari1974" class="citation">Montinari, Mazzino (1974), <i>Friedrich Nietzsche</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Mazzino&amp;rft.aulast=Montinari&amp;rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> translated as <cite class="citation"><i>Friedrich Nietzsche. Eine Einführung</i> (in German), Berlin-New York: De Gruyter, 1991</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche.+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Berlin-New+York&amp;rft.pub=De+Gruyter&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>; and <cite class="citation"><i>Friedrich Nietzsche</i> (in French), <a href="/wiki/PUF" class="mw-redirect" title="PUF">PUF</a>, 2001</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=PUF&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dPreface.2C_section_1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dPreface.2C_section_1_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1888d">Nietzsche 1888d</a>, Preface, section 1.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197467-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann197467_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1974">Kaufmann 1974</a>, p.&#160;67.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anacleto Verrecchia, "Nietzsche's Breakdown in Turin," in <i>Nietzsche in Italy</i>, ed. Thomas Harrison (Stanford University: ANMA Libri, 1988) 105-12</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Simon, Gerald (January 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenietzschechannel.com/correspondence/ger/nilettersg.htm">"Nietzsches Briefe. Ausgewählte Korrespondenz. Wahnbriefe."</a>. The Nietzsche Channel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>Ich habe Kaiphas in Ketten legen lassen; auch bin ich voriges Jahr von den deutschen Ärzten auf eine sehr langwierige Weise gekreuzigt worden. Wilhelm, Bismarck und alle Antisemiten abgeschafft.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerald&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsches+Briefe.+Ausgew%C3%A4hlte+Korrespondenz.+Wahnbriefe.&amp;rft.date=1889-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenietzschechannel.com%2Fcorrespondence%2Fger%2Fnilettersg.htm&amp;rft.pub=The+Nietzsche+Channel&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Zweig, Stefan</a> (1939), <i>Master Builders [trilogy], The Struggle with the Daimon</i>, Viking Press, p. 524.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1895" class="citation">Steiner, Rudolf (1895), <i>Friedrich Nietzsche, ein Kämpfer gegen seine Zeit</i>, Weimar</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Rudolf&amp;rft.aulast=Steiner&amp;rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche%2C+ein+K%C3%A4mpfer+gegen+seine+Zeit&amp;rft.date=1895&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Weimar&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2002" class="citation">Bailey, Andrew (2002), <i>First Philosophy: Fundamental Problems and Readings in Philosophy</i>, Broadview Press, p.&#160;704</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Bailey&amp;rft.btitle=First+Philosophy%3A+Fundamental+Problems+and+Readings+in+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=704&amp;rft.pub=Broadview+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bataille, Georges (translated by Annette Michelson), "Writings on Laughter, Sacrifice, Nietzsche, Un-Knowing," Special issue, <i><a href="/wiki/October_(journal)" title="October (journal)">October</a></i> no. 36, Spring 1986, pp. 42–45.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Girard, <i>Superman in the Underground: Strategies of Madness—Nietzsche, Wagner, and Dostoevsky</i>, <i>MLN</i>, Vol. 91, No. 6, Comparative Literature. (December, 1976), pp. 1161–85.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cybulska, EM (August 2000). "The madness of Nietzsche: a misdiagnosis of the millennium?". <i>Hospital Medicine</i> <b>61</b> (8): 571–5. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11045229">11045229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=The+madness+of+Nietzsche%3A+a+misdiagnosis+of+the+millennium%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=EM&amp;rft.aulast=Cybulska&amp;rft.date=2000-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11045229&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.jtitle=Hospital+Medicine&amp;rft.pages=571-5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=61" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schain, Richard (2001). <i>The Legend of Nietzsche's Syphilis</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31940-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31940-5">0-313-31940-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Schain&amp;rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+Nietzsche%27s+Syphilis&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-31940-5&amp;rft.place=Westport&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Sax, "What was the cause of Nietzsche's dementia?" <i>Journal of Medical Biography</i> 2003; 11: 47–54.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Orth, M; Trimble, MR (December 2006). "Friedrich Nietzsche's mental illness—general paralysis of the insane vs. frontotemporal dementia". <i>Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica</i> <b>114</b> (6): 439–44; discussion 445. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2006.00827.x">10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00827.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087793">17087793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche%27s+mental+illness%94general+paralysis+of+the+insane+vs.+frontotemporal+dementia&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft.aulast=Orth&amp;rft.au=Trimble%2C+MR&amp;rft.date=2006-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2006.00827.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17087793&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Psychiatrica+Scandinavica&amp;rft.pages=439-44%3B+discussion+445&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=114" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hemelsoet D, Hemelsoet K, Devreese D (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actaneurologica.be/acta/article.asp?lang=en&amp;navid=133&amp;id=14389&amp;mod=acta">"The neurological illness of Friedrich Nietzsche"</a>. <i>Acta Neurologica Belgica</i> <b>108</b> (1): 9–16. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18575181">18575181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=The+neurological+illness+of+Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.au=Devreese%2C+D&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rft.au=Hemelsoet%2C+K&amp;rft.aulast=Hemelsoet&amp;rft.date=2008-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actaneurologica.be%2Facta%2Farticle.asp%3Flang%3Den%26navid%3D133%26id%3D14389%26mod%3Dacta&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18575181&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Neurologica+Belgica&amp;rft.pages=9-16&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=108" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Wicks, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, First published Fri May 30, 1997; substantive revision Fri Apr 29, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>. Retrieved Jan. 19, 2014, "...some maintain that he suffered from CADASIL syndrome, a hereditary stroke disorder...."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dayan, L; Ooi, C (October 2005). "Syphilis treatment: old and new". <i>Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy</i> <b>6</b> (13): 2271–80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.6.13.2271">10.1517/14656566.6.13.2271</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16218887">16218887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Syphilis+treatment%3A+old+and+new&amp;rft.aufirst=L&amp;rft.aulast=Dayan&amp;rft.au=Ooi%2C+C&amp;rft.date=2005-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656566.6.13.2271&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16218887&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.jtitle=Expert+opinion+on+pharmacotherapy&amp;rft.pages=2271-80&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=6" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammond, David (2013). <i>Mercury Poisoning: The Undiagnosed Epidemic</i>. p.&#160;11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Hammond&amp;rft.btitle=Mercury+Poisoning%3A+The+Undiagnosed+Epidemic&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=11&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concurring reports in Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche's biography (1904) and a letter by Mathilde Schenk-Nietzsche to <a href="/wiki/Meta_von_Salis" title="Meta von Salis">Meta von Salis</a>, August 30, 1900, quoted in Janz (1981) p. 221. Cf. Volz (1990), p. 251.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchain" class="citation">Schain, Richard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophos.com/philosophy_article_31.html"><i>Nietzsche's Visionary Values – Genius or Dementia?</i></a>, Philosophos</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Schain&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%27s+Visionary+Values+%93+Genius+or+Dementia%3F&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophos.com%2Fphilosophy_article_31.html&amp;rft.pub=Philosophos&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montinari, Mazzino. <i>The 'Will to Power' Does Not Exist</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">"Nietzsche", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnietzsche%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0192854143"><i>Nietzsche: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>, preview</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2F0192854143&amp;rft.pages=preview&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">"Friedrich Nietzsche", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108765/Friedrich-Nietzsche#387226.hook"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9108765%2FFriedrich-Nietzsche%23387226.hook&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Xeb80itrlRIC&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=%22German+philosopher%22+Nietzsche"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche</i></a>. p.&#160;1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Nietzsche&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DXeb80itrlRIC%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3D%2522German%2Bphilosopher%2522%2BNietzsche&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCraid2005" class="citation">Craid, Edward, ed. (2005), <i>The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of philosophy</i>, Abingdon: Routledge, pp.&#160;726–41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+philosophy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=726-41&amp;rft.place=Abingdon&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2005" class="citation">Blackburn, Simon (2005), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp.&#160;252–3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft.aulast=Blackburn&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=252-3&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rée, Jonathan; Urmson, JO, eds. (2005) [1960]. <i>The Concise encyclopedia of western philosophy</i> (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp.&#160;267–70. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32924-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32924-8">0-415-32924-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Concise+encyclopedia+of+western+philosophy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-32924-8&amp;rft.pages=267-70&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Mencken2008-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mencken2008_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mencken, Henry Louis (18 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=dyOwIOqoopkC&amp;pg=PA11"><i>The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche</i></a>. Wilder Publications. pp.&#160;11–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60459-331-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60459-331-0">978-1-60459-331-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&amp;rft.aulast=Mencken&amp;rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=2008-12-18&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DdyOwIOqoopkC%26pg%3DPA11&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-60459-331-0&amp;rft.pages=11-&amp;rft.pub=Wilder+Publications&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJanz1978" class="citation">Janz, Curt Paul (1978), <i>Friedrich Nietzsche: Biographie</i> <b>1</b>, Munich: Carl Hanser, p.&#160;263, <q>Er beantragte also bei der preussischen Behörde seine Expatriierung (translation: he accordingly applied to the Prussian authorities for expatrification)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Curt+Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Janz&amp;rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche%3A+Biographie&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=263&amp;rft.place=Munich&amp;rft.pub=Carl+Hanser&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFColliMontinari1993" class="citation">Colli, Giorgio; Montinari, Mazzino (1993), "Entlassungsurkunde für den Professor Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche aus Naumburg", <i>Nietzsche Briefwechsel: Kritische Gesamtausgabe</i> (in German) <b>I.4</b>, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, p.&#160;566, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012277-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012277-4">3-11-012277-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Entlassungsurkunde+f%C3%BCr+den+Professor+Friedrich+Wilhelm+Nietzsche+aus+Naumburg&amp;rft.aufirst=Giorgio&amp;rft.aulast=Colli&amp;rft.au=Montinari%2C+Mazzino&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+Briefwechsel%3A+Kritische+Gesamtausgabe&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=3-11-012277-4&amp;rft.pages=566&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Mencken1913-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mencken1913_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mencken, Henry Louis (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=_r71AzHvf64C&amp;pg=PA6&amp;dq=poland+polish"><i>Friedrich Nietzsche</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p.&#160;6. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-649-7">978-1-56000-649-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&amp;rft.aulast=Mencken&amp;rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D_r71AzHvf64C%26pg%3DPA6%26dq%3Dpoland%2Bpolish&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-56000-649-7&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-hollingdalep6-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hollingdalep6_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hollingdalep6_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hollingdalep6_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hollingdalep6_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHollingdale1999" class="citation">Hollingdale, RJ (1999), <i>Nietzsche: The Man and His Philosophy</i>, Cambridge University Press, p.&#160;6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=RJ&amp;rft.aulast=Hollingdale&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%3A+The+Man+and+His+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nietzsche Contra Democracy by Fredrick Appel Cornell University Press 1998, page 114</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMencken2006" class="citation">Mencken, Henry Louis (2006) [1908], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=nnEOAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA6&amp;dq=Nietzsche+Polish"><i>The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche</i></a>, University of Michigan, p.&#160;6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&amp;rft.aulast=Mencken&amp;rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DnnEOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA6%26dq%3DNietzsche%2BPolish&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Heinrich von Stein, December 1882, <i>KGB</i> III 1, Nr. 342, p. 287; <i>KGW</i> V 2, p. 579; <i>KSA</i> 9 p. 681</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Müller, "Nietzsches Vorfahren", reprinted <i>Nietzsche-Studien</i> 31 (2002): 253–75.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mencken-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mencken_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMencken2003" class="citation">Mencken, Henry Louis (2003), <i>The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzche</i>, introd. &amp; comm. Charles Q. Bufe, USA: See Sharp Press, p.&#160;2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&amp;rft.aulast=Mencken&amp;rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Friedrich+Nietzche&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.place=USA&amp;rft.pub=See+Sharp+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Heinrich von Stein, December 1882, <i>KGB</i> III 7.1 p. 313.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Georg Brandes, 10. 4. 1888, <i>KGB</i> III 7.3/1 p. 293.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nietzsche's and Nietzsche and Lou Andreas-Salomé." Nietzsche's and Nietzsche and Lou Andreas-Salomé.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Köhler, Joachim (2002). <i>Zarathustra's secret: the interior life of Friedrich Nietzsche</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.&#160;xv. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09278-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09278-4">0-300-09278-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Joachim&amp;rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hler&amp;rft.btitle=Zarathustra%27s+secret%3A+the+interior+life+of+Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-09278-4&amp;rft.pages=xv&amp;rft.place=New+Haven&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Allan Megill (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2124335">"Historicizing Nietzsche? Paradoxes and Lessons of a Hard Case"</a>. <i>The Journal of Modern History</i> <b>68</b> (1): 114–152. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F245288">10.1086/245288</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Historicizing+Nietzsche%3F+Paradoxes+and+Lessons+of+a+Hard+Case&amp;rft.au=Allan+Megill&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2124335&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F245288&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&amp;rft.pages=114-152&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=68" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Michael W. Grenke (2003). "How Boring...". <i>The Review of Politics</i> <b>65</b> (1): 152–154. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0034670500036640">10.1017/s0034670500036640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1408799">1408799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=How+Boring...&amp;rft.au=Michael+W.+Grenke&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1408799&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0034670500036640&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&amp;rft.pages=152-154&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=65" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mathias Risse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/23249-zarathustra-s-secret-the-interior-life-of-friedrich-nietzsche/">"Zarathustra's Secret. The Interior Life of Friedrich Nietzsche"</a>. Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.au=Mathias+Risse&amp;rft.btitle=Zarathustra%27s+Secret.+The+Interior+Life+of+Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Fnews%2F23249-zarathustra-s-secret-the-interior-life-of-friedrich-nietzsche%2F&amp;rft.pub=Notre+Dame+Philosophical+Reviews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, N., &amp; Thompson, M. (2004). <a href="/wiki/Philosophers_Behaving_Badly" title="Philosophers Behaving Badly">Philosophers Behaving Badly</a>. London: Peter Owen.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Matt Fitzgerald (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bh1bBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT152">"Diet Cults: The Surprising Fallacy at the Core of Nutrition Fads and a Guide"</a>. Pegasus Books. p.&#160;152. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-605988-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-605988-29-0">978-1-605988-29-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.au=Matt+Fitzgerald&amp;rft.btitle=Diet+Cults%3A+The+Surprising+Fallacy+at+the+Core+of+Nutrition+Fads+and+a+Guide&amp;rft.date=2014-05-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBh1bBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT152&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-605988-29-0&amp;rft.pages=152&amp;rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bennett2001-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett2001_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett2001_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Benjamin Bennett (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=AVYbszVKUO4C&amp;pg=PA184"><i>Goethe As Woman: The Undoing of Literature</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. p.&#160;184. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2948-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2948-1">978-0-8143-2948-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.au=Benjamin+Bennett&amp;rft.btitle=Goethe+As+Woman%3A+The+Undoing+of+Literature&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DAVYbszVKUO4C%26pg%3DPA184&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2948-1&amp;rft.pages=184&amp;rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nietzsche.holtof.com/Nietzsche_various/on_music_and_words_and_rhetoric.htm"><i>On Music and words</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=On+Music+and+words&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnietzsche.holtof.com%2FNietzsche_various%2Fon_music_and_words_and_rhetoric.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguide.org/europe/dio_apollo.html"><i>Nietzsche, Dionysus and Apollo</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+Dionysus+and+Apollo&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyguide.org%2Feurope%2Fdio_apollo.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=iP4sA3kwcFsC&amp;pg=PA69&amp;dq=Jim+Morrison+Apollonian+and+Dionysian"><i>Ideas About Art</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Ideas+About+Art&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DiP4sA3kwcFsC%26pg%3DPA69%26dq%3DJim%2BMorrison%2BApollonian%2Band%2BDionysian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachelorandmaster.com/creationofknowledge/apollonianism-dyonysianisism.html"><i>The Apollonianism and Dionysiansism by Friedrich Nietzsche</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Apollonianism+and+Dionysiansism+by+Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bachelorandmaster.com%2Fcreationofknowledge%2Fapollonianism-dyonysianisism.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primordialtraditions.net/prime/Library/DionysusinNietzscheandGreekMyth.aspx"><i>Dionysus in Nietzsche and Greek Myth</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Dionysus+in+Nietzsche+and+Greek+Myth&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primordialtraditions.net%2Fprime%2FLibrary%2FDionysusinNietzscheandGreekMyth.aspx&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/mcc1289/docs/hamlet-and-nietzsche"><i>Procrastination in Shakespeare's Hamlet</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Procrastination+in+Shakespeare%27s+Hamlet&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fmcc1289%2Fdocs%2Fhamlet-and-nietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoffklock.blogspot.com/2006/11/nietzsche-on-hamlet-commonplace-book.html"><i>Nietzsche on Hamlet (Commonplace Book)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+on+Hamlet+%28Commonplace+Book%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoffklock.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F11%2Fnietzsche-on-hamlet-commonplace-book.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jorbon.tripod.com/niet01.html"><i>The role of art in Nietzsche's philosophy</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+role+of+art+in+Nietzsche%27s+philosophy&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjorbon.tripod.com%2Fniet01.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnaval.com/prophecy/"><i>Dionysus versus Apollo</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Dionysus+versus+Apollo&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnaval.com%2Fprophecy%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/nietzsche/section1.html"><i>The Birth of Tragedy Summary</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Tragedy+Summary&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Fphilosophy%2Fnietzsche%2Fsection1.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Benedict, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.yale.edu/03-04/anth500b/projects/project_sites/02_alexy/ruthpatterns.html"><i>Patterns of Culture</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Ruth&amp;rft.aulast=Benedict&amp;rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Culture&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclasses.yale.edu%2F03-04%2Fanth500b%2Fprojects%2Fproject_sites%2F02_alexy%2Fruthpatterns.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pkdreligion.blogspot.com/2011/11/influence-of-cg-jung-on-pkd-by-frank.html"><i>Influence of C.G. Jung on PKD – notes by Frank Bertrand, excerpt Umland</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Influence+of+C.G.+Jung+on+PKD+%93+notes+by+Frank+Bertrand%2C+excerpt+Umland&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpkdreligion.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F11%2Finfluence-of-cg-jung-on-pkd-by-frank.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=4aNoFpNfYeMC&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=foucault+genealogy"><i>Foucault's Nietzschean Genealogy</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Foucault%27s+Nietzschean+Genealogy&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D4aNoFpNfYeMC%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dfoucault%2Bgenealogy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELampert198617.E2.80.938-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELampert198617.E2.80.938_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLampert1986">Lampert 1986</a>, pp.&#160;17–8.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidegger-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidegger_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeidegger">Heidegger</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cristoph, Cox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=TxlMccAak4wC&amp;q=Objective"><i>Nietzsche: Naturalism and Interpretation</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Cox&amp;rft.aulast=Cristoph&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%3A+Naturalism+and+Interpretation&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTxlMccAak4wC%26q%3DObjective&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schacht, Richard, <i>Nietzsche</i>, 1983, p. 61.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Steve, Hoenisch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticism.com/md/weber1.html"><i>Max Weber's View of Objectivity in Social Science</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Hoenisch&amp;rft.aulast=Steve&amp;rft.btitle=Max+Weber%27s+View+of+Objectivity+in+Social+Science&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.criticism.com%2Fmd%2Fweber1.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?pid=S1518-44712006000200006&amp;script=sci_arttext"><i>Culture and perspectivism in Nietzsche's and Weber's view</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Culture+and+perspectivism+in+Nietzsche%27s+and+Weber%27s+view&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialsciences.scielo.org%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS1518-44712006000200006%26script%3Dsci_arttext&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monomorphic.org/wordpress/objective-and-subjective-reality-perspectivism/"><i>Objective and subjective reality; perspectivism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Objective+and+subjective+reality%3B+perspectivism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monomorphic.org%2Fwordpress%2Fobjective-and-subjective-reality-perspectivism%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=3JA3vyj4slsC&amp;pg=PA108&amp;dq=Alasdair+MacIntyre+Nietzsche+Kant"><i>From Hegel to Existentialism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=From+Hegel+to+Existentialism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D3JA3vyj4slsC%26pg%3DPA108%26dq%3DAlasdair%2BMacIntyre%2BNietzsche%2BKant&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=TN7sop-yILMC&amp;pg=PA136&amp;dq=Alasdair+MacIntyre+Nietzsche+Kant"><i>Alasdair MacIntyre</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Alasdair+MacIntyre&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTN7sop-yILMC%26pg%3DPA136%26dq%3DAlasdair%2BMacIntyre%2BNietzsche%2BKant&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Z9RaG9ccs44C&amp;pg=PA37&amp;dq=Alasdair+MacIntyre+Nietzsche+Kant"><i>Tradition in the ethics of Alasdair MacIntyre</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Tradition+in+the+ethics+of+Alasdair+MacIntyre&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZ9RaG9ccs44C%26pg%3DPA37%26dq%3DAlasdair%2BMacIntyre%2BNietzsche%2BKant&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=wvKRUSdUsnkC&amp;pg=PA213&amp;dq=Master+slave+morality"><i>From Shakespeare to existentialism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=From+Shakespeare+to+existentialism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DwvKRUSdUsnkC%26pg%3DPA213%26dq%3DMaster%2Bslave%2Bmorality&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1974187-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1974187_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1974">Kaufmann 1974</a>, p.&#160;187.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dM_I-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dM_I_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1888d">Nietzsche 1888d</a>, M I.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200926-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200926_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200926_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSedgwick2009">Sedgwick 2009</a>, p.&#160;26.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jorbon.tripod.com/niet01.html"><i>Art in Nietzsche's philosophy</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Art+in+Nietzsche%27s+philosophy&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjorbon.tripod.com%2Fniet01.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200927-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200927_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSedgwick2009">Sedgwick 2009</a>, p.&#160;27.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Antichrist</i>, section 7. transl. Walter Kaufmann, in <i>The Portable Nietzsche</i>, 1977, pp. 572–3.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dWhy_I_Am_a_Destiny.2C_.C2.A73-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888dWhy_I_Am_a_Destiny.2C_.C2.A73_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1888d">Nietzsche 1888d</a>, Why I Am a Destiny, §3.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888c4.2C_8.2C_18.2C_29.2C_37.2C_40.2C_51.2C_57.2C_59-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888c4.2C_8.2C_18.2C_29.2C_37.2C_40.2C_51.2C_57.2C_59_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1888c">Nietzsche 1888c</a>, pp.&#160;4, 8, 18, 29, 37, 40, 51, 57, 59.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200969-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200969_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSedgwick2009">Sedgwick 2009</a>, p.&#160;69.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zev Golan, "Nietzsche: Anti- or Philo-Semite? An Examination of His Books," in <i>God, Man and Nietzsche</i>, iUniverse, 2008 edition.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick200968_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSedgwick2009">Sedgwick 2009</a>, p.&#160;68.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nebraska-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nebraska_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. <i>Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits</i>, Univ. of Nebraska Press (1986) p. 231</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Morgan, George Allen (1941). <i>What Nietzsche Means</i>. Cambridge, MA, USA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p.&#160;36. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-7404-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-7404-X">0-8371-7404-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=George+Allen&amp;rft.aulast=Morgan&amp;rft.btitle=What+Nietzsche+Means&amp;rft.date=1941&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8371-7404-X&amp;rft.pages=36&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+USA&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidegger61-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidegger61_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeidegger">Heidegger</a>, p.&#160;61.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This "will to nothingness" is still a willing of some sort, because it is exactly <i>as</i> a pessimist that Schopenhauer clings to life. See F. Nietzsche, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Genealogy of Morals">On the Genealogy of Morals</a></i>, III:7</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Nietzsche, KSA 12:7 [8]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Nietzsche, Complete Works Vol. 13.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche188613-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche188613_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1886">Nietzsche 1886</a>, p.&#160;13.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1882349-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1882349_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1882">Nietzsche 1882</a>, p.&#160;349.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1887II:12-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1887II:12_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1887">Nietzsche 1887</a>, p.&#160;II:12.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888bSkirmishes_of_an_untimely_man.2C_.C2.A714-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888bSkirmishes_of_an_untimely_man.2C_.C2.A714_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1888b">Nietzsche 1888b</a>, Skirmishes of an untimely man, §14.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Leiter" title="Brian Leiter">Brian Leiter</a>, <i>Routledge guide to Nietzsche on morality</i>, p. 121</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888c.C2.A72-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888c.C2.A72_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1888c">Nietzsche 1888c</a>, §2.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A736-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A736_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1886">Nietzsche 1886</a>, I, §36.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nietzsche comments in many notes about matter being a hypothesis drawn from the metaphysics of substance: G. Whitlock, "Roger Boscovich, Benedict de Spinoza and Friedrich Nietzsche: The Untold Story", <i>Nietzsche-Studien</i> 25, 1996, p. 207.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A712-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A712_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1886">Nietzsche 1886</a>, I, §12.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeleuze200646-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeleuze200646_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeleuze2006">Deleuze 2006</a>, p.&#160;46.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A722-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1886I.2C_.C2.A722_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1886">Nietzsche 1886</a>, I, §22.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nie/summary/v031/31.1leddy.html">"Project MUSE – Nietzsche's Mirror: The World as Will to Power (review)"</a>. Muse.jhu.edu. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fnie.2006.0006">10.1353/nie.2006.0006</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Project+MUSE+%93+Nietzsche%27s+Mirror%3A+The+World+as+Will+to+Power+%28review%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fnie%2Fsummary%2Fv031%2F31.1leddy.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnie.2006.0006&amp;rft.pub=Muse.jhu.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1961176.E2.80.9380-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1961176.E2.80.9380_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1961">Nietzsche 1961</a>, pp.&#160;176–80.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKundera1999" class="citation">Kundera, Milan (1999), <i>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</i>, p.&#160;5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Milan&amp;rft.aulast=Kundera&amp;rft.btitle=The+Unbearable+Lightness+of+Being&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dudl-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dudl_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dudley, Will (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=4dLeWFK6qp0C&amp;pg=PA201"><i>Hegel, Nietzsche, and Philosophy: Thinking Freedom</i></a>. p.&#160;201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Will&amp;rft.aulast=Dudley&amp;rft.btitle=Hegel%2C+Nietzsche%2C+and+Philosophy%3A+Thinking+Freedom&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D4dLeWFK6qp0C%26pg%3DPA201&amp;rft.pages=201&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Heidegger <i>Nietzsche. Volume II: The Eternal Recurrence of the Same</i> trans. <a href="/wiki/David_Farrell_Krell" title="David Farrell Krell">David Farrell Krell</a>. New York: Harper and Row, 1984. 25.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Vintage_Books-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vintage_Books_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vintage_Books_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kaufmann, Friedrich Nietzsche. Transl., with comm., by Walter (1974). <i>The gay science with a prelude in rhymes and an appendix of songs</i> ([1st ed.] ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p.&#160;16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394719859" title="Special:BookSources/0394719859">0394719859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Nietzsche.+Transl.%2C+with+comm.%2C+by+Walter&amp;rft.aulast=Kaufmann&amp;rft.btitle=The+gay+science+with+a+prelude+in+rhymes+and+an+appendix+of+songs&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.edition=%5B1st+ed.%5D&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0394719859&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Vintage+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Tongeren2000-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tongeren2000_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paul Van Tongeren (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=TqxrlA9Qxg0C&amp;pg=PA295"><i>Reinterpreting Modern Culture: An Introduction to Friedrich Nietzsche's Philosophy</i></a>. Purdue University Press. p.&#160;295. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-157-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-157-5">978-1-55753-157-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.au=Paul+Van+Tongeren&amp;rft.btitle=Reinterpreting+Modern+Culture%3A+An+Introduction+to+Friedrich+Nietzsche%27s+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTqxrlA9Qxg0C%26pg%3DPA295&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55753-157-5&amp;rft.pages=295&amp;rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nietzsche, Friedrich (1954). <i>The Portable Nietzsche</i>. trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Friedrich&amp;rft.aulast=Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Portable+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nietzsche, Friedrich (2006). <i>Nietzsche: Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i>. ed. Adrian Del Caro and Robert Pippin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60261-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60261-7">978-0-521-60261-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Friedrich&amp;rft.aulast=Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%3A+Thus+Spoke+Zarathustra&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-60261-7&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lampert, Laurence (1986). <i>Nietzsche's Teaching</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence&amp;rft.aulast=Lampert&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%27s+Teaching&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rosen, Stanley (1995). <i>The Mask of Enlightenment</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Stanley&amp;rft.aulast=Rosen&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mask+of+Enlightenment&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELampert198618-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELampert198618_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLampert1986">Lampert 1986</a>, p.&#160;18.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/notes-nietzsche.html"><i>Philosophy 302: Ethics Nietzsche, "Slave and Master Morality"</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophy+302%3A+Ethics+Nietzsche%2C+%22Slave+and+Master+Morality%22&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophy.lander.edu%2Fethics%2Fnotes-nietzsche.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gradesaver.com/thus-spoke-zarathustra/study-guide/major-themes/"><i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra themes</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Thus+Spoke+Zarathustra+themes&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gradesaver.com%2Fthus-spoke-zarathustra%2Fstudy-guide%2Fmajor-themes%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nietzschespirit.com/files/The_Most_Despicable_Man_is_Coming...the_Last_Man.html"><i>Nietzsche and Heidegger</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Heidegger&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nietzschespirit.com%2Ffiles%2FThe_Most_Despicable_Man_is_Coming...the_Last_Man.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kellner, Douglas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform&amp;fp=intstudphil&amp;id=intstudphil_1999_0031_0003_0077_0089&amp;onlyautologin=true">"Nietzsche's Critique of Mass Culture"</a>. <i>International Studies in Philosophy</i> <b>31</b> (3): 77–89. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.5840%2Fintstudphil199931353">10.5840/intstudphil199931353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche%27s+Critique+of+Mass+Culture&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas&amp;rft.aulast=Kellner&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Fpdc%2Fbvdb.nsf%2Fpurchase%3Fopenform%26fp%3Dintstudphil%26id%3Dintstudphil_1999_0031_0003_0077_0089%26onlyautologin%3Dtrue&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fintstudphil199931353&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Studies+in+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=77-89&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=31" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brobjer, Thomas. <i>Nietzsche's Reading and Private Library, 1885–1889.</i> Published in <i>Journal of History of Ideas.</i> Accessed via JSTOR on May 18, 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Franz Overbeck, July 30, 1881</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2004693.E2.80.9397-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2004693.E2.80.9397_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2004">Russell 2004</a>, pp.&#160;693–97.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche2001xxxvii-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche2001xxxvii_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche2001">Nietzsche 2001</a>, p.&#160;xxxvii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoochnik200437.E2.80.939-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoochnik200437.E2.80.939_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoochnik2004">Roochnik 2004</a>, pp.&#160;37–9.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoochnik200448-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoochnik200448_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoochnik2004">Roochnik 2004</a>, p.&#160;48.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantayana1916114-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantayana1916114_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSantayana1916">Santayana 1916</a>, p.&#160;114.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brendan Donnellan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0016-8831%28197905%2952%3A3%3C303%3ANALR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6&amp;size=LARGE">"Nietzsche and La Rochefoucauld"</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Quarterly" title="The German Quarterly">The German Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 52, No. 3 (May, 1979), pp. 303–18</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888d.22Why_I_am_So_Clever.22.2C_.C2.A73-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888d.22Why_I_am_So_Clever.22.2C_.C2.A73_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1888d">Nietzsche 1888d</a>, "Why I am So Clever", §3.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan Grzelczyk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hypernietzsche.org/navigate.php?sigle=jgrzelczyk-4">"Féré et Nietzsche&#160;: au sujet de la décadence"</a>, <i>HyperNietzsche</i>, 2005-11-01 <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span>. Grzelczyk quotes Jacques Le Rider, <i>Nietzsche en France. De la fin du XIXe siècle au temps présent</i>, Paris, PUF, 1999, pp. 8–9</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan Grzelczyk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hypernietzsche.org/navigate.php?sigle=jgrzelczyk-4">"Féré et Nietzsche&#160;: au sujet de la décadence"</a>, <i>HyperNietzsche</i>, 2005-11-01 <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(French)</span>. Grzelczyk quotes B. Wahrig-Schmidt, "Irgendwie, jedenfalls physiologisch. Friedrich Nietzsche, Alexandre Herzen (fils) und Charles Féré 1888" in <i>Nietzsche Studien</i>, Band 17, Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, 1988, p. 439</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomas, Brobjer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=V4DDxmM0T9EC&amp;pg=PA58&amp;dq=Nietzsche+neo-Kantians"><i>Nietzsche's Philosophical Context: An Intellectual Biography</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Brobjer&amp;rft.aulast=Thomas&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%27s+Philosophical+Context%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DV4DDxmM0T9EC%26pg%3DPA58%26dq%3DNietzsche%2Bneo-Kantians&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fouillee-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fouillee_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Note_sur_Nietzsche_et_Lange_:_%C2%AB_le_retour_%C3%A9ternel_%C2%BB">Note sur Nietzsche et Lange&#160;: «&#160;le retour éternel&#160;»</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Fouill%C3%A9e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Fouillée (page does not exist)">Albert Fouillée</a>, <i>Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger</i>. An. 34. Paris 1909. T. 67, S. 519–25 (on French Wikisource)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Kaufmann, intr. p11. of his transl. of 'The Gay Science'</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notebooks, cf. <i>The Gay Science</i>, Walter Kaufmann transl, p.12</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weaver, Santaniello. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=BSQJgIKTJ7QC&amp;pg=PA194&amp;dq=Nietzsche+Hippolyte+Taine"><i>Nietzsche, God, and the Jews:His Critique of Judeo-Christianity in Relation to the Nazi Myth</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Santaniello&amp;rft.aulast=Weaver&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+God%2C+and+the+Jews%3AHis+Critique+of+Judeo-Christianity+in+Relation+to+the+Nazi+Myth&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DBSQJgIKTJ7QC%26pg%3DPA194%26dq%3DNietzsche%2BHippolyte%2BTaine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Mazzino_Montinari_1996-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzino_Montinari_1996_190-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzino_Montinari_1996_190-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazzino Montinari, <i>"La Volonté de puissance" n'existe pas</i>, Éditions de l'Éclat, 1996, §13</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1974306.E2.80.9340-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1974306.E2.80.9340_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1974">Kaufmann 1974</a>, pp.&#160;306–40.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888b.C2.A745-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1888b.C2.A745_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1888b">Nietzsche 1888b</a>, §45.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Karl Löwith</a>, <i>From Hegel To Nietzsche</i>, New York, 1964, p. 187.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S Taylor, <i>Left Wing Nietzscheans, The Politics of German Expressionism 1910–1920</i>, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, 1990, p. 144.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Deleuze, <i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_and_Philosophy" title="Nietzsche and Philosophy">Nietzsche and Philosophy</a></i> (transl. Hugh Tomlinson), 2006, pp 153–54.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RC Solomon &amp; KM Higgins, <i>The Age of German Idealism</i>, Routledge, 1993, p. 300.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RA Samek, <i>The Meta Phenomenon</i>, New York, 1981, p. 70.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T Goyens, <i>Beer and Revolution: The German Anarchist Movement In New York City</i>, Illinois, 2007, p. 197.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Laska, Bernd A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/ennietzsche.html">"Nietzsche's initial crisis"</a>. <i>Germanic Notes and Reviews</i>. pp.&#160;109–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche%27s+initial+crisis&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernd+A&amp;rft.aulast=Laska&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsr-projekt.de%2Fpoly%2Fennietzsche.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Germanic+Notes+and+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=109-33&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greencardamom.github.io/BooksAndWriters/holderli.htm">"Friedrich Hölderlin"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i> (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/holderli.htm">the original</a> on December 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+H%C3%B6lderlin&amp;rft.aufirst=Petri&amp;rft.aulast=Liukkonen&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fholderli.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%27%27%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29%27%27&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Meyer-Sickendiek.2C_Burkhard_2004._p._323-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Sickendiek.2C_Burkhard_2004._p._323_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard, "Nietzsche's Aesthetic Solution to the Problem of Epigonism in the Nineteenth Century", ed. Paul Bishop, <i>Nietzsche and Antiquity: His Reaction and Response to the Classical Tradition</i>, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell &amp; Brewer, 2004. p. 323</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rebekah, Peery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Eh4YJfNeO7QC&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=Nietzsche+Adventures+of+Tom+Sawyer"><i>Nietzsche, Philosopher of the Perilous Perhaps</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Peery&amp;rft.aulast=Rebekah&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+Philosopher+of+the+Perilous+Perhaps&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DEh4YJfNeO7QC%26pg%3DPA19%26dq%3DNietzsche%2BAdventures%2Bof%2BTom%2BSawyer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri19chisrich#page/672/mode/1up">1910 article from the Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Ewald, "German Philosophy in 1907", in The Philosophical Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, July, 1908, pp. 400–26.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. A. Riley, "Anti-Statism in German Literature, as Exemplified by the Work of John Henry Mackay", in PMLA, Vol. 62, No. 3, September, 1947, pp. 828–43.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. E. Forth, "Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891–1895", in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 54, No. 1, January, 1993, pp. 97–117.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mencken, HL (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gistnietzsche00mencgoog"><i>The gist of Nietzsche</i></a>. Boston, J. W. Luce &amp; company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=HL&amp;rft.aulast=Mencken&amp;rft.btitle=The+gist+of+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=1910&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgistnietzsche00mencgoog&amp;rft.pub=Boston%2C+J.+W.+Luce+%26+company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartstory.org/movement-expressionism.htm"><i>Expressionism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Expressionism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartstory.org%2Fmovement-expressionism.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/postmodernism/#1"><i>Postmodernism</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Postmodernism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpostmodernism%2F%231&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Everdell, William (1998). <i>The First Moderns</i>. Chicago: U Chicago Press. p.&#160;508. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-22481-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-22481-3">0-226-22481-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Everdell&amp;rft.btitle=The+First+Moderns&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-22481-3&amp;rft.pages=508&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=U+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fathom.com/feature/61007/"><i>Joyce and Nietzsche</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Joyce+and+Nietzsche&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fathom.com%2Ffeature%2F61007%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=N9H1vjyOMswC&amp;pg=PA231&amp;dq=Arthur+Symons+Nietzsche"><i>Nietzsche:Imagery and thoughts</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%3AImagery+and+thoughts&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DN9H1vjyOMswC%26pg%3DPA231%26dq%3DArthur%2BSymons%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=xQDZe2HyFCEC&amp;pg=PA39&amp;dq=masterly+debunker+of+our+liberal+fallacies"><i>Dispatches from the Freud Wars</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Dispatches+from+the+Freud+Wars&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DxQDZe2HyFCEC%26pg%3DPA39%26dq%3Dmasterly%2Bdebunker%2Bof%2Bour%2Bliberal%2Bfallacies&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=tF3z9XkygOoC&amp;pg=PA130&amp;dq=W.H.+Auden+Nietzsche"><i>Germany as model and monster: Allusions in English fiction</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Germany+as+model+and+monster%3A+Allusions+in+English+fiction&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DtF3z9XkygOoC%26pg%3DPA130%26dq%3DW.H.%2BAuden%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=sr&amp;tbm=bks&amp;q=A+masterly+debunker+of+our+liberal+fallacies,+how+Well+you+flayed+each+low+Utilitarian+and+All+the+arid+prudence+of+...+All+your+life+you+stormed,+like+your+English+forerunner+Blake,+Warning,+Nietzsche,+against+that+decadent"><i>The Double Man</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Double+Man&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Dsr%26tbm%3Dbks%26q%3DA%2Bmasterly%2Bdebunker%2Bof%2Bour%2Bliberal%2Bfallacies%2C%2Bhow%2BWell%2Byou%2Bflayed%2Beach%2Blow%2BUtilitarian%2Band%2BAll%2Bthe%2Barid%2Bprudence%2Bof%2B...%2BAll%2Byour%2Blife%2Byou%2Bstormed%2C%2Blike%2Byour%2BEnglish%2Bforerunner%2BBlake%2C%2BWarning%2C%2BNietzsche%2C%2Bagainst%2Bthat%2Bdecadent&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Donald, Mitchell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=yKCq909vSpwC&amp;pg=PA99&amp;dq=Mahler+Nietzsche+influence"><i>Gustav Mahler: The Early Years</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Mitchell&amp;rft.aulast=Donald&amp;rft.btitle=Gustav+Mahler%3A+The+Early+Years&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DyKCq909vSpwC%26pg%3DPA99%26dq%3DMahler%2BNietzsche%2Binfluence&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James, Wood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v20/n23/james-wood/addicted-to-unpredictability"><i>Addicted to Unpredictability</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Wood&amp;rft.aulast=James&amp;rft.btitle=Addicted+to+Unpredictability&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv20%2Fn23%2Fjames-wood%2Faddicted-to-unpredictability&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=fbrV_fwgcq4C&amp;pg=PA44&amp;dq=Nietzsche+Jack+London"><i>Jack London's Racial Lives</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Jack+London%27s+Racial+Lives&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DfbrV_fwgcq4C%26pg%3DPA44%26dq%3DNietzsche%2BJack%2BLondon&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=7q2AHsyTuo4C&amp;pg=PR19&amp;dq=Nietzsche+Jack+London"><i>A Sun of the Son</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=A+Sun+of+the+Son&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D7q2AHsyTuo4C%26pg%3DPR19%26dq%3DNietzsche%2BJack%2BLondon&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ray, Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ftpGJy0DPbYC&amp;pg=PA57&amp;dq=Iqbal+Nietzsche"><i>Nietzsche and Islam</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Jackson&amp;rft.aulast=Ray&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Islam&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DftpGJy0DPbYC%26pg%3DPA57%26dq%3DIqbal%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/poets/stevens.php"><i>Poets of Cambridge</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Poets+of+Cambridge&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardsquarelibrary.org%2Fpoets%2Fstevens.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.geneseo.edu/display/essaysarticles/Wallace+Stevens%27+Harmonium#WallaceStevens%27Harmonium-TheInfluenceofNietzsche"><i>Wallace Stevens' Harmonium</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Wallace+Stevens%27+Harmonium&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.geneseo.edu%2Fdisplay%2Fessaysarticles%2FWallace%2BStevens%2527%2BHarmonium%23WallaceStevens%2527Harmonium-TheInfluenceofNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=3m7_U1UdeRgC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;dq=Wallace+Stevens+Nietzsche"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Wallace Stevens</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Wallace+Stevens&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D3m7_U1UdeRgC%26pg%3DPA112%26dq%3DWallace%2BStevens%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olafstapledonarchive.webs.com/biography.html"><i>Olaf Stapleton</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Olaf+Stapleton&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Folafstapledonarchive.webs.com%2Fbiography.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brad, Damare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Fo2QqyyFCR4C&amp;pg=PA12&amp;dq=Merezhovsky+Nietzsche"><i>Music and Literature in Silver Age Russia: Mikhail Kuzmin and Alexander Scriabin</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Damare&amp;rft.aulast=Brad&amp;rft.btitle=Music+and+Literature+in+Silver+Age+Russia%3A+Mikhail+Kuzmin+and+Alexander+Scriabin&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DFo2QqyyFCR4C%26pg%3DPA12%26dq%3DMerezhovsky%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bernice, Rosenthal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Ppvr3LZ8o2wC&amp;pg=PA35&amp;dq=Merezhkovsky+Nietzsche"><i>New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche To Stalinism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Rosenthal&amp;rft.aulast=Bernice&amp;rft.btitle=New+Myth%2C+New+World%3A+From+Nietzsche+To+Stalinism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DPpvr3LZ8o2wC%26pg%3DPA35%26dq%3DMerezhkovsky%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bernice, Rosenthal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=f5cUEHHchNAC&amp;pg=PA117&amp;dq=Andrei+Bely+Nietzsche"><i>Nietzsche and Soviet Culture: Ally and Adversary</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Rosenthal&amp;rft.aulast=Bernice&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Soviet+Culture%3A+Ally+and+Adversary&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Df5cUEHHchNAC%26pg%3DPA117%26dq%3DAndrei%2BBely%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=hJZm5QWgxC4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Thomas+Mann+Nietzsche#v=onepage&amp;q=Nietzsche&amp;f=false"><i>Thomas Mann's Death in Venice</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Mann%27s+Death+in+Venice&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DhJZm5QWgxC4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DThomas%2BMann%2BNietzsche%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DNietzsche%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/20130123020205/http://nietzschecircle.com:80/essayArchive5.html"><i>Nietzsche Circle</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nietzschecircle.com/essayArchive5.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+Circle&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nietzschecircle.com%2FessayArchive5.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&amp;annid=12474"><i>Mann, Thomas:Doctor Faustus</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Mann%2C+Thomas%3ADoctor+Faustus&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitmed.med.nyu.edu%2FAnnotation%3Faction%3Dview%26annid%3D12474&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.academic.ru/book.nsf/58297551/"><i>Nietzsche, Friedrich:Also Sprach Zarathustra</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+Friedrich%3AAlso+Sprach+Zarathustra&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.academic.ru%2Fbook.nsf%2F58297551%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAschheim1992" class="citation">Aschheim, Steven E (1992), <i>The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890–1990</i>, Berkeley and Los Angeles, p.&#160;135, <q>[a]bout 150,000 copies of a specially durable wartime <i>Zarathustra</i> were distributed to the troops</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven+E&amp;rft.aulast=Aschheim&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nietzsche+Legacy+in+Germany%2C+1890%931990&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=135&amp;rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann19748-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann19748_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1974">Kaufmann 1974</a>, p.&#160;8.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schrift, A.D. (1995). <i>Nietzsche's French Legacy: A Genealogy of Poststructuralism</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415911478" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-91147-8</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jacob, Golomb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100486340"><i>Nietzsche and Zion</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Golomb&amp;rft.aulast=Jacob&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Zion&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F%3FGCOI%3D80140100486340&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jacob, Golomb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azure.org.il/article.php?id=188"><i>Nietzsche and Zion</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Golomb&amp;rft.aulast=Jacob&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Zion&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azure.org.il%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D188&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=TOMrUcFiU0UC&amp;pg=PA48&amp;dq=A.+D.+Gordon+Nietzsche"><i>The Origins of Israeli Mythology: Neither Canaanites Nor Crusaders</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Israeli+Mythology%3A+Neither+Canaanites+Nor+Crusaders&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTOMrUcFiU0UC%26pg%3DPA48%26dq%3DA.%2BD.%2BGordon%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolomb1997234.E2.80.9335-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolomb1997234.E2.80.9335_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolomb1997">Golomb 1997</a>, pp.&#160;234–35.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Walter, Kaufmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=9RHqWPIC0QQC&amp;pg=PA419&amp;dq=Andre+Malraux+Nietzsche"><i>Nietzsche, philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&amp;rft.aulast=Walter&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+philosopher%2C+Psychologist%2C+Antichrist&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D9RHqWPIC0QQC%26pg%3DPA419%26dq%3DAndre%2BMalraux%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zev Golan, <i>God, Man and Nietzsche</i>, iUniverse, 2007, p. 169: "It would be most useful if our youth climbed, even if only briefly, to Zarathustra's heights..."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=QMYYmQCn_UwC&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=Nietzsche+Eugene+O%27Neill"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Eugene O'Neill</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Eugene+O%27Neill&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQMYYmQCn_UwC%26pg%3DPA19%26dq%3DNietzsche%2BEugene%2BO%2527Neill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoneill.com/library/ericlevin/i.htm+Lazarus+Laughed+Nietzsche&amp;cd=1&amp;hl=sr&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=ba"><i>Postomodern considerations of Nietzschean perspectivism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Postomodern+considerations+of+Nietzschean+perspectivism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoneill.com%2Flibrary%2Fericlevin%2Fi.htm%2BLazarus%2BLaughed%2BNietzsche%26cd%3D1%26hl%3Dsr%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dba&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link since May 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=LnnSlZMp0oAC&amp;pg=PA201&amp;dq=Lazarus+Laughed+Nietzsche"><i>Eugene O'Neill's America: Desire Under Democracy</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Eugene+O%27Neill%27s+America%3A+Desire+Under+Democracy&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DLnnSlZMp0oAC%26pg%3DPA201%26dq%3DLazarus%2BLaughed%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=g1whggReJx4C&amp;pg=PA40&amp;dq=Nietzsche+Eugene+O%27Neill"><i>Eugene O'Neill:A Playwright's theatre</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Eugene+O%27Neill%3AA+Playwright%27s+theatre&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dg1whggReJx4C%26pg%3DPA40%26dq%3DNietzsche%2BEugene%2BO%2527Neill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/adorno/"><i>Adorno, Theodor</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Adorno%2C+Theodor&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fadorno%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Arthur, Herman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=A2NxFq1C7uIC&amp;pg=PT351&amp;dq=I+have+come+to+the+conclusion+that+Nietzsche+is+probably+a+greater+thinker+than+Marx"><i>The Idea of Decline in Western History</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Herman&amp;rft.aulast=Arthur&amp;rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Decline+in+Western+History&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DA2NxFq1C7uIC%26pg%3DPT351%26dq%3DI%2Bhave%2Bcome%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bconclusion%2Bthat%2BNietzsche%2Bis%2Bprobably%2Ba%2Bgreater%2Bthinker%2Bthan%2BMarx&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We know, from his [Hitler's] secretary, that he could quote Schopenhauer by the page, and the other German philosopher of willpower, Nietzsche, whose works he afterwards presented to Mussolini, was often on his lips." Trevor Roper, H. The Mind of Adolf Hitler page xxxvii introductory essay for Hitler's Table Talk 1941-1944 Secret Coversations Enigma Books 2008</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"'Landsberg,' Hitler told Hans Frank, was his 'university paid for by the state.' He read, he said, everything he could get hold of: Nietzsche, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Ranke, Treitschke, Marx, Bismark's Thoughts and Memories, and the war memoirs of German and allied generals and statesmen....But Hitler's reading and reflection were anything but academic, doubtless he did read much. However, as was noted in an earlier chapter, he made clear in My Struggle that reading for him had purely an instrumental purpose. He read not for knowledge or enlightenment, but for confirmation of his own preconceptions." Kershaw, Ian Hitler: Hubris 1889-1936 WW Norton page 240</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weaver Santaniello, <i>Nietzsche, God, and the Jews</i>, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, 1994, p. 41: "Hitler probably never read a word of Nietzsche".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berel Lang, <i>Post-Holocaust: Interpretation, Misinterpretation, and the Claims of History</i>, Indiana University Press, 2005, p. 162: "Arguably, Hitler himself never read a word of Nietzsche; certainly, if he did read him, it was not extensively".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Shirer, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, a History of Nazi Germany</i>, Touchstone, 1959, pp 100–01</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, <i>Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy</i>, University of California Press, 2000, p. 44: "In 1908 he presented his conception of the superman's role in modern society in a writing on Nietzsche titled "The Philosophy of Force."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Morgan, <i>Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945</i>, Routledge, 2003, p. 21: "We know that Mussolini had read Nietzsche"</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. L. Gaddis, P. H. Gordon, E. R. May, J. Rosenberg, <i>Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb</i>, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 217: "The son of a history teacher, de Gaulle read voraciously as a boy and young man—Jacques Bainville, Henri Bergson, Friederich  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] Nietzsche, Maurice Barres—and was steeped in conservative French historical and philosophical traditions."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mumia, Abu-Jamal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=caWPDd6PuaMC&amp;q=Nietzsche"><i>We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Abu-Jamal&amp;rft.aulast=Mumia&amp;rft.btitle=We+Want+Freedom%3A+A+Life+in+the+Black+Panther+Party&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DcaWPDd6PuaMC%26q%3DNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1998" class="citation">Crowley, Monica (1998), <i>Nixon in Winter</i>, IB Tauris, p.&#160;351, <q>He read with curious interest the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche [...] Nixon asked to borrow my copy of <i>Beyond Good and Evil</i>, a title that inspired the title of his final book, <i>Beyond Peace</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Monica&amp;rft.aulast=Crowley&amp;rft.btitle=Nixon+in+Winter&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=351&amp;rft.pub=IB+Tauris&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lev, Shestov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/Dostoevsky-Tolstoy-Nietzsche-Good-Teaching/dp/0821400533"><i>Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and Nietzsche</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Shestov&amp;rft.aulast=Lev&amp;rft.btitle=Dostoevsky%2C+Tolstoy%2C+and+Nietzsche&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FDostoevsky-Tolstoy-Nietzsche-Good-Teaching%2Fdp%2F0821400533&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stefan, Sorgner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophynow.org/issues/29/Nietzsche_and_Germany"><i>Nietzsche &amp; Germany</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Sorgner&amp;rft.aulast=Stefan&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+%26+Germany&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F29%2FNietzsche_and_Germany&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=D6fM0jqDVFgC&amp;pg=PA142&amp;dq=Nietzsche+Sartre+influence"><i>Philosophy in Literature</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophy+in+Literature&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DD6fM0jqDVFgC%26pg%3DPA142%26dq%3DNietzsche%2BSartre%2Binfluence&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Oswald_Spengler"><i>Oswald Spengler</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Oswald+Spengler&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodernism.research.yale.edu%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FOswald_Spengler&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/george-grant"><i>George Grant</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=George+Grant&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2Fgeorge-grant&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=sJp6tGCgO-8C&amp;pg=PA17&amp;dq=Emil+Cioran+Nietzsche"><i>Romanian Philosophical Culture, Globalization, and Education</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Romanian+Philosophical+Culture%2C+Globalization%2C+and+Education&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DsJp6tGCgO-8C%26pg%3DPA17%26dq%3DEmil%2BCioran%2BNietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.wisc.edu/hunt/nietzsche&amp;fountainhead.htm"><i>The Transformation of Nietzschean Ideas in The Fountainhead</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Nietzschean+Ideas+in+The+Fountainhead&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophy.wisc.edu%2Fhunt%2Fnietzsche%26fountainhead.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lampert, Laurence (1996). <i>Leo Strauss and Nietzsche</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence&amp;rft.aulast=Lampert&amp;rft.btitle=Leo+Strauss+and+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=bmq7AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA186&amp;dq=Kafka+Nietzsche#v=onepage&amp;q=Camus%20Nietzsche"><i>The Absurd in Literature</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=The+Absurd+in+Literature&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dbmq7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA186%26dq%3DKafka%2BNietzsche%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DCamus%2520Nietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ric.C5.93ur-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ric.C5.93ur_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ricœur, Paul (1970). <i>Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p.&#160;32. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02189-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02189-5">0-300-02189-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.au=Ric%C5%93ur%2C+Paul&amp;rft.btitle=Freud+and+Philosophy%3A+An+Essay+on+Interpretation&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-02189-5&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6163.html">"Jarrett, J.L., ed.: Jung's Seminar on Nietzsche's Zarathustra: (Abridged edition). (Abridged) (Paperback)"</a>. Press.princeton.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Jarrett%2C+J.L.%2C+ed.%3A+Jung%27s+Seminar+on+Nietzsche%27s+Zarathustra%3A+%28Abridged+edition%29.+%28Abridged%29+%28Paperback%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F6163.html&amp;rft.pub=Press.princeton.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depthinsights.com/Depth-Insights-scholarly-ezine/e-zine-issue-3-fall-2012/jungs-reception-of-friedrich-nietzsche-a-roadmap-for-the-uninitiated-by-dr-ritske-rensma/">"Jung's Reception of Friedrich Nietzsche: A Roadmap for the Uninitiated by Dr. Ritske Rensma"</a>. Depth Insights<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Jung%27s+Reception+of+Friedrich+Nietzsche%3A+A+Roadmap+for+the+Uninitiated+by+Dr.+Ritske+Rensma&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depthinsights.com%2FDepth-Insights-scholarly-ezine%2Fe-zine-issue-3-fall-2012%2Fjungs-reception-of-friedrich-nietzsche-a-roadmap-for-the-uninitiated-by-dr-ritske-rensma%2F&amp;rft.pub=Depth+Insights&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond A. Belliotti, Jesus Or Nietzsche: How Should We Live Our Lives? (Rodopi, 2013).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald A. Kuipers, “Turning Memory into Prophecy: Roberto Unger and Paul Ricoeur on the Human Condition Between Past and Future,? The Heythrop Journal (2011): 1–10.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Rorty, "Unger, Castoriadis, and the Romance of a National Future," Northwestern University Law Review 82 (1988 1987): 39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond A. Belliotti, Jesus Or Nietzsche: How Should We Live Our Lives? (Rodopi, 2013), 195.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-peacock-and-the-buffalo-9781441118608/">[2]</a></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><cite id="CITEREFArena2012" class="citation">Arena, Leonardo Vittorio (2012), <i>Nietzsche in China in the XXth Century</i>, ebook</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Leonardo+Vittorio&amp;rft.aulast=Arena&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+in+China+in+the+XXth+Century&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=ebook&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Babich, Babette E. (1994), <i>Nietzsche's Philosophy of Science</i>, Albany: State University of New York Press.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBairdWalter_Kaufmann2008" class="citation">Baird, Forrest E; Walter Kaufmann (2008), <i>From Plato to Derrida</i>, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, pp.&#160;1011–38, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-158591-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-158591-6">0-13-158591-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Forrest+E&amp;rft.aulast=Baird&amp;rft.au=Walter+Kaufmann&amp;rft.btitle=From+Plato+to+Derrida&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-158591-6&amp;rft.pages=1011-38&amp;rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Benson, Bruce Ellis (2007). <i>Pious Nietzsche: Decadence and Dionysian Faith</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p.&#160;296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce+Ellis&amp;rft.aulast=Benson&amp;rft.btitle=Pious+Nietzsche%3A+Decadence+and+Dionysian+Faith&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=296&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Breitschmid" title="Markus Breitschmid">Breitschmid, Markus</a>, <i>Der bauende Geist. Friedrich Nietzsche und die Architektur</i>. Lucerne: Quart Verlag, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3907631234" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-907631-23-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Breitschmid" title="Markus Breitschmid">Breitschmid, Markus</a>, <i>Nietzsche's Denkraum</i>. Zurich: Edition Didacta, 2006, Hardcover Edition: <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783033012066" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-033-01206-6</a>; Paperback Edition: <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783033011489" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-033-01148-9</a></li>
<li>Brunger, Jeremy. 2015. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://numerocinqmagazine.com/2015/08/13/public-opinions-private-laziness-the-epistemological-break-in-nietzsche-jeremy-brunger/">Public Opinions, Private Laziness: The Epistemological Break in Nietzsche</a>. <i>Numero Cinq</i> magazine (August).</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Cate, Curtis (2005). <i>Friedrich Nietzsche</i>. Woodstock, NY, USA: <a href="/wiki/The_Overlook_Press" title="The Overlook Press">The Overlook Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Curtis&amp;rft.aulast=Cate&amp;rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Woodstock%2C+NY%2C+USA&amp;rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Corriero, Emilio Carlo, <i>Nietzsche oltre l'abisso. Declinazioni italiane della 'morte di Dio'</i>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Valerio_Editore" title="Marco Valerio Editore">Marco Valerio</a>, Torino, 2007</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Deleuze, Gilles (2006) [1983]. <i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_and_Philosophy" title="Nietzsche and Philosophy">Nietzsche and Philosophy</a></i>. trans. Hugh Tomlinson. Athlone Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-485-11233-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-485-11233-7">0-485-11233-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Gilles&amp;rft.aulast=Deleuze&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-485-11233-7&amp;rft.pub=Athlone+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Eilon, Eli. <i>Nietzsche's Principle of Abundance as Guiding Aesthetic Value</i>. Nietzsche-Studien, December 2001 (30). pp.&#160;200–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Eli&amp;rft.aulast=Eilon&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%27s+Principle+of+Abundance+as+Guiding+Aesthetic+Value&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=200-221&amp;rft.pub=Nietzsche-Studien%2C+December+2001+%2830%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Gemes" title="Ken Gemes">Gemes, Ken</a>; May, Simon, eds. (2002). <i>Nietzsche on Freedom and Autonomy</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+on+Freedom+and+Autonomy&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
<li>Golan, Zev. <i>God, Man and Nietzsche: A Startling Dialogue between Judaism and Modern Philosophers</i> (iUniverse, 2007).</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Golomb, Jacob, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=HBCsgS7k7lAC&amp;pg=PA185&amp;dq=Arnold+Zweig+Nietzsche"><i>Nietzsche and Jewish culture</i></a>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Jewish+culture&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DHBCsgS7k7lAC%26pg%3DPA185%26dq%3DArnold%2BZweig%2BNietzsche&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Heidegger, Martin. <i>The Word of Nietzsche</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.aulast=Heidegger&amp;rft.btitle=The+Word+of+Nietzsche&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
<li>Kaplama, Erman. <i>Cosmological Aesthetics through the Kantian Sublime and Nietzschean Dionysian</i>. Lanham: UPA, Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2014.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Kaufmann, Walter (1974). <i>Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01983-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01983-5">0-691-01983-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rft.aulast=Kaufmann&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%3A+Philosopher%2C+Psychologist%2C+Antichrist&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-01983-5&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kopi%C4%87" title="Mario Kopić">Kopić, Mario</a>, <i>S Nietzscheom o Europi</i>, Jesenski i Turk, Zagreb, 2001 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789532220162" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-953-222-016-2</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Lampert, Laurence (1986). <i>Nietzsche's Teaching: An Interpretation of "Thus Spoke Zarathustra"</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04430-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04430-5">0-300-04430-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence&amp;rft.aulast=Lampert&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%27s+Teaching%3A+An+Interpretation+of+%22Thus+Spoke+Zarathustra%22&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-04430-5&amp;rft.place=New+Haven&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Magnus and Higgins, "Nietzsche's works and their themes", in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche</i>, Magnus and Higgins (ed.), University of Cambridge Press, 1996, pp.&#160;21–58. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521367670" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-36767-0</a></li>
<li>O'Flaherty, James C., Sellner, Timothy F., Helm, Robert M., "Studies in Nietzsche and the Classical Tradition" (<a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>) 1979 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080788085X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8078-8085-X</a></li>
<li>O'Flaherty, James C., Sellner, Timothy F., Helm, Robert M., "Studies in Nietzsche and the Judaeo-Christian Tradition" (University of North Carolina Press) 1985 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080788104X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8078-8104-X</a></li>
<li>Owen, David. <i>Nietzsche, Politics &amp; Modernity</i> (London: Sage Publications, 1995).</li>
<li>Pérez, Rolando. Towards a Genealogy of the Gay Science: From Toulouse and Barcelona to Nietzsche and Beyond. eHumanista/IVITRA. Volume 5, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/eHumanista%20IVITRA/Volume%205/Volum%20Regular/7_Perez.pdf">http://www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/eHumanista%20IVITRA/Volume%205/Volum%20Regular/7_Perez.pdf</a></li>
<li>Porter, James I. "Nietzsche and the Philology of the Future" (Stanford University Press, 2000). <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804736987" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8047-3698-7</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Porter, James I (2000). <i>The Invention of Dionysus: An Essay on The Birth of Tragedy</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3700-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3700-2">0-8047-3700-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=James+I&amp;rft.aulast=Porter&amp;rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Dionysus%3A+An+Essay+on+The+Birth+of+Tragedy&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8047-3700-2&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
<li>Ratner-Rosenhagen, Jennifer (2011), <i>American Nietzsche: A History of an Icon and His Ideas.</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Roochnik, David (2004). <i>Retrieving the Ancients</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Roochnik&amp;rft.btitle=Retrieving+the+Ancients&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Russel">Russell, Bertrand</a> (2004). <i>A History of Western Philosophy</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana, George</a> (1916). "XI". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egotismingerman00santuoft"><i>Egotism in German Philosophy</i></a>. London &amp; Toronto: JM Dent &amp; Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=XI&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Santayana&amp;rft.btitle=Egotism+in+German+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1916&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegotismingerman00santuoft&amp;rft.place=London+%26+Toronto&amp;rft.pub=JM+Dent+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Sedgwick, Peter R (2009). <i>Nietzsche: the key concepts</i>. Routledge, Oxon, ENG, UK: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+R&amp;rft.aulast=Sedgwick&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%3A+the+key+concepts&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Routledge%2C+Oxon%2C+ENG%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Seung" title="T. K. Seung">Seung, T.K.</a> <i>Nietzsche's Epic of the Soul: Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0739111302" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7391-1130-2</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Tanner, Michael (1994). <i>Nietzsche</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-287680-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-287680-5">0-19-287680-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.au=Tanner%2C+Michael&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-287680-5&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">von Vacano, Diego (2007). <i>The Art of Power: Machiavelli, Nietzsche and the Making of Aesthetic Political Theory</i>. Lanham, MD: Lexington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Diego&amp;rft.aulast=von+Vacano&amp;rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Power%3A+Machiavelli%2C+Nietzsche+and+the+Making+of+Aesthetic+Political+Theory&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&amp;rft.pub=Lexington&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Wicks, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2004/entries/nietzsche/">"Friedrich Nietzsche"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2004 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Wicks&amp;rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.edition=Fall+2004&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2004%2Fentries%2Fnietzsche%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Young, Julian. <i>Friedrich Nietzsche: A Philosophical Biography</i> (Cambridge University Press; 2010) 649 pp.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Luchte, James (2008). <i>Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra: Before Sunrise</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441116536" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441116536">978-1441116536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Luchte&amp;rft.btitle=Nietzsche%27s+Thus+Spoke+Zarathustra%3A+Before+Sunrise&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1441116536&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Nietzsche,+Friedrich+Wilhelm">Works by Friedrich Nietzsche</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Nietzsche%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nietzsche%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nietzsche%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nietzsche%22%29%20OR%20%28%221844-1900%22%20AND%20Nietzsche%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Friedrich Nietzsche</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/author/411">Works by Friedrich Nietzsche</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helveticat.ch/search/query?term_1=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;locale=en&amp;theme=Helveticat">Publications by and about Friedrich Nietzsche</a> in the catalogue Helveticat of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Library" title="Swiss National Library">Swiss National Library</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/d360/Friedrich_Nietzsche">Audio link</a> Pronunciation (English and German) for <i>Friedrich Nietzsche</i></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Wilkerson, Dale (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzsch">"Friedrich Nietzsche"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Dale&amp;rft.aulast=Wilkerson&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fnietzsch&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Jensen, Anthony K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/niet-his">"Nietzsche's Philosophy of History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche%27s+Philosophy+of+History&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Jensen&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fniet-his&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Wicks, Robert (2007-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche">"Friedrich Nietzsche"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Wicks&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2007-11-14&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnietzsche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Leiter" title="Brian Leiter">Leiter, Brian</a> (2007-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche-moral-political">"Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=Nietzsche%27s+Moral+and+Political+Philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft.aulast=Leiter&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2007-07-27&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnietzsche-moral-political&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nietzschesource.org/">Nietzsche Source: Digital version of the German critical edition of the complete works and Digital facsimile edition of the entire Nietzsche estate</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexido.com/">Lexido: Searchable Database index of Public Domain editions of all Nietzsche's major works</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmoz.org/Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/N/Nietzsche,_Friedrich">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
<li><a href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Nietzsche,_Friedrich_Wilhelm" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm">Free scores by Friedrich Nietzsche</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weple.org/timeline.html#ids=14631,12007,12598,700,10671,9518,37304,95184,&amp;title=8%20German%20Philosophers">Timeline of German Philosophers</a></li>
<li>Walter Kaufmann 1960 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NietzscheAndTheCrisisInPhilosophy">Prof. Nietzsche and the Crisis in Philosophy</a> Audio</li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Kierans, Kenneth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.swgc.mun.ca/animus/Articles/Volume%2014/9_Kierans.pdf">"On the Unity of Nietzsche's Philosophy"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animus_(journal)" title="Animus (journal)">Animus</a></i> <b>14</b>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1209-0689">1209-0689</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Nietzsche&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Unity+of+Nietzsche%27s+Philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth&amp;rft.aulast=Kierans&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.swgc.mun.ca%2Fanimus%2FArticles%2FVolume%252014%2F9_Kierans.pdf&amp;rft.issn=1209-0689&amp;rft.jtitle=Animus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=14" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brianleiternietzsche.blogspot.com/">Brian Leiter's Nietzsche Blog</a>: News, polls, and discussion about Nietzsche and current events in Nietzsche scholarship from <a href="/wiki/Brian_Leiter" title="Brian Leiter">Brian Leiter</a> (University of Chicago).</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (1999). "Beyond Good and Evil". <i><a href="/wiki/Human,_All_Too_Human_(TV_series)" title="Human, All Too Human (TV series)">Human, All Too Human</a></i>.</li>
</ul>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><strong class="selflink">Friedrich Nietzsche</strong></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche_bibliography" title="Friedrich Nietzsche bibliography">Works</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Pathos_of_Truth" title="On the Pathos of Truth">On the Pathos of Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Tragic_Age_of_the_Greeks" title="Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks">Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/On_Truth_and_Lies_in_a_Nonmoral_Sense" title="On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense">On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Untimely_Meditations" title="Untimely Meditations">Untimely Meditations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hymnus_an_das_Leben" title="Hymnus an das Leben">Hymnus an das Leben</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human,_All_Too_Human" title="Human, All Too Human">Human, All Too Human</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_(book)" title="The Dawn (book)">The Dawn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idylls_from_Messina" title="Idylls from Messina">Idylls from Messina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Gay_Science" title="The Gay Science">The Gay Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Wagner" title="The Case of Wagner">The Case of Wagner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Idols" title="Twilight of the Idols">Twilight of the Idols</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Antichrist_(book)" title="The Antichrist (book)">The Antichrist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(book)" title="Ecce Homo (book)">Ecce Homo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian-Dithyrambs" title="Dionysian-Dithyrambs">Dionysian-Dithyrambs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_contra_Wagner" title="Nietzsche contra Wagner">Nietzsche contra Wagner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power&#160;<span style="font-size:90%;"><span style="font-style:normal;">(posthumous)</span></span></a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Concepts</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Amor_fati" title="Amor fati">Amor fati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_the_Earth" title="Faith in the Earth">Faith in the Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_is_dead" title="God is dead">God is dead</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd instinct</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Last_man" title="Last man">Last man</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nietzschean_affirmation" title="Nietzschean affirmation">Nietzschean affirmation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">Perspectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tschandala" title="Tschandala">Tschandala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermensch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_riddle" title="World riddle">World riddle</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_about_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="List of works about Friedrich Nietzsche">Works about Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Influence and reception of Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche">Anarchism and Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche%27s_views_on_women" title="Friedrich Nietzsche's views on women">Nietzsche's views on women</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_free_will" title="Friedrich Nietzsche and free will">Nietzsche and free will</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Nietzsche_Studies" title="The Journal of Nietzsche Studies">The Journal of Nietzsche Studies</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Library of Friedrich Nietzsche">Library of Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche-Archiv" title="Nietzsche-Archiv">Nietzsche-Archiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche-Haus,_Naumburg" title="Nietzsche-Haus, Naumburg">Nietzsche-Haus, Naumburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche-Haus,_Sils_Maria" title="Nietzsche-Haus, Sils Maria">Nietzsche-Haus, Sils Maria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Nietzsche's relationship with Max Stirner</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Sister_and_I_(Nietzsche)" title="My Sister and I (Nietzsche)">My Sister and I</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/When_Nietzsche_Wept_(novel)" title="When Nietzsche Wept (novel)"><i>When Nietzsche Wept</i> (novel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/When_Nietzsche_Wept" title="When Nietzsche Wept">film)</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><strong class="selflink">Friedrich Nietzsche</strong>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i></div>
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<li><i><a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra_(Strauss)" title="Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)">Also sprach Zarathustra</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mass_of_Life" title="A Mass of Life">A Mass of Life</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarathustra_(album)" title="Zarathustra (album)">Zarathustra</a></i></li>
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<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarathustra%27s_roundelay" title="Zarathustra's roundelay">Zarathustra's roundelay</a></i></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffaaaa;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophers" title="Category:Continental philosophers">Philosophers</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Gaston Bachelard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Maurice Blanchot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Fichte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Hegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Alexandre Kojève</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Leszek Kołakowski</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Laruelle" title="François Laruelle">François Laruelle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Friedrich Nietzsche</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avital_Ronell" title="Avital Ronell">Avital Ronell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Schelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Peter Sloterdijk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles"><b>more...</b></a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Poststructuralism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Other" title="Other">Other</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles"><b>more...</b></a></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Continental" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Continental">Task force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Metaphysicians</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W. F. Hegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Friedrich Nietzsche</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred N. Whitehead</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Emmet" title="Dorothy Emmet">Dorothy Emmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_St%C3%B6hr" title="Adolph Stöhr">Adolph Stöhr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard V. O. Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">David Malet Armstrong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Theories</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enactivism (psychology)">Enactivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pirsig%27s_metaphysics_of_Quality" title="Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality">Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Being" title="Being">Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Choice" title="Choice">Choice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" title="Cogito ergo sum">Cogito ergo sum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_change" title="Identity and change">Identity and change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" title="Matter (philosophy)">Matter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" title="Motion (physics)">Motion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Necessity" title="Necessity">Necessity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Notion_(philosophy)" title="Notion (philosophy)">Notion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physical_body" title="Physical body">Physical body</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta" title="Meta">Meta-</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian ethics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Ethics of care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil">Evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Freedom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering or Pain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">Trust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">full index...</a></b></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W. F. Hegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Friedrich Nietzsche</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J. L. Mackie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">William Frankena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">more...</a></b></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related articles</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ethics" title="Portal:Ethics">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Philosophers</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Clive Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(philosopher)" title="Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)">Bernard Bosanquet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullough" title="Edward Bullough">Edward Bullough</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Arthur Danto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Curt_John_Ducasse" title="Curt John Ducasse">Curt John Ducasse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_de_Duve" title="Thierry de Duve">Thierry de Duve</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Roger Fry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Clement Greenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Hegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Susanne Langer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Theodor Lipps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Margolis" title="Joseph Margolis">Joseph Margolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Munro_(art_historian)" title="Thomas Munro (art historian)">Thomas Munro</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Friedrich Nietzsche</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dewitt_H._Parker" title="Dewitt H. Parker">Dewitt H. Parker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pepper" title="Stephen Pepper">Stephen Pepper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Prall" title="David Prall">David Prall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansing_Raymond" title="George Lansing Raymond">George Lansing Raymond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Singer" title="Irving Singer">Irving Singer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Weitz" title="Morris Weitz">Morris Weitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Richard Wollheim</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Theories</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic emotions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Aesthetic interpretation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Rasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminist aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">Gastronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Literary_merit" title="Literary merit">Literary merit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Music theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_painting" title="Theory of painting">Theory of painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index of aesthetics articles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aesthetics" title="Portal:Aesthetics">Portal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Criticism_of_religion&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By religion</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_Opus_Dei" title="Controversies about Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church#Controversy" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticism" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi’ism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Religious texts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadith#Criticism_and_debates" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Religious figures</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Moses">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and violence">Religion and violence</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_terror" title="Saffron terror">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_terrorism" title="Jewish religious terrorism">Jewish</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">By Christians</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li>
<li>By country
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_violence_in_India" title="Anti-Christian violence in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Books</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-style:italic;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Age_of_Science%3F" title="God in the Age of Science?">God in the Age of Science?</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Movements</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="C?rv?ka">C?rv?ka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Church of the SubGenius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster">Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Pink_Unicorn" title="Invisible Pink Unicorn">Invisible Pink Unicorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" title="Nontheistic religions">Nontheistic religions</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kovoor" title="Abraham Kovoor">Abraham Kovoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Servier" title="André Servier">André Servier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Laurie_Gaylor" title="Annie Laurie Gaylor">Annie Laurie Gaylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="B.R. Ambedkar">B.R. Ambedkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hicks" title="Bill Hicks">Bill Hicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Dan Barker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Debiprasad_Chattopadhyaya" title="Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya">Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Friedrich Nietzsche</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greydon_Square" title="Greydon Square">Greydon Square</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Philipse" title="Herman Philipse">Herman Philipse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Stern" title="Howard Stern">Howard Stern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jamila_Bey" title="Jamila Bey">Jamila Bey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kancha_Ilaiah" title="Kancha Ilaiah">Kancha Ilaiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair" title="Madalyn Murray O'Hair">Madalyn Murray O'Hair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magdi_Allam" title="Magdi Allam">Magdi Allam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandisa_Thomas" title="Mandisa Thomas">Mandisa Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nonie_Darwish" title="Nonie Darwish">Nonie Darwish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Condell" title="Pat Condell">Pat Condell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller" title="Penn &amp; Teller">Penn &amp; Teller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy" title="Periyar E. V. Ramasamy">Periyar E. V. Ramasamy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PZ_Myers" title="PZ Myers">PZ Myers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sikivu_Hutchinson" title="Sikivu Hutchinson">Sikivu Hutchinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin" title="Taslima Nasrin">Taslima Nasrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufman</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
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</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Religious belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Conceptions of God</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian view of God">Aristotelian view</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltheism">Maltheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Being" title="Supreme Being">Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81m_cosmological_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Kal?m cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_Universe" title="Fine-tuned Universe">Fine-tuning of the Universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_Wager" title="Pascal's Wager">Pascal's Wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_a_proper_basis" title="Argument from a proper basis">Proper basis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 Gambit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_existentialism" title="Agnostic existentialism">Agnostic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language-game_(philosophy)" title="Language-game (philosophy)">Language-game</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />
of religion</a></div>
<br />
(by date active)</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Ancient<br />
and<br />
Medieval</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Enlightenment</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />
1850</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />
1900</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W. K. Clifford</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Friedrich Nietzsche</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />
postwar</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />
1990<br />
2010</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" title="History of religions">History of religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_science_of_religion" title="Political science of religion">Political science of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._J._Altizer" title="Thomas J. J. Altizer">Thomas J. J. Altizer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Buren" title="Paul van Buren">Paul van Buren</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Caputo" title="John D. Caputo">John D. Caputo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(theologian)" title="William Hamilton (theologian)">William Hamilton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Friedrich Nietzsche</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_Woolwich)" title="John Robinson (bishop of Woolwich)">John Robinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Rubenstein" title="Richard L. Rubenstein">Richard L. Rubenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Vahanian" title="Gabriel Vahanian">Gabriel Vahanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Gianni Vattimo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a></li>
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(тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фридрих ?ицше – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Българ?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фридрих ?ицше – бур?ад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Бур?ад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="?ицше Фридрих – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%9D%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5" title="Φ?ίντ?ιχ ?ίτσε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="//eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="//ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%87" title="?ریدریش نیچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">?ارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="尼采 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EB%8B%88%EC%B2%B4" title="프리드리히 니체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD_%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%B7%D5%A5" title="Ֆրիդրիխ Նի?շե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87" title="फ?रेडरिक नीत?शे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन?दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">?slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%94" title="פרידריך ניטשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94" title="ფრიდრიხ ნიცშე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქ?რთული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фридрих ?ицше – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="?ицше, Фридрих – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"><a href="//mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="?ицше, Фридрих Вильгельм – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="//lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фридрих ?ицше – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Nietzsche" title="Fridericus Nietzsche – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%ABdrihs_N%C4%AB%C4%8De" title="Frīdrihs Nī?e – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Фридрих ?иче – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македон?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A" title="ഫ?രീഡ?രിക?ക? നീച?ച – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="//mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="फ?रीडरिक नित?ची – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94" title="ფრიდრიხ ნიცშე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მ?რგ?ლური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87" title="?ريدريك نيتشه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фридрих ?ицше – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87" title="फ?रेडरिक नीत?शे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7" title="フリードリヒ・ニー?ェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="?ицше, Фридрих – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">?охчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om"><a href="//om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firidiriish_Niichee" title="Firidiriish Niichee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrix_Nitsshe" title="Fridrix Nitsshe – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87" title="ਫ਼ਰੀਡਰਿਸ਼ ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag"><a href="//pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%B4%DB%92" title="نطشے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%A9_%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D9%87%DB%90%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%86%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="?ر?در?ک و?له?لم ن?تشي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="//jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="//kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="//rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фрідріх ?іцше – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Ру?инь?кый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="?ицше, Фридрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Ру??кий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фридрих ?ицше – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"><a href="//sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sloven?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenš?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%95" title="?ریدریش نیچە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Фридрих ?иче – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Срп?ки / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / ?рп?кохрват?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87" title="பிரீட?ரிக? நீட?சே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrix_Nits%C5%9Fe" title="Fridrix Nitsşe – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD" title="ฟรีดริช นีทเชอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti"><a href="//ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%88%BA" title="ኒሺ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti">ት?ርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a href="//chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎦᎵ?ᎵᎩ ?? – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr">?ᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv"><a href="//tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="?ицше, Фридрих – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фрідріх ?іцше – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Україн?ька</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%B4%DB%92" title="نطشے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nietzsche_Friedrich" title="Nietzsche Friedrich – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="//wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="尼采 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%A9%D7%A2" title="פרידריך ניצשע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="尼采 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="//zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%ABdr%C4%97ks_N%C4%AB%C4%8D%C4%97" title="Frīdrėks Nī?ė – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li>					</ul>
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