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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Eastern philosophy</h1>
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<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy">a series</a> on</td>
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<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></th>
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<th style="padding:0.1em;font-size:105%;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers" title="Category:Philosophers">Philosophers</a></th>
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<th style="padding:0.1em;font-size:105%;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophical_traditions" title="Category:Philosophical traditions">Traditions</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" title="Index of philosophy">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy" title="Outline of philosophy">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_philosophy" title="List of years in philosophy">Years</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_philosophy" title="List of unsolved problems in philosophy">Problems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_philosophy" title="List of important publications in philosophy">Publications</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" title="Glossary of philosophy">Glossary</a></li>
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<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Divine revelation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li>
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<p><b>Eastern philosophy</b> includes the various <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophies</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese philosophy</a>. Broadly speaking the term can also sometimes include <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_literature#Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian literature">Babylonian philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian/Persian philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>, though these may also be considered <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophies</a>.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Controversy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Supreme_God_and_the_demigods"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Supreme God and the demigods</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Comparative_religion"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Comparative religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Syntheses_of_Eastern_and_Western_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#East_Asian_philosophies"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">East Asian philosophies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Confucianism"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Confucianism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Neo-Confucianism"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Neo-Confucianism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Taoism"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Taoism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Shinto"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Shinto</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Legalism"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Legalism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Maoism"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Maoism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Juche"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Juche</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Indian_philosophies"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Indian philosophies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Hindu_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hindu philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Buddhist_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Buddhist philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Sikh_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sikh philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Jainism"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Jainism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#C.C4.81rv.C4.81ka"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">C?rv?ka</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Iranian_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Iranian philosophy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Zoroastrianism"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Zoroastrianism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Manichaeism"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Manichaeism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Mazdakism"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mazdakism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Zurvanism"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Zurvanism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Aesthetic_Zurvanism"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Aesthetic Zurvanism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Materialist_Zurvanism"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Materialist Zurvanism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Fatalistic_Zurvanism"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fatalistic Zurvanism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Avicennism"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Avicennism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Iranian_Illuminationism"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Iranian Illuminationism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Transcendent_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Transcendent philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext">Bahá'í philosophy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Hebrew_and_diaspora_Jewish_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Hebrew and diaspora Jewish philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Babylonian_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Babylonian philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Islamic_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Islamic philosophy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Sufi_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sufi philosophy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy">Controversy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Some Western thinkers claim that philosophy as such is only characteristic of Western cultures. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> is even reported to have said that only Greek and German languages are suitable for philosophizing.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-1">[1]</a></sup> On the other hand, Arab and Jewish philosophy, which have been in dialogue with the Greek tradition and, in the case of leading Islamic philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rushd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Rushd">Ibn Rushd</a>, rely heavily on it, are not specifically Eastern philosophies at all. It is still commonplace in Western universities to teach only Western philosophy and to ignore Asian philosophy altogether, or consider only newer Western-influenced Asian thought properly "philosophy". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carine_Defoort&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carine Defoort (page does not exist)">Carine Defoort</a>, herself a specialist in Chinese thought, has offered support for such a "family" view of philosophy,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Rein_Raud" title="Rein Raud">Rein Raud</a> has presented an argument<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> against it and offered a more flexible definition of philosophy that would include both Western and Asian thought on equal terms. In response, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OuYang_Min&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="OuYang Min (page does not exist)">OuYang Min</a> argues that philosophy proper is a Western cultural practice and essentially different from <i>zhexue</i>, which is what the Chinese have,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> even though <i>zhexue</i> (originally <i>tetsugaku</i>) is actually a neologism coined in 1873 by <a href="/wiki/Nishi_Amane" title="Nishi Amane">Nishi Amane</a> for describing Western philosophy as opposed to traditional Asian thought.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Supreme_God_and_the_demigods">Supreme God and the demigods</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Supreme God and the demigods">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrian</a></li>
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<p>Some Eastern philosophies have formulated questions on the nature of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and its relationship to the universe based on <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheistic</a> framework within which it emerged. This has created a dichotomy among some Western philosophies, between secular philosophies and religious philosophies developed within the context of a particular monotheistic religion's <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>—especially some creeds of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christianity, regarding the nature of God and the universe.</p>
<p>Eastern religions have been as concerned by questions relating to the nature of a single God as the universe's sole creator and ruler.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The distinction between the religious and the secular tends to be much less sharp in Eastern philosophy, and the same philosophical school often contains both religious and philosophical elements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, some people accept the so-called <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> tenets of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> without going to a temple and worshipping. Some have worshipped the <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> deities religiously without bothering to delve into the theological underpinnings, while others embrace the Taoist religion while ignoring the mythological aspects.</p>
<p>This arrangement stands in marked contrast to some recent philosophy in the West, which has traditionally enforced either a completely unified philosophic/religious belief system (for example, the various sects and associated philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>), or a sharp and total repudiation of some forms of religion by philosophy (for example, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, etc.).</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparative_religion">Comparative religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Comparative religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></div>
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<p>A common thread that often differentiates Eastern philosophy from Western is the relationship <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>between the gods (or God) and the universe. Some Western schools of thought were <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pantheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a>, such as the classical Greek tradition, while later religious beliefs, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, portrayed divinity as more <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>.</p>
<p>Much like the classical Greek philosophies, many Eastern schools of thought were more interested in explaining the natural world via universal patterns; without recourse to capricious agencies like gods (or God). <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a> allowed various schools of thought such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi jing">Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_xing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu xing">Wu xing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a> to mutually complement one another without threatening <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">traditional religious practice</a> or <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">new religious movements</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Syntheses_of_Eastern_and_Western_philosophy">Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">For more details on this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and Western Philosophy">Buddhism and Western Philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial Philosophy">Perennial Philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>.</div>
<p>There have been many modern attempts to integrate Western and Eastern philosophical traditions.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> developed a philosophy that was essentially a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> with Western thought. He anticipated that the <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a></i> (primary <a href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> scriptures) would have a much greater influence in the West than they have had. However, Schopenhauer was working with heavily flawed early translations (and sometimes second-degree translations), and many feel that he may not necessarily have accurately grasped the Eastern philosophies which interested him.</p>
<p>Recent attempts to incorporate Western philosophy into Eastern thought include the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a> of philosophers, who combined the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Husserl" class="mw-redirect" title="Husserl">Husserl</a> with the insights of <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Watsuji_Tetsuro" class="mw-redirect" title="Watsuji Tetsuro">Watsuji Tetsurô</a>, a 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> philosopher attempted to combine the works of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, Nietzsche, and Heidegger with Eastern philosophies. Some have claimed that there is also a definite eastern element within <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a>'s philosophy. For the most part this is not made explicit within Heidegger's philosophy, apart from in the dialogue between a Japanese and inquirer. Heidegger did spend time attempting to translate the Tao Te Ching into German, working with his Chinese student Paul Hsaio. It has also been claimed that much of Heidegger's later philosophy, particularly the sacredness of Being, bears a distinct similarity to Taoist ideas. There are clear parallels between Heidegger and the work of Kyoto School, and ultimately, it may be read that Heidegger's philosophy is an attempt to 'turn eastwards' in response to the crisis in Western civilization. However, this is only an interpretation.</p>
<p>The 20th century <a href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/German_Idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Idealism">German Idealism</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">integral yoga</a> is regarded as a synthesis of Eastern and Western thought. The German <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gebser" title="Jean Gebser">Jean Gebser</a>'s writings on the history of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> referred to a new planetary consciousness that would bridge this gap. Followers of these two authors are often grouped together under the term <a href="/wiki/Integral_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral thought">Integral thought</a>.</p>
<p>Swiss psychologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> was deeply influenced by the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a>. The I Ching (Book of Changes) is an ancient Chinese text from the Shang Dynasty (Bronze Age 1700BC-1050BC), and uses a system of Yin and Yang, which it places into hexagrams for the purposes of divination. Carl Jung's idea of <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a> moves towards an Oriental view of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>, as he states in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iging.com/intro/foreword.htm">foreword</a> to Richard Wilhelm's translation of the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching#Influence_on_Western_culture" title="I Ching">I Ching</a> (Book of Changes). He explains that this Chinese view of the world is based not on science as the West knows it, but on chance.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="East_Asian_philosophies">East Asian philosophies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: East Asian philosophies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese philosophy</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Confucianism">Confucianism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Confucianism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></div>
<p>Confucianism(儒學), developed around the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>(孔?) and is based on a set of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classic texts">Chinese classic texts</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Neo-Confucianism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> is a later further development of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> but also went much more differently from the origin of Confucianism. It started developing from the <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> and was nearly completed in late <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>. Its root can be found as early as <a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a>, often attributed to scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Xie_Tian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Xie Tian (page does not exist)">Tang Xie Tian</a>. It has a great influence on the countries of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> is considered as the biggest master of <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song</a> where Neo-Confucianism and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> is the one of <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming</a>'s. But there are conflicts between Zhu's school and Wang's.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Taoism">Taoism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Taoism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></div>
<p>Taoism (or Daoism) is traditionally contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Taoism's central books are the <i><a href="/wiki/Dao_De_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao De Jing">Dao De Jing</a></i> (<i>Tao-Te-Ching</i>), traditionally attributed to Laozi (Lao Tzu), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Nan Hua Jing</a></i> (<i>Zhuang Zi/Chuang Tzu</i>).</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shinto">Shinto</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Shinto">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></div>
<p>Shinto is the indigenous religion of Japan. It is a sophisticated form of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> that holds that spirits called <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> inhabit all things. Worship is at public shrines or in small shrines constructed in one's home. According to Shinto practice, relationship with the kami that inhabit this world is foremost in a person's duties; the kami are to be respected so that they may return our respect. Shinto further holds that the "spirit" and "mundane" worlds are one and the same. Of all of the tenets of this philosophy, purity is the most highly stressed. Pure acts are those that promote or contribute to the harmony of the universe, and impure acts are those that are deleterious in this regard. As a faith, Shinto is heavily influenced by Chinese religions, notably Taoism and Buddhism.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legalism">Legalism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Legalism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism (Chinese philosophy)</a></div>
<p>Legalism advocated a strict interpretation of the law in every respect. No judgment calls. Morality was not important<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; adherence to the letter of the law was paramount.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Maoism">Maoism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Maoism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></div>
<p>Maoism is a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> philosophy based on the teachings of 20th century <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party of China</a> revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. It is based partially on earlier theories by Marx and Lenin, but rejects the urban <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> emphasis on heavy industrialization in favor of a revolution supported by the peasantry, and a decentralized agrarian economy based on many collectively worked farms.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Juche">Juche</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Juche">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></div>
<p>Juche, usually translated as "self-reliance", is the official political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, described by the regime as <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-Sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-Sung">Kim Il-Sung</a>'s "original, brilliant and revolutionary contribution to national and international thought".<sup id="cite_ref-North_Korea:_State_of_Paranoia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_Korea:_State_of_Paranoia-6">[6]</a></sup> The idea states that an individual is "the master of his destiny"<sup id="cite_ref-Juche_Idea:_Answers_to_Hundred_Questions_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juche_Idea:_Answers_to_Hundred_Questions-7">[7]</a></sup> and that the North Korean masses are to act as the "masters of the revolution and construction".<sup id="cite_ref-Juche_Idea:_Answers_to_Hundred_Questions_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juche_Idea:_Answers_to_Hundred_Questions-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Indian_philosophies">Indian philosophies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Indian philosophies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hindu_philosophy">Hindu philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Hindu philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the dominant religion, or way of life,<sup id="cite_ref-definition_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-10">[note 1]</a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It includes <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-11">[10]</a></sup> among numerous <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">other traditions</a>, and a wide spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaś?stra">laws and prescriptions</a> of "daily morality" based on <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, and societal norms. Hinduism is a categorisation of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgis201062_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgis201062-12">[11]</a></sup> Hinduism, with about one billion followers<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's third largest religion</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.</p>
<p>Hinduism has been called the "<a href="/wiki/Oldest_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest religion">oldest religion</a>" in the world, and some practitioners refer to it as <i><a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tan%C4%AB" title="San?tanī"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">San?tana Dharma</span></a></i>, "the eternal <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">law</a>" or the "eternal way";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2000_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2000-14">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2001xiii_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2001xiii-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnott19985_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott19985-16">[15]</a></sup> beyond human origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnott19985_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott19985-16">[15]</a></sup> Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion<sup id="cite_ref-Lockard_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockard-17">[note 2]</a></sup> or synthesis<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-18">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hiltebeitel-synthesis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiltebeitel-synthesis-19">[note 3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-18">[16]</a></sup> of various Indian cultures and traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-20">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-21">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard200750_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-22">[19]</a></sup> with diverse roots<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911-23">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[note 4]</a></sup> and no single founder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne20059_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne20059-28">[24]</a></sup> It prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings (<a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>), patience, forbearance, self-restraint, compassion, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-sanatana_dharma_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-sanatana_dharma-29">[web 1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the early medieval times, after the rise of Muslim powers, Hindu philosophy was classified by Hindu tradition into six <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and n?stika"><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">?stika</span></i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">आस?तिक</span> "orthodox") schools of thought,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a></sup> or <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">darśanam</span></i> (दर?शनम?, "view"), which accept the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> as authoritative texts,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a></sup> and four <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">n?stika</span></i> (<span lang="sa">नास?तिक</span> "heterodox") schools which don't draw upon the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> as authoritative texts, and developed independent traditions of thought. Nevertheless, the various schools are in many ways related, and share various strands of though. The <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">?stika</span> schools are:</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, an atheistic and strongly dualist theoretical exposition of <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">matter</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="R?ja yoga">Yoga</a>, a school emphasising <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">contemplation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaivalya" title="Kaivalya">liberation</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">logic</a>, explores <a href="/wiki/Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pram?ṇa">sources of knowledge</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Ny?ya Sūtras">Ny?ya Sūtras</a></i>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Empiricist" class="mw-redirect" title="Empiricist">empiricist</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīm?ṃs?">Mīm?ṃs?</a>, an anti-ascetic and anti-mysticist school of <a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">orthopraxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81nta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ved?nta">Ved?nta</a>, the last segment of knowledge in the Vedas, or the 'Jnan' (knowledge) 'Kanda' (section). Vedanta came to be the dominant current of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> in the post-medieval period.</li>
</ol>
<p>The <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">n?stika</span> schools are (in chronological order):</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="C?rv?ka">C?rv?ka</a>, a materialism school that accepted free will exists</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a>, a materialism school that denied free will exists</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, based on the teachings and enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, based on the belief in <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> or non-violence towards all living beings</li>
</ol>
<p>Each school of Hindu philosophy has extensive <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> literature called <i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana</a>-sastras</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kp_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kp-33">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbil_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbil-34">[29]</a></sup></p>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Hindu history</a>, the distinction of the six orthodox schools was current in the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta period">Gupta period</a> "golden age" of Hinduism. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mīm?ṃs?, it became obsolete by the later Middle Ages, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> "dualism", Advaita Vedanta "non-dualism" and others) began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of religious philosophy. Nyaya survived into the 17th century as <i>Navya Nyaya</i> "Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhist_philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Buddhist philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a></div>
<p>Buddhism is a system of religious beliefs based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddhartha Gautama</a>. Buddhism is a non-theistic religion, one whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of a God or gods. The Buddha himself expressly disavowed any special divine status or inspiration, and said that anyone, anywhere could achieve all the insight that he had. The question of God is largely irrelevant in Buddhism, though some sects (notably <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>) do <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">venerate</a> a number of gods drawn in from local indigenous belief systems yet this practice has taken on different meanings and has become a skillful mean within the Tibetan Buddhist practice.</p>
<p>Buddhist philosophy has its foundations in the doctrines of:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta">Anatta</a>, which specifies that all is without substantial <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> identity</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pratitya-samutpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratitya-samutpada">Pratitya-samutpada</a>, which delineates the Buddhist concept of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a></li>
<li>Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological</a> analysis of <a href="/wiki/Dharma#Dharmas_in_Buddhist_phenomenology" title="Dharma">dharmas</a>, or phenomenological constituents</li>
</ul>
<p>Most Buddhist sects believe in <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, a cause-and-effect relationship between all that has been done and all that will be done. Events that occur are held to be the direct result of previous events. One effect of karma is rebirth. At death, the karma from a given life determines the nature of the next life's existence. The ultimate goal of a Buddhist practitioner is to eliminate karma (both good and bad), end the cycle of rebirth and suffering, and attain <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>, usually translated as <i>awakening</i> or <i>enlightenment.</i></p>
<p><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> — <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline of Buddhism</a> — <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools of Buddhism</a></i></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sikh_philosophy">Sikh philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Sikh philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy">Sikh religious philosophy</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikhi1.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sikhi1.svg/220px-Sikhi1.svg.png" width="220" height="311" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sikhi1.svg/330px-Sikhi1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sikhi1.svg/440px-Sikhi1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikhi1.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Diagram showing some of the important Sikh beliefs.</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Simran_(Sanskrit_word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simran (Sanskrit word)">Simran</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Selfless_service" title="Selfless service">Sewa</a></i> - These are the Foundation of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. It is the duty of every <a href="/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> to practise <i><a href="/wiki/Naam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naam">Naam</a> Simran</i> (<a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> on the Lord's name) daily and engage in <i>Sewa</i> (Selfless Service) whenever there is a possibility, in <i><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></i> (Sikh place of worship), in community centres, old people's homes, care centres, major world disasters, etc. "Ek ong kar Satanam" and "Waheguru" are some mantras used for this purpose. "Ek ong kar Satanam" roughly translates to "there is one God un-separate from nature and truth is its name". "Waheguru" is used as a meditative practice on the Lord's name.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a> of Sikhism - <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> formalised these three important pillars of Sikhism.
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japna" class="mw-redirect" title="Naam Japna">Naam Japna</a></i> – A Sikh is to engage in a daily practise of meditation and <i><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></i> (a daily prayer routine) by reciting and chanting of God’s Name.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karni" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirat Karni">Kirat Karni</a></i> - To live honestly and earn by ones physical and mental effort while accepting Gods gifts and blessings. A Sikh has to live as a householders carrying out his or her duties and responsibilities to the full.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chakna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vand Chakna">Vand Chakna</a></i> - Sikhs are asked to share their wealth within the community and outside by giving <i><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></i> and practising charity (<i>Daan</i>). To "Share and consume together".</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kill the <a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a> - The <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Gurus">Sikh Gurus</a> tell us that our mind and spirit are constantly being attacked by the Five Evils – <i><a href="/wiki/Kam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kam">Kam</a></i> (Lust), <i><a href="/wiki/Krodh" title="Krodh">Krodh</a></i> (Rage), <i><a href="/wiki/Lobh" title="Lobh">Lobh</a></i> (Greed), <i><a href="/wiki/Moh" title="Moh">Moh</a></i> (Attachment) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ahankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahankar">Ahankar</a></i> (Ego). A Sikh needs to constantly attack and overcome these five vices; be always vigilant and on guard to tackle these five thieves all the time.</li>
<li>Positive Human Qualities - The Sikh Gurus taught the Sikhs to develop and harness positive human qualities that lead the soul closer to God and away from evil. These are <i><a href="/wiki/Sat_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sat (Sikhism)">Sat</a></i> (Truth), <i><a href="/wiki/Daya" title="Daya">Daya</a></i> (Compassion), <i><a href="/wiki/Santokh" title="Santokh">Santokh</a></i> (Contentment), <i><a href="/wiki/Nimrata" title="Nimrata">Nimrata</a></i> (Humility) and <i><a href="/wiki/Pyare" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyare">Pyare</a></i> (Love).</li>
</ul>
<p><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Beliefs">Sikh Beliefs</a> - <a href="/wiki/Basic_Tenets_of_the_Sikhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Tenets of the Sikhism">Basic Tenets of the Sikhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_Primary_Beliefs_and_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism Primary Beliefs and Principles">Sikhism Primary Beliefs and Principles</a></i></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Jainism">Jainism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a></div>
<p><b>Jain philosophy</b> deals extensively with the problems of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Transtheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transtheistic">transtheistic</a> religion of ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a></sup> It continues the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Śramaṇa</span></a> tradition, which co-existed with the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic tradition</a> since ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a></sup> The distinguishing features of Jain philosophy are its belief on independent existence of soul and matter, denial of <a href="/wiki/Creator_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator god">creative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a> God, potency of <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">eternal and uncreated universe</a>, a strong emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">non-violence</a>, accent on relativity and <a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">multiple facets of truth</a>, and morality and ethics based on <a href="/wiki/Moksa_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moksa (Jainism)">liberation</a> of soul. Jain philosophy attempts to explain the rationale of being and existence, the nature of the Universe and its constituents, the nature of bondage and the means to achieve liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a></sup> It has often been described as an ascetic movement for its strong emphasis on self-control, austerities and renunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a></sup> It has also been called a model of philosophical <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> for its insistence that truth is relative and multifaceted and for its willingness to accommodate all possible view-points of the rival philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a></sup> Jainism strongly upholds the individualistic nature of soul and personal responsibility for one's decisions; and that self-reliance and individual efforts alone are responsible for one's liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a></sup></p>
<p>Throughout its history, the Jain philosophy remained unified and single, although as a religion, Jainism was divided into various sects and traditions. The contribution of Jain philosophy in developing the Indian philosophy has been significant. Jain philosophical concepts like <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moksa_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moksa (Jainism)">Moksa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara (Jainism)">Samsara</a> and the like are common with other <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in various forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Zydenbos_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zydenbos-42">[37]</a></sup> While Jainism traces its philosophy from teachings of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankaras</a>, various Jain philosophers from <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Umasvati">Umasvati</a> in ancient times to <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><a href="/wiki/Yasovijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasovijaya">Yaśovijaya Gaṇi</a></span> in recent times have contributed greatly in developing and refining the Jain and Indian philosophical concepts.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="C.C4.81rv.C4.81ka">C?rv?ka</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: C?rv?ka">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="C?rv?ka">C?rv?ka</a></div>
<p>C?rv?ka, also frequently transliterated as Charvaka or C?rv?ka, and also known as Lokayata or Loky?ta, was a materialist and atheist school of thought with ancient roots in India. It proposed a system of ethics based on rational thought. However, this school has been dead for more than a thousand years.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Iranian_philosophy">Iranian philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Iranian philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a></div>
<p><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Philosophy#Ancient_Iranian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Philosophy">Ancient Iranian Philosophy</a></i></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></div>
<p>Zoroastrianism is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religion, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. It has a dualistic nature (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>), with an additional series of six important divine entities called the <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spentas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amesha Spentas">Amesha Spentas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a></sup> In modern Zoroastrianism they are interpreted as aspects or emanations of Ahura Mazda (the Supreme Being), who form a heptad that is good and constructive. They are opposed to another group of seven who are evil and destructive. It is this persistent conflict between good and evil that distinguishes Zoroastrianism from monotheistic frameworks that have only one power as supreme. By requiring its adherents to have faith and belief in <i>equally opposing</i> powers Zoroastrianism characterizes itself as dualistic.</p>
<p>The teachings of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a> (Zoroaster) appeared in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> at some point during the period 1700-1800 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Jalal-e-din_Ashtiyani_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalal-e-din_Ashtiyani-44">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley-45">[40]</a></sup> His wisdom became the basis of the religion <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and generally influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> philosophy. Zarathustra was the first who treated the problem of evil in philosophical terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley-45">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a></sup> He is also believed to be one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheists</a> in the history of religion. He espoused an ethical philosophy based on the primacy of <i>good thoughts (pendar-e-nik), good words (goftar-e-nik), and good deeds (kerdar-e-nik).</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a></sup></p>
<p>The works of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Western philosophy">Roman philosophy</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> writers such as <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> writers such as <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> praised Zoroastrian philosophy as "the most famous and most useful". <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> learnt of Zoroastrian philosophy through Eudoxus and incorporated much of it into his own <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a></sup> In the 3rd century BC, however, <a href="/wiki/Colotes" title="Colotes">Colotes</a> accused Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i> of plagiarizing parts of Zoroaster's <a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Nature_(Zoroaster)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="On Nature (Zoroaster) (page does not exist)">On Nature</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Manichaeism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a>, was influential from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in the West, to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the East. Its influence subtly continues in Western Christian thought via Saint <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, who converted to Christianity from Manichaeism, which he passionately denounced in his writings, and whose writings continue to be influential among Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologians</a>. An important principle of Manichaeism was its <a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">dualistic</a> nature.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Mazdakism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The religious and philosophical teaching called <a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a>, which its founder, Mazdak, regarded as a reformed and purified version of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-ya56_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya56-51">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cosmo_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosmo-52">[47]</a></sup> displays remarkable influences from <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ya56_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya56-51">[46]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Zurvanism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a> is characterized by the element of its <i>first principle</i>, which is time (<i>Zurvan</i>), as a primordial creator. According to Zaehner, Zurvanism appears to have three schools of thought, all with classical Zurvanism as a foundation: <i>aesthetic</i>, <i>materialist</i>, and <i>fatalistic</i>.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Aesthetic_Zurvanism">Aesthetic Zurvanism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Aesthetic Zurvanism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism#Aesthetic_Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Aesthetic Zurvanism</a>—apparently not as popular as the <i>materialistic</i> kind—viewed Zurvan as undifferentiated time, which, under the influence of desire, divided <i>reason</i> (a male principle) and <i>concupiscence</i> (a female principle).</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Materialist_Zurvanism">Materialist Zurvanism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Materialist Zurvanism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>While Zoroaster's <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ormuzd</a> created the universe with his thought, <a href="/wiki/Zurvanism#Materialist_Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">materialist Zurvanism</a> challenged the concept that anything could be made out of nothing.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Fatalistic_Zurvanism">Fatalistic Zurvanism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Fatalistic Zurvanism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism#Fatalistic_Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Fatalistic Zurvanism</a> resulted from the doctrine of limited time with the implication that nothing could change this preordained course of the material universe and that the path of the astral bodies of the 'heavenly sphere' was representative of this preordained course. According to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> work <a href="/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Menog-i Khrad</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ohrmazd</a> allotted happiness to man, but if man did not receive it, it was owing to the extortion of these planets."</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Avicennism">Avicennism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Avicennism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Persian polymath <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects. Many philosophical works, among them <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a>, have survived.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Iranian_Illuminationism">Iranian Illuminationism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Iranian Illuminationism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Illuminationism#Iranian_school_of_Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Philosophy of Illumination</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Sohrevardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sohrevardi">Sohrevardi</a> argued that light operates at all levels and hierarchies of reality. Light produces immaterial and substantial lights, including immaterial intellects, human and animal souls and even 'dusky substances', such as bodies. Sohrevardi's works display extensive developments on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> ideas and ancient Iranian thought.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transcendent_philosophy">Transcendent philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Transcendent philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendent Philosophy">Transcendent Philosophy</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Sadr Shirazi</a>, is one of two main disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a> that is currently live and active.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD_philosophy">Bahá'í philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Bahá'í philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a>, son and successor of the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a>, has explained the Bahá'í philosophy in the work <i><a href="/wiki/Some_Answered_Questions" title="Some Answered Questions">Some Answered Questions</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hebrew_and_diaspora_Jewish_philosophy">Hebrew and diaspora Jewish philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Hebrew and diaspora Jewish philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></div>
<p>Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, both within their <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">original homeland</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Babylonian_philosophy">Babylonian philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: Babylonian philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl>
<dd><i>Further information: <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_literature#Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian literature">Babylonian literature: Philosophy</a></i></dd>
</dl>
<p>The origins of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> philosophy, in the popular sense of the word, can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> of early <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, which embodied certain philosophies of life, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, in the forms of <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialog" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog">dialogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a> of the Babylonians developed beyond <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a> observation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a></sup></p>
<p>It is possible that Babylonian philosophy had an influence on <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a>, however the textual evidence is lacking. The undated Babylonian text <i>Dialog of Pessimism</i> contains similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Agnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnost">agnostic</a> thought of the <a href="/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">sophists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitean</a> doctrine of contrasts, and the dialogs of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, as well as a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Maieutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Maieutics">maieutic</a> <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> and Plato.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesians (Greek)">Milesian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a> is also said to have studied philosophy in Mesopotamia.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Islamic_philosophy">Islamic philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: Islamic philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Islamic philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Islamic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Islamic philosophy">Modern Islamic philosophy</a></div>
<p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the influence of classical Greek thought, especially Aristotle, led to the emergence of various philosophical schools of thought. Amongst them <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> established esoteric philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a> (partly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a>) reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> reshaped logical and rational interpretation of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.</p>
<p>Early Islamic philosophy was influenced by (ancient) <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, and in turn, Islamic philosophy had a strong influence on (medieval) <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, Iranian philosophy and Indian philosophy, hence many consider Islamic philosophy to be both an Eastern philosophy and a Western philosophy.</p>
<p>Al-Mu'tazilah (المعتزلة) or <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazilite</a> is a popular theological school of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> during early Islam. They called themselves <b>Ahl al-'Adl wa al-Tawhid</b> ("People of Justice and Monotheism"). They ascended dramatically during 8th and 9th century due to the support of intellectuals and elites. Later in the 13th century, they lost official support in favour of the rising <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> school. Most of their valuable works were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baghdad (1258)">Mongol invasion</a>.</p>
<p>One of the most influential Muslim philosophers in the West was <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> (Ibn Rushd), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a> school of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a></sup></p>
<p>It is said that other influential Muslim philosophers include <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">al-Jahiz</a>, a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> thought and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a> (Alhacen), a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a> and a critic of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian natural philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s concept of place (<a href="/wiki/Topos" title="Topos">topos</a>); <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Rayh?n al-Bīrūnī">Abū Rayh?n al-Bīrūnī</a>, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, a critic of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian logic">Aristotelian logic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Inductive_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inductive logic">inductive logic</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, considered the father of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosophy</a>. However, not very much credible evidence to support such claims is forthcoming, at least in the field of Arabic-English translation methodology, with regards to the exact sciences of semantics and hermeneutics.</p>
<p><i>See Also: <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> — <a href="/wiki/Illuminationist_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminationist philosophy">Illuminationist philosophy</a></i></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sufi_philosophy">Sufi philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: Sufi philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> (تصو? taṣawwuf) is a school of <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> philosophy in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which is based on the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> as a definite goal to attain. To attain this supreme truth, Sufism has marked <i>Lataif-e-Sitta</i> (the six subtleties), <i>Nafs</i>, <i>Qalb</i>, <i>Sirr</i>, <i>Ruh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</a>), <i>Khafi</i> and <i>Akhfa</i>. Apart from conventional religious practices, they also perform Muraqaba (<a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>), Dhikr (Zikr or recitation), Chillakashi (<a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>) and Sama (<a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>).</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-definition-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-definition_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "a way of life" (<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200312.E2.80.9313_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200312.E2.80.9313-8">[8]</a></sup>) etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20081.E2.80.9317_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20081.E2.80.9317-9">[9]</a></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Lockard-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lockard_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p.&#160;50: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Aryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis." <a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p.&#160;52: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hiltebeitel-synthesis-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hiltebeitel-synthesis_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, p.&#160;12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of "Hindu synthesis," Brahmanic synthesis," or "orthodox synthesis," takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency" (c. 320-467 CE)."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among its roots are the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (<a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;16) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans (<a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>, pp.&#160;48–53), but also the religions of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> (;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911-23">[20]</a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p.&#160;52;&#160;;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20073_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20073-24">[21]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006xviii_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006xviii-25">[22]</a></sup>) the <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> or renouncer traditions of <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">north-east India</a> (;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-21">[18]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomez201342_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomez201342-26">[23]</a></sup>) and "popular or <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">local traditions</a>" (<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-21">[18]</a></sup>).</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Spiegel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Augstein, Rudolf; Wolff, Georg; Heidegger, Martin (31 May 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41238349.html">"<i>Nur noch ein Gott kann uns retten</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>. pp.&#160;193–219<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.atitle=Nur+noch+ein+Gott+kann+uns+retten&amp;rft.aufirst=Rudolf&amp;rft.au=Heidegger%2C+Martin&amp;rft.aulast=Augstein&amp;rft.au=Wolff%2C+Georg&amp;rft.date=1976-05-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-41238349.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&amp;rft.pages=193-219&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/heidegger/interview.html">English translation</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Richardson" title="William J. Richardson">William J. Richardson</a> in <cite class="citation book">Sheehan, Thomas, ed. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVnePQAACAAJ">1st edition</a>: 1981; reprint: 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIrWZajVZuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>Heidegger: the Man and the Thinker</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Piscataway,_New_Jersey" title="Piscataway, New Jersey">Piscataway, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIrWZajVZuwC&amp;pg=PA45&amp;dq=%22Only+a+God+Can+Save+Us%22%22:+The+Spiegel+Interview+(1966)+Martin+Heidegger%22">45–67</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412815371" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-412-81537-1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412815376" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-14-1281-537-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.btitle=Heidegger%3A+the+Man+and+the+Thinker&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIrWZajVZuwC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rft.pages=45-67&amp;rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Defoort, Carine. (2001). "Is There Such a Thing as Chinese Philosophy? Arguments of an Implicit Debate", <i>Philosophy East and West</i> 51 (3) 393–413.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Raud" title="Rein Raud">Raud, Rein</a>. (2006) "Philosophies versus Philosophy: In Defense of a Flexible Definition". <i>Philosophy East &amp; West</i> 56 (4) 618–625. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/217793/Philosophies_vs_Philosophy_In_Defense_of_A_Flexible_Definition">[1]</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OuYang Min. (2012). "There is No Need for <i>Zhongguo Zhexue</i> to be Philosophy" Asian Philosophy 22 (3) 199-223.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Havens, Thomas R.H. (1970).<i>Nishi Amane and Modern Japanese Thought</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press, p.50.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-North_Korea:_State_of_Paranoia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-North_Korea:_State_of_Paranoia_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paul French (2014). <i>North Korea: State of Paranoia</i>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78032-947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78032-947-5">978-1-78032-947-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.au=Paul+French&amp;rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+State+of+Paranoia&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-78032-947-5&amp;rft.pub=Zed+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2015)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Juche_Idea:_Answers_to_Hundred_Questions-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Juche_Idea:_Answers_to_Hundred_Questions_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juche_Idea:_Answers_to_Hundred_Questions_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">North Korean Government (2014). <i>Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions</i>. Foreign Languages Publishing House, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.au=North+Korean+Government&amp;rft.btitle=Juche+Idea%3A+Answers+to+Hundred+Questions&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House%2C+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200312.E2.80.9313-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200312.E2.80.9313_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma2003">Sharma 2003</a>, pp.&#160;12–13.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20081.E2.80.9317-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20081.E2.80.9317_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2008">Flood 2008</a>, pp.&#160;1–17.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENath200131-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENath200131_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>, p.&#160;31.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgis201062-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgis201062_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgis2010">Georgis 2010</a>, p.&#160;62.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx">"The Global Religious Landscape - Hinduism"</a>. <i>A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010</i>. The pew foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.atitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape+-+Hinduism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx&amp;rft.jtitle=A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Major+Religious+Groups+as+of+2010&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2000-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2000_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowker2000">Bowker 2000</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2001xiii-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2001xiii_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2001">Harvey 2001</a>, p.&#160;xiii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott19985-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnott19985_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnott19985_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnott1998">Knott 1998</a>, p.&#160;5.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010193_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>, p.&#160;193.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, p.&#160;12.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p.&#160;16.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard200750_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p.&#160;50.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarayanan2009">Narayanan 2009</a>, p.&#160;11.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20073-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20073_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, p.&#160;3.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006xviii-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006xviii_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones &amp; Ryan 2006</a>, p.&#160;xviii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomez201342-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomez201342_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGomez2013">Gomez 2013</a>, p.&#160;42.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne20059-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne20059_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne2005">Osborne 2005</a>, p.&#160;9.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n61/mode/2up">Samanya Dharma</a>, History of Dharmasastra, Vol. 2, Part 1, pages 4-5;<br />
Alban Widgery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2377977">The Principles of Hindu Ethics</a>, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 232-245</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of the six orthodox schools, with detail on the grouping of schools, see: Radhakrishnan and Moore, "Contents", and pp. 453–487.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a> (2007), Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851685387" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1851685387</a>, Chapter 2, page 26</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-kp-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kp_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120807790" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 81-208-0779-0</a>, pages 25-26</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pbil-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbil_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Purushottama_Bilimoria" title="Purushottama Bilimoria">P Bilimoria</a> (1993), Pram?ṇa epistemology: Some recent developments, in Asian philosophy - Volume 7 (Editor: G Floistad), Springer, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401051071" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-94-010-5107-1</a>, pages 137-154</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zimmer, Heinrich (1969). (ed.) Joseph Campbell, ed. <i>Philosophies of India</i>. New York: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1">0-691-01758-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Heinrich&amp;rft.aulast=Zimmer&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-01758-1&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> , p.182</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sangave, Dr. Vilas A. (2001). <i>Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture</i>. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7154-839-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7154-839-3">81-7154-839-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Dr.+Vilas+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Sangave&amp;rft.btitle=Facets+of+Jainology%3A+Selected+Research+Papers+on+Jain+Society%2C+Religion%2C+and+Culture&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=81-7154-839-3&amp;rft.place=Mumbai&amp;rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, p. 14</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow, Harry</a> (2007). <i>Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West</i>. Indiana: World Wisdom Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933316-22-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-933316-22-5">1-933316-22-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Harry&amp;rft.aulast=Oldmeadow&amp;rft.btitle=Light+from+the+East%3A+Eastern+Wisdom+for+the+Modern+West&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-933316-22-5&amp;rft.place=Indiana&amp;rft.pub=World+Wisdom+Inc&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>,p. 141</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Warren, Herbert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/jainism/database/BOOK/hwarren.doc"><i>Jainism</i></a>. Delhi: Crest Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-242-0037-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-242-0037-8">81-242-0037-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Herbert&amp;rft.aulast=Warren&amp;rft.btitle=Jainism&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fjainism%2Fdatabase%2FBOOK%2Fhwarren.doc&amp;rft.isbn=81-242-0037-8&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Crest+Publishing+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brodd, Jeffery; Gregory Sobolewski (2003). <i>World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery</i>. Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88489-725-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88489-725-7">0-88489-725-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffery&amp;rft.au=Gregory+Sobolewski&amp;rft.aulast=Brodd&amp;rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+A+Voyage+of+Discovery&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-88489-725-7&amp;rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> pp.95-96</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mohanty, Jitendranath (2000). <i>Classical Indian Philosophy</i>. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8933-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8933-6">0-8476-8933-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Jitendranath&amp;rft.aulast=Mohanty&amp;rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8476-8933-6&amp;rft.place=Lanham&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carrithers, Michael (June 1989). "Naked Ascetics in Southern Digambar Jainism". <i>Man, New Series</i> (UK: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) <b>24</b> (2): 219–235. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2803303">2803303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.atitle=Naked+Ascetics+in+Southern+Digambar+Jainism&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Carrithers&amp;rft.date=1989-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2803303&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Man%2C+New+Series&amp;rft.pages=219-235&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=24" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>p.220</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Zydenbos-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zydenbos_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Zydenbos" title="Robert J. Zydenbos">Zydenbos, Robert J.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manyaverlag.de/jtaif.html"><i>Jainism Today and Its Future</i></a>. München: Manya Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Zydenbos&amp;rft.btitle=Jainism+Today+and+Its+Future&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manyaverlag.de%2Fjtaif.html&amp;rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;rft.pub=Manya+Verlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Jalal-e-din_Ashtiyani-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jalal-e-din_Ashtiyani_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jalal-e-din Ashtiyani. "Zarathushtra, Mazdayasna and Governance".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.atitle=Zarathushtra%2C+Mazdayasna+and+Governance&amp;rft.au=Jalal-e-din+Ashtiyani&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Whitley-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Whitley, C.F. (Sep 1957). "The Date and Teaching of Zarathustra". <i>Numen</i> <b>4</b> (3): 219–223. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3269345">10.2307/3269345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.atitle=The+Date+and+Teaching+of+Zarathustra&amp;rft.au=Whitley%2C+C.F.&amp;rft.date=1957-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3269345&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Numen&amp;rft.pages=219-223&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Williams: "Later Zoroastrianism" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. D. Nock (1929), "<i>Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland</i> by R. Reitzenstein, H. H. Schaeder, Fr. Saxl", <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i> <b>49</b> (1), p. 111-116 [111].</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David N. Livingstone (2002), <i>The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization</i>, p. 144-145, iUniverse, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595231993" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-595-23199-3</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. D. Nock (1929), "<i>Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland</i> by R. Reitzenstein, H. H. Schaeder, Fr. Saxl", <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i> <b>49</b> (1), p. 111-116.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ya56-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ya56_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya56_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. p.995-997</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cosmo-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cosmo_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azargoshnasp.net/famous/babak_khorramdin/teachingsmazdakshaki.pdf">Shaki, Mansour. 1985. The cosmogonical and cosmological teachings of Mazdak.</a> Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce, Acta Iranica 25, Leiden, 1985, pp. 527-43.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kluge, Ian (2009). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/kluge_saq_philosophical_perspective">Some Answered Questions: A Philosophical Perspective</a></i>, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 10.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgio Buccellati (1981), "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> <b>101</b> (1), p. 35-47.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgio Buccellati (1981), "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> <b>101</b> (1), p. 35-47 [43].</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majid Fakhry (2001). <i>Averroes: His Life, Works and Influence</i>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851682694" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85168-269-4</a>.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Printed sources</dt>
</dl>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBowker2000" class="citation">Bowker, John (2000), <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Bowker&amp;rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Flood&amp;rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGeorgis2010" class="citation">Georgis, Faris (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFZrxLjtiI8C&amp;pg=PA62"><i>Alone in Unity: Torments of an Iraqi God-Seeker in North America</i></a>, Dorrance Publishing, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4349-0951-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4349-0951-4">1-4349-0951-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Faris&amp;rft.aulast=Georgis&amp;rft.btitle=Alone+in+Unity%3A+Torments+of+an+Iraqi+God-Seeker+in+North+America&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFZrxLjtiI8C%26pg%3DPA62&amp;rft.isbn=1-4349-0951-4&amp;rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGomez2013" class="citation">Gomez, Luis O. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA42"><i>Buddhism in India. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Luis+O.&amp;rft.aulast=Gomez&amp;rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+India.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2001" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Harvey_(religious_writer)" title="Andrew Harvey (religious writer)">Harvey, Andrew</a> (2001), <i>Teachings of the Hindu Mystics</i>, Shambhala, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-449-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-449-6">1-57062-449-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Harvey&amp;rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Hindu+Mystics&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-57062-449-6&amp;rft.pub=Shambhala&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel2002" class="citation">Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Alf&amp;rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel2007" class="citation">Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&amp;hl=nl&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture". Digital printing 2007</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Alf&amp;rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22.+Digital+printing+2007&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ%26hl%3Dnl%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&amp;pg=PR17&amp;dq=hinduism+neolithic&amp;hl=nl&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=AfRbUvW5Msqb0AWXx4DYBw&amp;ved=0CD0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=hinduism%20neolithic&amp;f=false"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>, Infobase Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Constance&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26pg%3DPR17%26dq%3Dhinduism%2Bneolithic%26hl%3Dnl%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DAfRbUvW5Msqb0AWXx4DYBw%26ved%3D0CD0Q6AEwAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dhinduism%2520neolithic%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLockard2007" class="citation">Lockard, Craig A. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC&amp;pg=PA50"><i>Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500</i></a>, Cengage Learning</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Lockard&amp;rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions.+Volume+I%3A+to+1500&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJPlCpzOY_QC%26pg%3DPA50&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2009" class="citation">Narayanan, Vasudha (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0Mm6S1XFYAC&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>Hinduism</i></a>, The Rosen Publishing Group</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Vasudha&amp;rft.aulast=Narayanan&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE0Mm6S1XFYAC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFNath2001" class="citation">Nath, Vijay (2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition", <i>Social Scientist 2001, pp. 19-50</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.atitle=From+%27Brahmanism%27+to+%27Hinduism%27%3A+Negotiating+the+Myth+of+the+Great+Tradition&amp;rft.aufirst=Vijay&amp;rft.aulast=Nath&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist+2001%2C+pp.+19-50&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2005" class="citation">Osborne, E (2005), <i>Accessing R.E. Founders &amp; Leaders, Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism Teacher's Book Mainstream</i>, Folens Limited</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rft.aulast=Osborne&amp;rft.btitle=Accessing+R.E.+Founders+%26+Leaders%2C+Buddhism%2C+Hinduism+and+Sikhism+Teacher%27s+Book+Mainstream&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Folens+Limited&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2010" class="citation">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&amp;rft.aulast=Samuel&amp;rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<dl>
<dt>Web-sources</dt>
</dl>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-EB-sanatana_dharma-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB-sanatana_dharma_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665848/sanatana-dharma">"The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica", <i>sanatana dharma</i>, Encyclopedia Britannica</a></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utm.edu/staff/jfieser/vita/teaching/eastphil.htm">Jim Fieser: Intro to Eastern Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmajyoti.org/spirwrit.asp">atmajyoti.org</a> Articles and commentaries on a wide range of topics related to practical Eastern Philosophy</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kheper.net/topics/eastern/">Kheper Website: Eastern Philosophy</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesian_school" title="Ephesian school">Ephesian</a></li>
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</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">Sophism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="C?rv?ka">C?rv?ka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak#Mazdakism" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="European philosophy">European</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edo_Neo-Confucianism" title="Edo Neo-Confucianism">Edo Neo-Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Ny?ya">Navya-Ny?ya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna#Avicennian_philosophy" title="Avicenna">Avicennism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism#Persian_school_of_Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Persian Illuminationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideal</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" title="Matter (philosophy)">Material</a></span></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical realism">Classical realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Other</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Law">Natural Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Scholasticism" title="Neo-Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Generative_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative linguistics">Generative linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and Externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics#Contemporary_.27aretaic_turn.27" title="Virtue ethics">Neo-Aristotelian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Twentieth-century_developments" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Historicism" title="New Historicism">New Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Other</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand)">Objectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">Positions</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_idealism" title="Epistemological idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Reasonism" title="Reasonism">Reasonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Epistemology_and_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li>
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<li>Philosophy by region</li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">By region</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Native America</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Eastern</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish philosophy">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene philosophy">Slovene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_philosophy" title="Turkish philosophy">Turkish</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">Lists</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy" title="Outline of philosophy">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" title="Index of philosophy">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_philosophy" title="List of years in philosophy">Years</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_philosophy" title="List of unsolved problems in philosophy">Problems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">Schools</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" title="Glossary of philosophy">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_philosophers" title="Lists of philosophers">Philosophers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_movement" title="Philosophical movement">Movements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_philosophy" title="List of important publications in philosophy">Publications</a></li>
</ul>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">Miscellaneous</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Women in philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sage (philosophy)</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy">Category</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div>
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<div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_theology" title="Outline of theology">Outline</a></div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">forms</div>
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monolatrism" title="Monolatrism">Monolatrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polydeism" title="Polydeism">Polydeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism" title="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theism" title="Category:Theism">more...</a></i></li>
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</tr>
<tr>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">concepts</div>
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li class="mw-empty-li"></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Male_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Male deity">Male deity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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</table>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />
theologies</th>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">by faith</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Bahá'í Faith">the Bahá'í Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Zoroastrianism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Conceptions_of_God" title="Category:Conceptions of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
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</tr>
<tr>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">concepts</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Being" title="Supreme Being">Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Singular_God" title="Category:Singular God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
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</tr>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">God as</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_as_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="God as the Devil">the Devil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comma_Johanneum" title="Comma Johanneum">Comma Johanneum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">Homoousian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (philosophy)">Hypostasis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_of_the_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity of the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_Universalism" title="Trinitarian Universalism">Trinitarian Universalism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Trinitarianism" title="Category:Trinitarianism">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian view of God">Aristotelian view</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributes of God in Islam">in Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead in Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Latter Day Saints)">Latter-Day Saints</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarav_vi%C4%81pak" title="Sarav vi?pak">Sarav vi?pak</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Taryenyawagon" title="Taryenyawagon">Taryenyawagon</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_All" title="The All">The All</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Conceptions_of_God" title="Category:Conceptions of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Names_of_God" title="Category:Names of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Arguments on the<br />
<a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">For</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Arguments from</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_a_proper_basis" title="Argument from a proper basis">Proper basis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_Reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from Reason">Reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Religious experience</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Other arguments</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_Wager" title="Pascal's Wager">Pascal's wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Witness_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Witness argument">Witness</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Arguments_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Category:Arguments for the existence of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Against</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Arguments from</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Other arguments</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Incompatible-properties_argument" title="Incompatible-properties argument">Incompatible properties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Category:Arguments against the existence of God">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">General</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apologetic_works" title="List of apologetic works">List of apologetic works</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Positive deconstruction</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologists" title="Category:Christian apologists">Apologists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_apologetic_works" title="List of Christian apologetic works">List of works</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_apologetics" title="Ecumenical apologetics">Ecumenical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presuppositional_apologetics" title="Presuppositional apologetics">Presuppositional</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trilemma" title="Trilemma">Trilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologetics" title="Category:Christian apologetics">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Other faiths</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_apologetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í apologetics">Bahá'í</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_apologists" title="Category:Muslim apologists">Muslim apologists</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of theology">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Opposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of theology">Criticism</a> of</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Opposition</a> to</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christianity">Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Gnosticism" title="Category:Anti-Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hinduism" title="Anti-Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Cults&#160;/ New religious movements</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Antireligion" title="Category:Antireligion">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> of</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disengagement_from_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Disengagement from religion">Disengagement from religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By faith</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_incantations_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine incantations scripture">Taoist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian eschatology">Zoroastrian</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Doomsday films">Doomsday films</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Personifications of death">Personifications of death</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Eschatology" title="Category:Eschatology">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">Theologies</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_law" title="Category:Christian law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_theological_movements" title="Category:Christian theological movements">Movements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_theology" title="Category:New Testament theology">New Testament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament_theology" title="Category:Old Testament theology">Old Testament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">Soteriology</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_theology" title="Category:Christian theology">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
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</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_theology" title="Category:Feminist theology">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu theology">Hindu</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">Philosophical concepts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krishnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnology">Krishnology</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_studies" title="Category:Hindu studies">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Prophets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Last_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of the Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Denominations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_is_dead" title="God is dead">Death of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Theology of Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theology" title="Category:Theology">More...</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_education" title="Category:Religious education">Education</a></li>
<li>People and resources</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminaries and<br />
theological colleges</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="Category:Anglican seminaries and theological colleges">Anglican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Buddhist universities and colleges">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodox_seminaries" title="Category:Eastern Orthodox seminaries">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_evangelical_seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="List of evangelical seminaries and theological colleges">Evangelical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Islamic universities and colleges">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheran_seminaries" title="Category:Lutheran seminaries">Lutheran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="Category:Methodist seminaries and theological colleges">Methodist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reformed_church_seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="Category:Reformed church seminaries and theological colleges">Reformed Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_seminaries" title="List of Roman Catholic seminaries">Roman Catholic</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Seminaries_and_theological_colleges" title="Category:Seminaries and theological colleges">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_by_religious_affiliation" title="Category:Schools by religious affiliation">Schools by affiliation</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ahmadiyya_educational_institutions" title="Category:Ahmadiyya educational institutions">Ahmadiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_schools" title="Category:Anglican schools">Anglican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assemblies_of_God_schools" title="Category:Assemblies of God schools">Assemblies of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_educational_institutions" title="Category:Bahá'í educational institutions">Bahá'í</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_schools" title="Category:Buddhist schools">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baptist_schools" title="Category:Baptist schools">Baptist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodox_schools" title="Category:Eastern Orthodox schools">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_schools" title="Category:Hindu schools">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_schools" title="Category:Islamic schools">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_schools" title="Category:Jewish schools">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latter_Day_Saint_schools" title="Category:Latter Day Saint schools">Latter Day Saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheran_schools" title="Category:Lutheran schools">Lutheran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mennonite_schools" title="Category:Mennonite schools">Mennonite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_schools" title="Category:Methodist schools">Methodist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nondenominational_Christian_schools" title="Category:Nondenominational Christian schools">Nondenominational Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presbyterian_schools" title="Category:Presbyterian schools">Presbyterian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quaker_schools" title="Category:Quaker schools">Quaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_schools" title="Category:Roman Catholic schools">Roman Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Secondary_schools_affiliated_with_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Category:Secondary schools affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-Day Adventist</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People and resources</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theologians" title="Category:Theologians">Theologians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theology_journals" title="List of theology journals">Journals</a>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_studies_journals" title="Category:Religious studies journals">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topics" title="Template:Asia topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topics" title="Template talk:Asia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Asia-related_articles" title="Index of Asia-related articles">articles</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Imperialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">Decolonisation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asia" title="Military history of Asia">Military</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia" title="List of conflicts in Asia">conflicts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Asia" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Asia" title="Geography of Asia">Geography</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Asia">Cities</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Asia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Asia">metropolitan areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Asia" title="List of tallest buildings in Asia">tallest buildings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and territories</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_population" title="List of Asian countries by population">by population</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Asia" title="Extreme points of Asia">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Asia" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Asia" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Asia" title="List of rivers of Asia">Rivers</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Asia" title="Politics of Asia">Politics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_in_Asia" title="Category:Heads of government in Asia">Heads of government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_in_Asia" title="Category:Heads of state in Asia">Heads of state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_systems_in_Asia" title="Legal systems in Asia">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Asia" title="Politics of Asia">Politics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative (BIMSTEC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG&#160;/ GCC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mekong%E2%80%93Ganga_Cooperation" title="Mekong–Ganga Cooperation">Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
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