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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Confucius</h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Confucius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Confucius (disambiguation)">Confucius (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Confucius<br />
孔?</span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Confucius Tang Dynasty.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/185px-Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg" width="185" height="339" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/278px-Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="549" /></a>
<div>A portrait of Confucius by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (680–740)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td>28 September 551 BC<br />
<span class="birthplace">Zou, <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu state</a> (now <a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%BE%9B%E9%8E%AE" class="extiw" title="zh:?辛鎮">Nanxinzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>479 BC (aged 71–72)<br />
<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu state</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Nationality</th>
<td class="category">Lu state, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> China</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Era</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Region</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th>
<td class="category">Founder of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Main interests</div>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">Moral philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Notable ideas</div>
</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influences</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influenced</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Many <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophers</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xun_Zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Zi">Xun Zi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neotaoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotaoism">Neotaoists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neoconfucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconfucianism">Neoconfucians</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Christian Wolff</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cummings_Neville" title="Robert Cummings Neville">Robert Cummings Neville</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;">Confucius</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongzi_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="image"><img alt="Kongzi (Chinese characters).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kongzi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/125px-Kongzi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" width="125" height="140" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kongzi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/188px-Kongzi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kongzi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/250px-Kongzi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="228" /></a>
<div>"Confucius (<i>Kǒngz?</i>)" in ancient <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> (top) and modern (bottom) Chinese characters</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th>
<td><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span lang="zh-Hani">孔?</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th>
<td>"Master Kong"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<table class="infobox collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th>
<td>Kǒngz?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th>
<td>K'ung<sup>3</sup>-tzu<sup>3</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPA">IPA</a></th>
<td><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Mandarin" title="Help:IPA for Mandarin">[kʰʊ̀ŋ.tsɨ̀]</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th>
<td>Khòn-tzỳ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th>
<td>Hung<sup>2</sup>-zi<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th>
<td>Húng-jí</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe?h-?e-jī">POJ</a></th>
<td>Khóng-chú</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th>
<td>Khóng-tsú</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th>
<td>khúwng tsí</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter.E2.80.93Sagart_.282014.29" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter-Sagart</a></th>
<td>*<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">kʰˤongʔ tsəʔ</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th>
<td><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span lang="zh-Hani">孔丘</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th>
<td>(given name)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<table class="infobox collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th>
<td>Kǒng Qiū</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th>
<td>K'ung<sup>3</sup> Ch'iu<sup>1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPA">IPA</a></th>
<td><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Mandarin" title="Help:IPA for Mandarin">[kʰʊ̀ŋ&#160;tɕʰi̯o?u̯]</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th>
<td>Koong Chiou</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th>
<td>Khon Chieu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th>
<td>Kung<sup>3</sup> Hiu<sup>1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th>
<td>Hung<sup>2</sup> Jau<sup>1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th>
<td>Hung<sup>2</sup> Yau<sup>1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe?h-?e-jī">POJ</a></th>
<td>Khóng Khiu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th>
<td>K<sup>h</sup>úwng K<sup>h</sup>juw</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter.E2.80.93Sagart_.282014.29" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter-Sagart</a></th>
<td>*Kʰˤongʔ Kʷʰə</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="infobox" style="border-color:#B0C4DE; width:26em; font-size:85%">
<tr>
<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Ancestral name</a> (姓):</b></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zi_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zi (surname)">Zi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">?</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Z?)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Clan name</a> (?):</b></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kong_(surname)" title="Kong (surname)">Kong</a> (Ch: 孔; Py: Kǒng)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_given_name" title="Chinese given name">Given name</a> (??):</b></td>
<td>Qiu (Ch: 丘; Py: Qiū)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_courtesy_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese courtesy name">Courtesy name</a> (字):</b></td>
<td>Zhongni (Ch: 仲尼; Py: Zh?ngní)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><b>Styled:</b></td>
<td>Master Kong<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> (Ch: <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:孔">孔</a><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:?">?</a>; Py: Kǒngz?)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Confucius</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ən/ 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/j/ 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/u?/ long 'oo' in 'food'">u?</span><span title="/ʃ/ 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; September 28, 551 – 479 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-birth_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">philosopher</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a>.</p>
<p>The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with many other schools during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a> era only to be suppressed in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalists</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Qin_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Dynasty">Qin Dynasty</a>. Following the victory of <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> over <a href="/wiki/Chu-Han_Contention" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu-Han Contention">Chu</a> after the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>.</p>
<p>Confucius is traditionally credited with having authored or edited many of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classic texts">Chinese classic texts</a> including all of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a>, but modern scholars are cautious of attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself. <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">Aphorisms</a> concerning his teachings were compiled in the <i><a href="/wiki/Analects_of_Confucius" class="mw-redirect" title="Analects of Confucius">Analects</a></i>, but only many years after his death.</p>
<p>Confucius's principles had a basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong family loyalty, <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestor worship</a>, respect of elders by their children and of husbands by their wives. He also recommended family as a basis for ideal government. He espoused the well-known principle "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself", the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a>.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Names</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Family_background"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Family background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Political_career"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Political career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Exile"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Exile</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Return_home"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Return home</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ethics"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ethics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Disciples"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Disciples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Visual_portraits"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Visual portraits</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Death_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Death and legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Memorials_of_Confucius"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Memorials of Confucius</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Descendants"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Descendants</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Hard_copy"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hard copy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Online"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Online</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Names">Names</span></h2>
<p>Confucius' family and personal name respectively was <b>Kong Qiu</b> (孔丘 <i>Kǒng Qiū</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-chin07-2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin07-2-4">[4]</a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> was <b>Zhongni</b> (仲尼 <i>Zhòngní</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-chin07-2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin07-2-4">[4]</a></sup> In Chinese, he is most often known as <b>Kongzi</b> (孔? Kǒng Z?, literally "Master Kong").<sup id="cite_ref-rain10-1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rain10-1-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phan12-170_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phan12-170-6">[6]</a></sup> He is also known by the honorific <b>Kong Fuzi</b> (孔夫? <i>Kǒng Fūz?</i>, literally "Grand Master Kong").<sup id="cite_ref-phan12-170_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phan12-170-6">[6]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanization</a>, the honorific name is rendered as "K'ung Fu-tzu". The Latinized name "Confucius" is derived from "Kong Fuzi", and was first coined by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries to China, most probably by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phan12-170_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phan12-170-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
<p>Within the <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i>, he is often referred to simply as "the Master" (? Z?). In 1 AD, Confucius was given his first posthumous name, the "Laudably Declarable Lord Ni" (褒?宣尼公). In 1530, he was declared the "Extremely Sage Departed Teacher" (至?先師). He is also known separately as the "Great Sage" (至?), "First Teacher" (先師), and "Model Teacher for Ten Thousand Ages" (?世師表).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Family_background">Family background</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Confucius_in_the_main_line_of_descent" title="Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent">Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent</a></div>
<p>According to tradition, three generations before Confucius' time, his ancestors had migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song state</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-26_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-26-8">[8]</a></sup> Confucius was a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> Kings <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Confucius_in_the_main_line_of_descent" title="Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent">through</a> the <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Dukes of Song</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg/220px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg.png" width="220" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg/330px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg/440px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="384" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Lu can be seen in China's northeast.</div>
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</div>
<p>It is generally thought that Confucius was born on September 28, 551 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-birth_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-creel49-25_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-25-12">[12]</a></sup> His birthplace was in Zou, <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu state</a> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> Province).<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-25_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-25-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> His father Kong He (孔紇), also known as Shuliang He (??紇), was an officer in the Lu military. Kong died when Confucius was three years old, and Confucius was raised by his mother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Zhengzai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Zhengzai (page does not exist)">Yan Zhengzai</a> (?徵在) in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-confu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confu-14">[14]</a></sup> His mother would later die at less than 40 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-confu_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confu-14">[14]</a></sup> At age 19 he married his wife, surnamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiguan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiguan (page does not exist)">Qiguan</a> (亓官), and a year later the couple had their first child, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kong_Li&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kong Li (page does not exist)">Kong Li</a> (孔鯉)<sup id="cite_ref-confu_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confu-14">[14]</a></sup> who was later known as "Boyu", which means "Top Fish" in Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-buryl_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buryl-15">[15]</a></sup> Qiguan and Confucius would later have two daughters together, one of whom is thought to have died early in her life as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
<p>Confucius was educated at schools for commoners, where he studied and learned the <a href="/wiki/Six_Arts" title="Six Arts">Six Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
<p>Confucius was born into the class of <i><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">shi</a></i> (士), between the aristocracy and the common people. He is said to have worked in various government jobs during his early 20s, and also worked as a bookkeeper and a caretaker of sheep and horses, which he used the proceeds from to give his mother a proper burial.<sup id="cite_ref-confu_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confu-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buryl_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buryl-15">[15]</a></sup> When his mother died, Confucius (aged 23) is said to have <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China#Mourning_rites" title="Ancestor veneration in China">mourned for three years</a> as was the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-buryl_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buryl-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_career">Political career</span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu state</a> was headed by a ruling ducal house.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Under the duke were <a href="/wiki/Three_Huan" title="Three Huan">three aristocratic families</a>, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-275_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-275-19">[19]</a></sup> The Ji family held the position "Minister over the Masses", who was also the "Prime Minister"; the Meng family held the position "Minister of Works"; and the Shu family held the position "Minister of War".<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-275_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-275-19">[19]</a></sup> In the winter of 505 BC, Yang Hu—a retainer of the Ji family—rose up in rebellion and seized power from the Ji family.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-275_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-275-19">[19]</a></sup> However, by the summer of 501 BC, the three hereditary families had succeeded in expelling Yang Hu from Lu.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-275_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-275-19">[19]</a></sup> By then, Confucius had built up a considerable reputation through his teachings, while the families came to see the value of proper conduct and righteousness, so they could achieve loyalty to a legitimate government.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-275-6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-275-6-20">[20]</a></sup> Thus, that year (501 BC), Confucius came to be appointed to the minor position of governor of a town.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-275-6_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-275-6-20">[20]</a></sup> Eventually, he rose to the position of Minister of Crime.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-275-6_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-275-6-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
<p>Confucius desired to return the authority of the state to the duke by dismantling the fortifications of the city-strongholds belonging to the three families.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-277-21">[21]</a></sup> This way, he could establish a centralized government.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-277-21">[21]</a></sup> However, Confucius relied solely on diplomacy as he had no military authority himself.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-277-21">[21]</a></sup> In 500 BC, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his lord of the Shu family.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-277-21">[21]</a></sup> Although the Meng and Shu families unsuccessfully besieged Hou, a loyalist official rose up with the people of Hou and forced Hou Fan to flee to the <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-277-21">[21]</a></sup> The situation may have been in favor for Confucius as this likely made it possible for Confucius and his disciples to convince the aristocratic families to dismantle the fortifications of their cities.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-277-21">[21]</a></sup> Eventually, after a year and a half, Confucius and his disciples succeeded in convincing the Shu family to raze the walls of Hou, the Ji family in razing the walls of Bi, and the Meng family in razing the walls of Cheng.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-277-21">[21]</a></sup> First, the Shu family led an army towards their city Hou and tore down its walls in 498 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-277-21">[21]</a></sup> Soon thereafter, Gongshan Furao<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[a]</a></sup>—a retainer of the Ji family—revolted and took control of the forces at Bi.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-35-6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-35-6-23">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duuuu46-277-8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duuuu46-277-8-24">[23]</a></sup> He immediately launched an attack and entered the capital Lu.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-277-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
<p>Earlier, Gongshan had approached Confucius to join him, which Confucius considered.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-35-6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-35-6-23">[22]</a></sup> Even though he disapproved the use of a violent revolution, the Ji family dominated the Lu state force for generations and had exiled the previous duke.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-35-6_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-35-6-23">[22]</a></sup> Although he wanted the opportunity to put his principles in practice, Confucius gave up on this idea in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-35-6_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-35-6-23">[22]</a></sup> Creel (1949) states that, unlike the rebel Yang Hu before him, Gongshan may have sought to destroy the three hereditary families and restore the power of the duke.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-35_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-35-25">[24]</a></sup> However, Dubs (1946) is of the view that Gongshan was encouraged by Viscount Ji Huan to invade the Lu capital in an attempt to avoid dismantling the Bi fortified walls.<sup id="cite_ref-duuuu46-277-8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duuuu46-277-8-24">[23]</a></sup> Whatever the situation may have been, Gongshan was considered an upright man who continued to defend the state of Lu, even after he was forced to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-35_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-35-25">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-278_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-278-26">[25]</a></sup></p>
<p>During the revolt by Gongshan, Zhong You (仲由) had managed to keep the duke and the three viscounts together at the court.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-278_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-278-26">[25]</a></sup> Zhong You was one of the disciples of Confucius and Confucius had arranged for him to be given the position of governor by the Ji family.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> When Confucius heard of the raid, he requested that Viscount Ji Huan allow the duke and his court to retreat to a stronghold on his palace grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-279-28">[27]</a></sup> Thereafter, the heads of the three families and the duke retreated to the Ji's palace complex and ascended the Wuzi Terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-chin07-30_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin07-30-29">[28]</a></sup> Confucius ordered two officers to lead an assault against the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-chin07-30_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin07-30-29">[28]</a></sup> At least one of the two officers was a retainer of the Ji family, but they were unable to refuse the orders while in the presence of the duke, viscounts, and court.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-279-28">[27]</a></sup> The rebels were pursued and defeated at Gu.<sup id="cite_ref-chin07-30_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin07-30-29">[28]</a></sup> Immediately after the revolt was defeated, the Ji family razed the Bi city walls to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-chin07-30_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin07-30-29">[28]</a></sup></p>
<p>The attackers retreated after realizing that they would have to become rebels against the state and against their own lord.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-279-28">[27]</a></sup> Through Confucius' actions, the Bi officials had inadvertently revolted against their own lord, thus forcing Viscount Ji Huan's hand in having to dismantle the walls of Bi (as it could have harbored such rebels) or confess to instigating the event by going against proper conduct and righteousness as an official.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-279-28">[27]</a></sup> Dubs (1949) suggests that the incident brought to light Confucius' foresight, practical political ability and his insight into human character.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-279-28">[27]</a></sup></p>
<p>When it was time to dismantle the city walls of the Meng family, the governor was reluctant to have his city walls torn down and convinced the head of the Meng family not to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-chin07-30_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chin07-30-29">[28]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i> recalls that the governor advised against razing the walls to the ground as he said that it made Cheng vulnerable to the <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi state</a> and cause the destruction of the Meng family.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-279-28">[27]</a></sup> Even though Viscount Meng Yi gave his word not to interfere with an attempt, he went back on his earlier promise to dismantle the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs49-279-28">[27]</a></sup></p>
<p>Later in 498 BC, Duke Ding personally went with an army to lay siege to Cheng in an attempt to raze its walls to the ground, but he did not succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> Thus, Confucius could not achieve the idealistic reforms that he wanted including restoration of the legitimate rule of the duke.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> He had made powerful enemies within the state, especially with Viscount Ji Huan, due to his successes so far.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs46-281_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs46-281-32">[31]</a></sup> According to accounts in the <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i>, Confucius departed his homeland in 497 BC after his support for the failed attempt of dismantling the fortified city walls of the powerful Ji, Meng, and Shu families.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> He left the state of Lu without resigning, remaining in self-exile and unable to return as long as Viscount Ji Huan was alive.<sup id="cite_ref-dubs46-281_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubs46-281-32">[31]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exile">Exile</span></h3>
<p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> states that the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi state</a> was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful while Confucius was involved in the government of the Lu state. According to this account, Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending 100 good horses and 80 beautiful dancing girls to the Duke of Lu. The Duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was deeply disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities, yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the Duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving. Confucius therefore waited for the Duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the Duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized upon this pretext to leave both his post and the Lu state.</p>
<p>After Confucius' resignation, he began a long journey or set of journeys around the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">small kingdoms</a> of north-east and central China, traditionally including the states of <a href="/wiki/Wei_(Spring_and_Autumn_Period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei (Spring and Autumn Period)">Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a>. At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Return_home">Return home</span></h3>
<p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i>, Confucius returned home to his native Lu when he was 68, after he was invited to do so by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji_Kangzi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji Kangzi (page does not exist)">Ji Kangzi</a>, the chief minister of Lu.<sup id="cite_ref-return_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-return-34">[33]</a></sup> The <i>Analects</i> depict him spending his last years teaching 72 or 77 <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Confucius" title="Disciples of Confucius">disciples</a> and transmitting the old wisdom via a set of texts called the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a>.</p>
<p>During his return, Confucius sometimes acted as an advisor to several government officials in Lu, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji_Kangzi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji Kangzi (page does not exist)">Ji Kangzi</a>, on matters including governance and crime.<sup id="cite_ref-return_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-return-34">[33]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></div>
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The Dacheng Hall, the main hall of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Temple of Confucius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a></div>
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<p>Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, many argue that its values are secular and therefore it isn't a religion, but more akin to a secular morality. Proponents argue that despite the secular nature of Confucianism's teachings, it is based on a worldview that is religious.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> Confucianism discusses elements of the <a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">afterlife</a> and views concerning <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Heaven</a>, but it is relatively unconcerned with some spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese soul">souls</a>. However, Confucius is said to have believed in astrology saying: "Heaven sends down its good or evil symbols and wise men act accordingly".<sup id="cite_ref-Parkers_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkers-36">[35]</a></sup></p>
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The <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a> of Confucius</div>
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<p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i>, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing". He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> for study (<a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:學">學</a>) that opens the text. Far from trying to build a systematic or <a href="/wiki/Religious_formalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious formalism">formalist</a> theory, he wanted his disciples to master and internalize the old classics, so that their deep thought and thorough study would allow them to relate the moral problems of the present to past political events (as recorded in the <i>Annals</i>) or the past expressions of commoners' feelings and noblemen's reflections (as in the poems of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Jing">Book of Odes</a></i>).</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethics">Ethics</span></h3>
<p>One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. His moral teachings emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules. Confucian ethics may be considered a type of <a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">virtue ethics</a>. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed more indirectly, through <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innuendo" title="Innuendo">innuendo</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Tautology_(rhetoric)" title="Tautology (rhetoric)">tautology</a>. His teachings require examination and context in order to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote:</p>
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<dd><span lang="zh">廄焚。?退?，曰：“傷人乎？? ??馬。</span></dd>
<dd><i>When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court Confucius said, "Was anyone hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.</i>
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<dd><i>Analects</i> X.11 (tr. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley">Waley</a>), 10–13 (tr. <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">Legge</a>), or X-17 (tr. <a href="/wiki/D.C._Lau" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C. Lau">Lau</a>)</dd>
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<p>By not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrates that the sage values human beings over property; readers are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius' and to pursue self-improvement if it would not have. Confucius, as an exemplar of human excellence, serves as the ultimate model, rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many commentators, Confucius' teachings may be considered a Chinese example of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>.</p>
<p>One of his teachings was a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a> sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Silver_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Rule">Silver Rule</a>" owing to its negative form:</p>
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<dd><span lang="zh">己所?欲，勿施於人。</span></dd>
<dd><i>"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others."</i></dd>
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<dd><span lang="zh">?貢?曰：“有一言而?以終身行之者乎？??曰：“其?乎?己所?欲?勿施於人。?</span></dd>
<dd><i>Zi Gong [a disciple] asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?"<br />
The Master replied: "How about 'reciprocity'! Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself."</i>
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<dd><i>Analects</i> XV.24, tr. David Hinton</dd>
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<p>Often overlooked in Confucian ethics are the virtues to the self: sincerity and the cultivation of knowledge. Virtuous action towards others begins with virtuous and sincere thought, which begins with knowledge. A virtuous disposition without knowledge is susceptible to corruption and virtuous action without sincerity is not true righteousness. Cultivating knowledge and sincerity is also important for one's own sake; the superior person loves learning for the sake of learning and righteousness for the sake of righteousness.</p>
<p>The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Confucian)">L?</a></i> (<span lang="zh">禮</span>) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: (a) ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, (b) social and political institutions, and (c) the etiquette of daily behavior. It was believed by some that <i>l?</i> originated from the heavens, but Confucius stressed the development of <i>l?</i> through the actions of sage leaders in human history. His discussions of <i>l?</i> seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those simply conforming with canonical standards of ceremony.</p>
<p>In the early Confucian tradition, <i>l?</i> was doing the proper thing at the proper time, balancing between maintaining existing norms to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. Training in the <i>l?</i> of past sages cultivates in people virtues that include ethical judgment about when <i>l?</i> must be adapted in light of situational contexts.</p>
<p>In Confucianism, the concept of <i>li</i> is closely related to <i>yì</i> (<span lang="zh">義</span>), which is based upon the idea of reciprocity. <i>Yì</i> can be translated as <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">righteousness</a>, though it may simply mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">self-interest</a>. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one's life was based upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good. Thus an outcome of <i>yì</i> is doing the right thing for the right reason.</p>
<p>Just as action according to <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Confucian)">L?</a></i> should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to <i>yì</i>, so <i>yì</i> is linked to the core value of <i>rén</i> (<span lang="zh">?</span>).<i><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Rén</a></i> consists of 5 basic virtues: seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence and kindness.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonevac09-40_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonevac09-40-37">[36]</a></sup> <i>Rén</i> is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"; translator <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley">Arthur Waley</a> calls it "Goodness" (with a capital <i>G</i>), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness." Confucius' moral system was based upon <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of <i>rén</i> so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of <i>yì</i>. Confucius asserts that virtue is a means between extremes. For example, the properly generous person gives the right amount—not too much and not too little.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonevac09-40_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonevac09-40-37">[36]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h3>
<p>Confucius' political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argued that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (<i>l?</i>) and people's <a href="/wiki/Natural_morality" title="Natural morality">natural morality</a>, and <i>not</i> by using bribery and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of the shame, and moreover will become good." (Translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a> (<span lang="zh">大學</span>). This "sense of shame" is an internalisation of <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">duty</a>, where the punishment precedes the evil action, instead of following it in the form of laws as in <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalism (philosophy)">Legalism</a>.</p>
<p>Confucius looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> (<span lang="zh">天命</span>) that could unify the "world" (<span lang="zh">天下</span>, "all under Heaven") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merits instead of lineage. These would be rulers devoted to their people, striving for personal and social <a href="/wiki/Perfection" title="Perfection">perfection</a>, and such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.</p>
<p>Confucius did not believe in the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>", which is itself an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> concept unknown in ancient China, but could be interpreted by Confucius' principles recommending against individuals electing their own political leaders to govern them, or that anyone is capable of self-government. He expressed fears that the masses lacked the intellect to make decisions for themselves, and that, in his view, since not everyone is created equal, not everyone has a right of self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup></p>
<p>While he supported the idea of government ruling by a virtuous king, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for representing <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> in language, and <a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">honesty</a> was of paramount importance. Even in <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expression</a>, truth must always be represented. Confucius believed that if a ruler were to lead correctly, by action, that orders would be deemed unnecessary in that others will follow the proper actions of their ruler. In discussing the relationship between a king and his subject (or a father and his son), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the subordinates must give advice to their superiors if the superiors were considered to be taking the course of action that was wrong. Confucius believed in ruling by example, if you lead correctly, orders by force or punishment isn't necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Disciples">Disciples</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Confucius" title="Disciples of Confucius">Disciples of Confucius</a></div>
<p>There is not much known of Confucius' disciples and a little over half of them had their surnames recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-30_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-30-40">[39]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i> records 22 names that are most likely Confucius' disciples, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i> records 24 names, although it is quite certain that there have been many more disciples whose name were not recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-30_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-30-40">[39]</a></sup> Most of Confucius' disciples were from the <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu state</a>, while others were from neighboring states.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-30_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-30-40">[39]</a></sup> For example, Zigong was from the <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey state</a> and Sima Niu was from the <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-30_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-30-40">[39]</a></sup> Confucius' favorite disciple was Yan Hui, most probably one of the most impoverished of them all.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-30_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-30-40">[39]</a></sup> Sima Niu, in contrast to Yan Hui, was from a hereditary noble family hailing from the Song state.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-30_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-30-40">[39]</a></sup> Under Confucius' teachings, the disciples became well-learned in the principles and methods of government.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-32_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-32-41">[40]</a></sup> He often engaged in discussion and debate with his students and gave high importance to their studies in history, poetry, and ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-32_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-32-41">[40]</a></sup> Confucius advocated loyalty to principle rather than to individual acumen, in which reform was to be achieved by persuasion rather than violence.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-32_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-32-41">[40]</a></sup> Even though Confucius denounced them for their practices, the aristocracy was likely attracted to the idea of having trustworthy officials who were studied in morals as the circumstances of the time made it desirable.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-32_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-32-41">[40]</a></sup> In fact, the disciple Zilu even died defending his ruler in Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-32_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-32-41">[40]</a></sup></p>
<p>Yang Hu, who was a subordinate of the Ji family, had dominated the Lu government from 505 to 502 and even attempted a coup, which narrowly failed.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-32_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-32-41">[40]</a></sup> As a likely consequence, it was after that that the first disciples of Confucius were appointed to government positions.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-32_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-32-41">[40]</a></sup> A few of Confucius' disciples went on to attain official positions of some importance, some of which were arranged by Confucius.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-31_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-31-42">[41]</a></sup> By the time Confucius was 50 years old, the Ji family had consolidated their power in the Lu state over the ruling ducal house.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-33_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-33-43">[42]</a></sup> Even though the Ji family had practices with which Confucius disagreed and disapproved, they nonetheless gave Confucius' disciples many opportunities for employment.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-33_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-33-43">[42]</a></sup> Confucius continued to remind his disciples to stay true to their principles and renounced those who did not, all the while being openly critical of the Ji family.<sup id="cite_ref-creel49-32-3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creel49-32-3-44">[43]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
<p>Confucius' teachings were later turned into an elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers, who organized his teachings into the Analects. Confucius' disciples and his only grandson, <a href="/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi">Zisi</a>, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>.</p>
<p>Two of Confucius' most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. In the centuries after his death, <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> (<span lang="zh">孟?</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Xun_Zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Zi">Xun Zi</a> (<span lang="zh">??</span>) both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> (4th century BC) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards <i>rén</i>, <i>yì</i>, and <i>l?</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Xun_Zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Zi">Xun Zi</a> (3rd century BC) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training. In time, their writings, together with the <i>Analects</i> and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus of Confucianism.</p>
<p>This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a>, which saw filial piety as self-interest and not a useful tool for a ruler to create an effective state. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 BC when the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin state</a> conquered all of China. <a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a>, Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Dynasty">Qin Dynasty</a> convinced <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Dynasty">Zhou Dynasty</a> before them which he saw as being against to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler. When the Confucian advisers pressed their point, Li Si had many Confucian scholars killed and their books burned—considered a huge blow to the philosophy and Chinese scholarship.</p>
<p>Under the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Wudi</a>, the works of Confucius were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140 BC which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th century. As <a href="/wiki/Moism" class="mw-redirect" title="Moism">Moism</a> lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism, which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>, whose focus on more spiritual ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> religion, which gained acceptance during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties">Southern and Northern Dynasties</a> era. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a>, although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control to them.</p>
<p>During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> (AD 1130–1200) added ideas from <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different, and call his way of thinking <i><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></i>. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam until the 19th century.</p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/220px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" width="220" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/330px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/440px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="1526" /></a>
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<i>Life and Works of Confucius</i> by Prospero Intorcetta, 1687.</div>
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<p>The works of Confucius were translated into European languages through the agency of <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> scholars stationed in China.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[b]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and father <a href="/wiki/Prospero_Intorcetta" title="Prospero Intorcetta">Prospero Intorcetta</a> published the life and works of Confucius into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in 1687.<sup id="cite_ref-parker77-25_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker77-25-46">[44]</a></sup> It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Deists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deists">Deists</a> and other philosophical groups of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parker77-25_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker77-25-46">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the modern era Confucian movements, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a>, still exist but during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party of China</a>. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th century.</p>
<p>Confucius' works are studied by scholars in many other Asian countries, particularly those in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese cultural sphere">Chinese cultural sphere</a>, such as Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a> believes Confucius was a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Divine Prophet</a> of God, as were <a href="/wiki/Lao-Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao-Tzu">Lao-Tzu</a> and other eminent Chinese personages.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup></p>
<p>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/7853_Confucius" class="mw-redirect" title="7853 Confucius">Asteroid 7853</a>, "Confucius", was named after the Chinese thinker.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Visual_portraits">Visual portraits</span></h2>
<p>No contemporary painting or sculpture of Confucius survives, and it was only during the <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> that he was portrayed visually. Carvings often depict his legendary meeting with <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>. Since that time there have been many portraits of Confucius as the ideal philosopher.</p>
<p>In former times, it was customary to have a portrait in <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Confucius Temples</a>; however, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> (Taizu) of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> it was decided that the only proper portrait of Confucius should be in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">temple</a> in his home town, <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a> in Shandong. In other temples, Confucius is represented by a memorial tablet. In 2006, the China Confucius Foundation commissioned a standard portrait of Confucius based on the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> portrait by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a>.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Confuciustombqufu.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confuciustombqufu.jpg/200px-Confuciustombqufu.jpg" width="200" height="267" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confuciustombqufu.jpg/300px-Confuciustombqufu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confuciustombqufu.jpg/400px-Confuciustombqufu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a>
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Tomb of Confucius in <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Kong Lin cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shandong Province">Shandong Province</a></div>
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<p>Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 71 or 72. He died from natural causes. Confucius was buried in <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Kong Lin cemetery</a> which lies in the historical part of <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a> in the Shandong Province.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The original tomb erected there in memory of Confucius on the bank of the Sishui River had the shape of an axe. In addition, it has a raised brick platform at the front of the memorial for offerings such as sandalwood incense and fruit.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Memorials_of_Confucius">Memorials of Confucius</span></h3>
<p>Soon after Confucius' death, <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, his home town, became a place of devotion and remembrance. The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> records that it had already become a place of pilgrimage for ministers. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. In pan-China cultures, there are many temples where representations of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> and Confucius are found together. There are also many <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">temples</a> dedicated to him, which have been used for Confucian ceremonies.</p>
<p>The Chinese have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (<span lang="zh">祭孔</span>) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li (<span lang="zh">周禮</span>) as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius' birth. This tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalist</a> beliefs which held that the subservience of the people to the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracy</a> is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even Communist Party members may be found in attendance.</p>
<p>In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party (<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of the memorial ceremony of Confucius (祭孔) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as <a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a> does in the West.</p>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> a grand-scale memorial ceremony called <a href="/wiki/Seokjeon_Daeje" title="Seokjeon Daeje">Seokjeon Daeje</a> is held twice a year on Confucius' birthday and the anniversary of his death, at <a href="/wiki/Hyanggyo" title="Hyanggyo">Confucian academies</a> across the country and <a href="/wiki/Sungkyunkwan" title="Sungkyunkwan">Sungkyunkwan</a> in Seoul.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Descendants">Descendants</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Confucius_in_the_main_line_of_descent" title="Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent">Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent</a></div>
<p>Confucius' descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquis</a> thirty-five times since <a href="/wiki/Gaozu_of_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaozu of Han">Gaozu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a>, and they were promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a> forty-two times from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a> first bestowed the title of "Duke Wenxuan" on Kong Suizhi of the 35th generation. In 1055, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Renzong of Song">Emperor Renzong of Song</a> first bestowed the title of "<a href="/wiki/Duke_Yansheng" title="Duke Yansheng">Duke Yansheng</a>" on Kong Zongyuan of the 46th generation.</p>
<p>During the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou in Zhejiang, while the newly established <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a></sup> From that time up until the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation,<sup id="cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JansenKlein2014-60">[58]</a></sup> so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a> rank of Wujing boshi <a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:五經?士">五經?士</a> was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2002_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2002-63">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JansenKlein2014_2-64">[62]</a></sup> The leader of the southern branch is 孔祥楷 Kong Xiangkai.<sup id="cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_3_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JansenKlein2014_3-65">[63]</a></sup></p>
<p>During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, one of Confucius' descendants, who was one of the Duke Yansheng Kong Huan's <a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E6%B5%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:孔浣">孔浣</a> sons, named Kong Shao 孔紹, moved from China to <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> era Korea and established a branch of the family there after wedding a Korean woman (Jo Jin-gyeong's 曹晉慶 daughter) during <a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Toghon Temür</a>'s rule. This branch of the family received <a href="/wiki/Korean_nobility" title="Korean nobility">aristocratic rank</a> in <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> era Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></sup> <a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%AD%94%E6%B0%8F_(%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B)" class="extiw" title="zh:曲阜孔? (?鲜?岛)">曲阜孔? (?鲜?岛)</a> <a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A1%EB%B6%80_%EA%B3%B5%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:곡부 공씨">곡부 공씨</a></p>
<p>Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a> in 1935. The last holder of the title, <a href="/wiki/Kung_Te-cheng" title="Kung Te-cheng">Kung Te-cheng</a> of the 77th generation, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_Official_to_Confucius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial Official to Confucius">Sacrificial Official to Confucius</a>. Kung Te-cheng died in October 2008, and his son, Kung Wei-yi, the 78th lineal descendant, had died in 1989. Kung Te-cheng's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Kung_Tsui-chang" title="Kung Tsui-chang">Kung Tsui-chang</a>, the 79th lineal descendant, was born in 1975; his great-grandson, Kung Yu-jen, the 80th lineal descendant, was born in Taipei on January 1, 2006. Te-cheng's sister, Kong Demao, lives in mainland China and has written a book about her experiences growing up at the family estate in Qufu. Another sister, Kong Deqi, died as a young woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Demao_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demao-72">[70]</a></sup> Many descendants of Confucius still live in Qufu today.</p>
<p>A descendant of Confucius, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Kung" title="H. H. Kung">H. H. Kung</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier of the Republic of China</a>. One of his sons, Kong Lingjie <a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E4%BB%A4%E5%82%91" class="extiw" title="zh:孔令傑">孔令傑</a> married <a href="/wiki/Debra_Paget" title="Debra Paget">Debra Paget</a><sup id="cite_ref-i_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-73">[71]</a></sup> who gave birth to Gregory Kung (孔德基).</p>
<p>Confucius' family, the Kongs, have the longest recorded extant pedigree in the world today. The father-to-son family tree, now in its 83rd generation,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup> has been recorded since the death of Confucius. According to the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, he has 2 million known and registered descendants, and there are an estimated 3 million in all.<sup id="cite_ref-yanl_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yanl-75">[73]</a></sup> Of these, several tens of thousands live outside of China.<sup id="cite_ref-yanl_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yanl-75">[73]</a></sup> In the 14th century, a Kong descendant went to Korea, where an estimated 34,000 descendants of Confucius live today.<sup id="cite_ref-yanl_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yanl-75">[73]</a></sup> One of the main lineages fled from the Kong ancestral home in <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in the 1940s, and eventually settled in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-Demao_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demao-72">[70]</a></sup> There are also branches of the Kong family who have converted to Islam after marrying Muslim women, in Dachuan in Gansu province in the 1800s,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></sup> and in 1715 in Xuanwei city in Yunnan province.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhou_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou-77">[75]</a></sup> Many of the Muslim Confucius descendants are descended from the marriage of Ma Jiaga (马甲尕), a Muslim woman, and Kong Yanrong (孔彦嵘), 59th generation descendant of Confucius in the year 1480 and are found among the Hui and Dongxiang peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a></sup> The new genealogy includes the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a></sup> Kong Dejun (孔德?) is a prominent Islamic scholar and Arabist from Qinghai province and a 77th generation descendant of Confucius.</p>
<p>Because of the huge interest in the Confucius family tree, there was a project in China to test the DNA of known family members of the collateral branches in mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></sup> Among other things, this would allow scientists to identify a common Y chromosome in male descendants of Confucius. If the descent were truly unbroken, father-to-son, since Confucius' lifetime, the males in the family would all have the same Y chromosome as their direct male ancestor, with slight mutations due to the passage of time.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a></sup> The aim of the genetic test was the help members of collateral branches in China who lost their genealogical records to prove their descent. However, in 2009, many of the collateral branches decided not to agree to DNA testing.<sup id="cite_ref-seedmagazine_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seedmagazine-91">[89]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Sykes" title="Bryan Sykes">Bryan Sykes</a>, professor of genetics at Oxford University, understands this decision: "The Confucius family tree has an enormous cultural significance," he said. "It's not just a scientific question."<sup id="cite_ref-seedmagazine_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seedmagazine-91">[89]</a></sup> The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th-century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a></sup> The main branch of the family which fled to Taiwan was never involved in the proposed DNA test at all.</p>
<p>In 2013 a DNA test performed on multiple different families who claimed descent from Confucius found that they shared the same Y chromosome as reported by Fudan University.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a></sup></p>
<p>The fifth and most recent edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed by the <a href="/wiki/Confucius_Genealogy_Compilation_Committee" title="Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee">Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee</a> (CGCC).<sup id="cite_ref-cggc08_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cggc08-94">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhouccgc09_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhouccgc09-95">[93]</a></sup> It was unveiled in a ceremony at Qufu on September 24, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-cggc08_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cggc08-94">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhouccgc09_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhouccgc09-95">[93]</a></sup> Women are now included for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></sup></p>
<p>There is also a "Sacrificial Official to Mencius" for a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>, a "Sacrificial Official to Zengzi" for a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Zengzi" title="Zengzi">Zengzi</a>, and a "Sacrificial Official to Yan Hui" for a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Yan_Hui_(disciple_of_Confucius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Hui (disciple of Confucius)">Yan Hui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></sup></p>
<p>The descendants of Confucius still use <a href="/wiki/Generation_name#Generation_poem" title="Generation name">generation poems</a> for their names given to them by the Ming dynasty and Qing dyasty Emperors along with the descendants of the other <a href="/wiki/Four_Sages" title="Four Sages">Four Sages</a> <a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:四?">四?</a>, Mencius, Zengzi, and Yan Hui.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></sup></p>
<div class="poem">
<p><span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1em;">希言公彥承，??貞尚?；</span><br />
<span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1em;">興毓傳繼廣，昭憲慶?祥；</span><br />
<span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1em;">令德維垂佑，欽紹念顯?；</span><br />
<span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1em;">建?敦安定，懋修肇?常；</span><br />
<span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1em;">裕文煥景瑞，永錫世緒昌。</span></p>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em">
<table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px">
<tr style="vertical-align:middle">
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:China_dragon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/32px-China_dragon.svg.png" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/48px-China_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/64px-China_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="496" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:middle">
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:P_vip.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:middle">
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates.png" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" width="18" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:middle">
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" width="31" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gongshan Furao is also known as Gongshan Buniu.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first was <a href="/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri">Michele Ruggieri</a> who had returned from China to Italy in 1588, and carried on translating in Latin Chinese classics, while residing in Salerno.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a> as Confucius.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-birth-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hugan, Yong (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1R9MAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4&amp;lpg=PA4&amp;dq=confucius+age+19+marry+qiguan&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=xlKmoo6xBZ&amp;sig=iIVdL5M3fvp42ZqQUaXb4XwpMFE&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMIyJGjnL6kxwIVxnQ-Ch2sDAVn#v=onepage&amp;q=confucius%20age%2019%20marry%20qiguan&amp;f=false"><i>Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. A&amp;C Black. p.&#160;3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Yong&amp;rft.aulast=Hugan&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1R9MAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4%26lpg%3DPA4%26dq%3Dconfucius%2Bage%2B19%2Bmarry%2Bqiguan%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DxlKmoo6xBZ%26sig%3DiIVdL5M3fvp42ZqQUaXb4XwpMFE%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMIyJGjnL6kxwIVxnQ-Ch2sDAVn%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconfucius%2520age%252019%2520marry%2520qiguan%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.pub=A%26C+Black&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiegel2012">Riegel 2012</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chin07-2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chin07-2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chin07-2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChin2007">Chin 2007</a>, 2.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-rain10-1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rain10-1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRainey2010">Rainey 2010</a>, 1.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-phan12-170-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phan12-170_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phan12-170_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phan12-170_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhan2012">Phan 2012</a>, 170</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kögel, Eduard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHvyCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA587&amp;lpg=PA587&amp;dq=confucius+great+sage+first+teacher&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=N-2mD_4M9f&amp;sig=N9oQjur1tulRnUpVmY-BrCMa4yc&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CDEQ6AEwA2oVChMIxZGpm6KxxwIVyBo-Ch38WgEn#v=onepage&amp;q=confucius%20great%20sage%20first%20teacher&amp;f=false"><i>The Grand Documentation: Ernst Boerschmann and Chinese Religious Architecture</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH &amp; Co KG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Eduard&amp;rft.aulast=K%C3%B6gel&amp;rft.btitle=The+Grand+Documentation%3A+Ernst+Boerschmann+and+Chinese+Religious+Architecture&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHvyCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA587%26lpg%3DPA587%26dq%3Dconfucius%2Bgreat%2Bsage%2Bfirst%2Bteacher%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DN-2mD_4M9f%26sig%3DN9oQjur1tulRnUpVmY-BrCMa4yc%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CDEQ6AEwA2oVChMIxZGpm6KxxwIVyBo-Ch38WgEn%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconfucius%2520great%2520sage%2520first%2520teacher%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-creel49-26-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-creel49-26_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, 26.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYao1997">Yao 1997</a>, 29.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYao2000">Yao 2000</a>, 23.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRainey2010">Rainey 2010</a>, 66.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-creel49-25-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-25_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-25_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, 25.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRainey2010">Rainey 2010</a>, 16.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-confu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-confu_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-confu_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-confu_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-confu_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Huang, Yong (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1R9MAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4&amp;lpg=PA4&amp;dq=confucius+age+19+marry+qiguan&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=xlKmoo6xBZ&amp;sig=iIVdL5M3fvp42ZqQUaXb4XwpMFE&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMIyJGjnL6kxwIVxnQ-Ch2sDAVn#v=onepage&amp;q=confucius%20age%2019%20marry%20qiguan&amp;f=false"><i>Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. A&amp;C Black. p.&#160;4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Yong&amp;rft.aulast=Huang&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1R9MAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4%26lpg%3DPA4%26dq%3Dconfucius%2Bage%2B19%2Bmarry%2Bqiguan%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DxlKmoo6xBZ%26sig%3DiIVdL5M3fvp42ZqQUaXb4XwpMFE%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMIyJGjnL6kxwIVxnQ-Ch2sDAVn%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconfucius%2520age%252019%2520marry%2520qiguan%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=A%26C+Black&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-buryl-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buryl_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buryl_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buryl_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Burgan, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vM8GCpBncjEC&amp;pg=PT12&amp;lpg=PT12&amp;dq=confucius+mourn+years+mother&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=bDJi8euwOd&amp;sig=Mhbhdlc_6WvpT8U6H8uHSbEC3UQ&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwAmoVChMIlvS9q7-kxwIVQng-Ch01zQjC#v=onepage&amp;q=confucius%20mourn%20years%20mother&amp;f=false"><i>Confucius: Chinese Philosopher and Teacher</i></a>. Capstone. p.&#160;23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Burgan&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius%3A+Chinese+Philosopher+and+Teacher&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvM8GCpBncjEC%26pg%3DPT12%26lpg%3DPT12%26dq%3Dconfucius%2Bmourn%2Byears%2Bmother%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DbDJi8euwOd%26sig%3DMhbhdlc_6WvpT8U6H8uHSbEC3UQ%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCoQ6AEwAmoVChMIlvS9q7-kxwIVQng-Ch01zQjC%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconfucius%2520mourn%2520years%2520mother%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=23&amp;rft.pub=Capstone&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schuman, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wb6DBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT25&amp;lpg=PT25&amp;dq=confucius+two+daughter&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=bQlJxU3CpJ&amp;sig=Ux-E-3iANpG2bc9ryjoMPdN9WO8&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CEIQ6AEwCWoVChMIxYvfvMqkxwIVSWs-Ch3NZgZE#v=onepage&amp;q=confucius%20two%20daughter&amp;f=false"><i>Confucius: And the World He Created</i></a>. Basic Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Schuman&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius%3A+And+the+World+He+Created&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwb6DBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25%26lpg%3DPT25%26dq%3Dconfucius%2Btwo%2Bdaughter%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DbQlJxU3CpJ%26sig%3DUx-E-3iANpG2bc9ryjoMPdN9WO8%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CEIQ6AEwCWoVChMIxYvfvMqkxwIVSWs-Ch3NZgZE%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconfucius%2520two%2520daughter%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Huang, Yong (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1R9MAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4&amp;lpg=PA4&amp;dq=confucius+age+19+marry+qiguan&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=xlKmoo6xBZ&amp;sig=iIVdL5M3fvp42ZqQUaXb4XwpMFE&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMIyJGjnL6kxwIVxnQ-Ch2sDAVn#v=onepage&amp;q=confucius%20age%2019%20marry%20qiguan&amp;f=false"><i>Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. A&amp;C Black. pp.&#160;4–5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Yong&amp;rft.aulast=Huang&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1R9MAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4%26lpg%3DPA4%26dq%3Dconfucius%2Bage%2B19%2Bmarry%2Bqiguan%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DxlKmoo6xBZ%26sig%3DiIVdL5M3fvp42ZqQUaXb4XwpMFE%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMIyJGjnL6kxwIVxnQ-Ch2sDAVn%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconfucius%2520age%252019%2520marry%2520qiguan%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=4-5&amp;rft.pub=A%26C+Black&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 274–275.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dubs49-275-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-275_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-275_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-275_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-275_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 275.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dubs49-275-6-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-275-6_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-275-6_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-275-6_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 275–276.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dubs49-277-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-277_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 277.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-creel49-35-6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-35-6_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-35-6_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-35-6_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-35-6_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, 35–36.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-duuuu46-277-8-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duuuu46-277-8_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duuuu46-277-8_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 277–278.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-creel49-35-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-35_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-35_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, 35.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dubs49-278-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-278_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-278_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 278.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 278–279.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dubs49-279-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs49-279_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 279.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chin07-30-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chin07-30_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chin07-30_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chin07-30_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chin07-30_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chin07-30_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChin2007">Chin 2007</a>, 30.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 280.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 280–281.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dubs46-281-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubs46-281_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubs46-281_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, 281.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiegel1986">Riegel 1986</a>, 13.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-return-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-return_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-return_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Huang, Yong (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1R9MAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28&amp;lpg=PA28&amp;dq=confucius+return+68+lu&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=xlKmou7ux_&amp;sig=MS6NHYBtCcFnuTAHgi70Xu3cOiw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CC0Q6AEwA2oVChMI2uLomaCmxwIVTFk-Ch32Fw9g#v=onepage&amp;q=confucius%20return%2068%20lu&amp;f=false"><i>Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. A&amp;C Black. pp.&#160;27–28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Yong&amp;rft.aulast=Huang&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1R9MAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28%26lpg%3DPA28%26dq%3Dconfucius%2Breturn%2B68%2Blu%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DxlKmou7ux_%26sig%3DMS6NHYBtCcFnuTAHgi70Xu3cOiw%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CC0Q6AEwA2oVChMI2uLomaCmxwIVTFk-Ch32Fw9g%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconfucius%2520return%252068%2520lu%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=27-28&amp;rft.pub=A%26C+Black&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Berger, Peter (February 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-american-interest.com/2012/02/15/is-confucianism-a-religion/">"Is Confucianism a Religion?"</a>. <i>The American Interest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Berger&amp;rft.btitle=Is+Confucianism+a+Religion%3F&amp;rft.date=2012-02-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-american-interest.com%2F2012%2F02%2F15%2Fis-confucianism-a-religion%2F&amp;rft.pub=%27%27The+American+Interest%27%27&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Parkers-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parkers_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reference-Parkers">Parkers (1983)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bonevac09-40-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonevac09-40_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonevac09-40_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonevacPhillips2009">Bonevac &amp; Phillips 2009</a>, 40.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schuman, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wb6DBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT123&amp;lpg=PT123&amp;dq=confucius+everyone+equal&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=bQlJBY0DtM&amp;sig=UTW10_qBVLoXH7UZgA941R0eVZA&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CD4Q6AEwBWoVChMIhKnn-qaxxwIVA1o-Ch0lWQA_#v=onepage&amp;q=confucius%20everyone%20equal&amp;f=false"><i>Confucius: And the World He Created</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465040578" title="Special:BookSources/0465040578">0465040578</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Schuman&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius%3A+And+the+World+He+Created&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwb6DBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT123%26lpg%3DPT123%26dq%3Dconfucius%2Beveryone%2Bequal%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DbQlJBY0DtM%26sig%3DUTW10_qBVLoXH7UZgA941R0eVZA%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CD4Q6AEwBWoVChMIhKnn-qaxxwIVA1o-Ch0lWQA_%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconfucius%2520everyone%2520equal%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=0465040578&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Violatti, Cristian (August 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient.eu/Confucianism/">"Confucianism"</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Cristian&amp;rft.aulast=Violatti&amp;rft.btitle=Confucianism&amp;rft.date=2013-08-31&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient.eu%2FConfucianism%2F&amp;rft.pub=%27%27Ancient+History+Encyclopedia%27%27&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-creel49-30-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-30_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-30_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-30_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-30_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-30_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-30_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, 30.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-creel49-32-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-32_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-32_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-32_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-32_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-32_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-32_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-32_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, 32.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-creel49-31-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-creel49-31_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, 31.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-creel49-33-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-33_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creel49-33_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, 33.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-creel49-32-3-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-creel49-32-3_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, 32–33.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-parker77-25-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parker77-25_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parker77-25_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1977">Parker 1977</a>, 25.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobson2004">Hobson 2004</a>, 194–195.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmad.3F.3F.3F">Ahmad&#160;???</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_2_section_3.html">online</a>.</span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm">http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm</a></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://book.mihua.net/book/4/4190/798538.html">http://book.mihua.net/book/4/4190/798538.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-JansenKlein2014-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA187#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present</i></a>. BRILL. pp.&#160;187–188. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7">978-90-04-27151-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.au=Christian+Meyer&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Jansen&amp;rft.au=Thoralf+Klein&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization+and+the+Making+of+Religious+Modernity+in+China%3A+Transnational+Religions%2C+Local+Agents%2C+and+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+1800-Present&amp;rft.date=2014-03-21&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNlXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-27151-7&amp;rft.pages=187-188&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm">"Nation observes Confucius anniversary"</a>. China Daily. 2006-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Nation+observes+Confucius+anniversary&amp;rft.date=2006-09-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2006-09%2F29%2Fcontent_699183.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm">"Confucius Anniversary Celebrated"</a>. China Daily. September 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Confucius+Anniversary+Celebrated&amp;rft.date=2006-09-29&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2006%2FSep%2F182656.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wilson2002-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2002_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomas A. Wilson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4XXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=wujing+boshi+descendant&amp;dq=wujing+boshi+descendant&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiN-7-vjpXMAhUGFz4KHQBfDTYQ6AEIMTAE"><i>On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius</i></a>. Harvard University Asia Center. pp.&#160;69,315. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00961-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00961-5">978-0-674-00961-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.au=Thomas+A.+Wilson&amp;rft.btitle=On+Sacred+Grounds%3A+Culture%2C+Society%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Formation+of+the+Cult+of+Confucius&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4XXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwujing%2Bboshi%2Bdescendant%26dq%3Dwujing%2Bboshi%2Bdescendant%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiN-7-vjpXMAhUGFz4KHQBfDTYQ6AEIMTAE&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-674-00961-5&amp;rft.pages=69%2C315&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-JansenKlein2014_2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;dq=wujing+boshi+descendant&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiN-7-vjpXMAhUGFz4KHQBfDTYQ6AEINDAF#v=onepage&amp;q=wujing%20boshi%20descendant&amp;f=false"><i>Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present</i></a>. BRILL. pp.&#160;188–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7">978-90-04-27151-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.au=Christian+Meyer&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Jansen&amp;rft.au=Thoralf+Klein&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization+and+the+Making+of+Religious+Modernity+in+China%3A+Transnational+Religions%2C+Local+Agents%2C+and+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+1800-Present&amp;rft.date=2014-03-21&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNlXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188%26dq%3Dwujing%2Bboshi%2Bdescendant%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiN-7-vjpXMAhUGFz4KHQBfDTYQ6AEINDAF%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dwujing%2520boshi%2520descendant%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-27151-7&amp;rft.pages=188-&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-JansenKlein2014_3-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JansenKlein2014_3_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA189#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present</i></a>. BRILL. pp.&#160;189–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27151-7">978-90-04-27151-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.au=Christian+Meyer&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Jansen&amp;rft.au=Thoralf+Klein&amp;rft.btitle=Globalization+and+the+Making+of+Religious+Modernity+in+China%3A+Transnational+Religions%2C+Local+Agents%2C+and+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+1800-Present&amp;rft.date=2014-03-21&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNlXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-27151-7&amp;rft.pages=189-&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qz.gov.cn/English/Recent/201405/t20140519_278510.htm">"Descendants of Confucius in South Korea Seek Roots in Quzhou"</a>. <i>QUZHOU.CHINA</i>. 2014-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Descendants+of+Confucius+in+South+Korea+Seek+Roots+in+Quzhou&amp;rft.date=2014-05-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qz.gov.cn%2FEnglish%2FRecent%2F201405%2Ft20140519_278510.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=QUZHOU.CHINA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archive">http://archive</a>. is/Y9cKG</span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-Demao-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demao_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demao_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKongKeRoberts1988">Kong, Ke &amp; Roberts 1988</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2012)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-i-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bacon, James (April 21, 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2595390/independent/">"Debra Paget Weds Oilman, Nephew of Madame Chiang"</a>. Independent. p.&#160;11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Debra+Paget+Weds+Oilman%2C+Nephew+of+Madame+Chiang&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Bacon&amp;rft.date=1962-04-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F2595390%2Findependent%2F&amp;rft.pages=11&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication - free to read"><img alt="open access publication - free to read" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChina_Economic_Net2009">China Economic Net 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ce.cn/National/culture/200901/04/t20090104_17866318.shtml">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-yanl-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yanl_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yanl_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yanl_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYan2008">Yan 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jing, Jun (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3leAld7M7p0C&amp;pg=PA26#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>The Temple of Memories: History, Power, and Morality in a Chinese Village</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p.&#160;26. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804764921" title="Special:BookSources/0804764921">0804764921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Jun&amp;rft.aulast=Jing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Temple+of+Memories%3A+History%2C+Power%2C+and+Morality+in+a+Chinese+Village&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3leAld7M7p0C%26pg%3DPA26%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=0804764921&amp;rft.pages=26&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Zhou-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhou_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zhou, Jing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029_3.htm">"New Confucius Genealogy out next year"</a>. china.org.cn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Jing&amp;rft.aulast=Zhou&amp;rft.btitle=New+Confucius+Genealogy+out+next+year&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2Ffeatures%2Fcontent_16696029_3.htm&amp;rft.pub=china.org.cn&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2014/1214/c172318-26204615.html">http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2014/1214/c172318-26204615.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2014/12-14/6875063.shtml">http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2014/12-14/6875063.shtml</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://big5.taiwan.cn/zppd/MMWZ/201412/t20141215_8361279.htm">http://big5.taiwan.cn/zppd/MMWZ/201412/t20141215_8361279.htm</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sd.people.com.cn/n/2015/0107/c366019-23474035.html">http://sd.people.com.cn/n/2015/0107/c366019-23474035.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/7158766.html">http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/7158766.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/7119528.html">http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/7119528.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ningxia.baike.com/article-33678.html">http://ningxia.baike.com/article-33678.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://huizu.baike.com/article-122417.html">http://huizu.baike.com/article-122417.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://56.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html">http://56.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html">http://www.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rmhb.com.cn/chpic/htdocs/english/200704/9-1.htm">http://www.rmhb.com.cn/chpic/htdocs/english/200704/9-1.htm</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Commerce_of_the_PRC2006">Ministry of Commerce of the PRC 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChina_Internet_Information_Center2006">China Internet Information Center 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/171840.htm">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-seedmagazine-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seedmagazine_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seedmagazine_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQiu2008">Qiu 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandao2007">Bandao 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chen, Stephen (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/technology/article/1354787/study-finds-single-bloodline-among-self-claimed-confucius">"Study finds single bloodline among self-claimed Confucius descendants"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Study+finds+single+bloodline+among+self-claimed+Confucius+descendants&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.aulast=Chen&amp;rft.date=2013-11-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Flifestyle%2Ftechnology%2Farticle%2F1354787%2Fstudy-finds-single-bloodline-among-self-claimed-confucius&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cggc08-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cggc08_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cggc08_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChina_Daily2009">China Daily 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-09/24/content_8733256.htm">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-zhouccgc09-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zhouccgc09_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhouccgc09_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhou2008">Zhou 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChina_Daily2007">China Daily 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/02/content_800011.htm">online</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/tw/2009-07/24/content_11764658.htm">http://news.xinhuanet.com/tw/2009-07/24/content_11764658.htm</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2009-07-23/101716000328s.shtml">http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2009-07-23/101716000328s.shtml</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www1.rfi.fr/actucn/articles/115/article_15023.asp">http://www1.rfi.fr/actucn/articles/115/article_15023.asp</a> ?湾拟?少儒家世袭奉祀官??并?消俸禄</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://blog.xuite.net/ahhsiang/TYDA/20446373-?文?雜記】大?至?先師奉祀官">http://blog.xuite.net/ahhsiang/TYDA/20446373-?文?雜記】大?至?先師奉祀官</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/datalib/2004/HundredName/DL/DL-20031203183333/">孔姓 (The Kong family, descendents of Confucius)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/datalib/2004/HundredName/DL/DL-20040216142301">孟姓 (The Meng family, descendents of Mencius)</a></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hard_copy">Hard copy</span></h3>
<ul>
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<li><cite id="CITEREFDubs1946" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Homer_H._Dubs" title="Homer H. Dubs">Dubs, Homer H.</a> (1946). "The political career of Confucius". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> <b>66</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/596405">596405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=The+political+career+of+Confucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Homer+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Dubs&amp;rft.date=1946&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F596405&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=66" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHobson2004" class="citation book">Hobson, John M. (2004). <i>The Eastern origins of Western civilisation</i> (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54724-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54724-5">0-521-54724-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=John+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Hobson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Eastern+origins+of+Western+civilisation&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=Reprinted&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-54724-5&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFChin2007" class="citation book">Chin, Ann-ping (2007). <i>The authentic Confucius: A life of thought and politics</i>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4618-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4618-7">978-0-7432-4618-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Ann-ping&amp;rft.aulast=Chin&amp;rft.btitle=The+authentic+Confucius%3A+A+life+of+thought+and+politics&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4618-7&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Scribner&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKongKeRoberts1988" class="citation book">Kong, Demao; Ke, Lan; Roberts, Rosemary (1988). <i>The house of Confucius</i> (Translated ed.). London: Hodder &amp; Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-41279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-41279-4">978-0-340-41279-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Demao&amp;rft.au=Ke%2C+Lan&amp;rft.aulast=Kong&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+Rosemary&amp;rft.btitle=The+house+of+Confucius&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.edition=Translated&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-340-41279-4&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFNivison1999" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Shepherd_Nivison" title="David Shepherd Nivison">Nivison, David Shepherd</a> (1999). "The Classical Philosophical Writings – Confucius". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Shaughnessy">Shaughnessy, Edward</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;752–59. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47030-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47030-7">0-521-47030-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=The+Classical+Philosophical+Writings+%93+Confucius&amp;rft.aufirst=David+Shepherd&amp;rft.aulast=Nivison&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-47030-7&amp;rft.pages=752-59&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFParker1977" class="citation book">Parker, John (1977). <i>Windows into China: The Jesuits and their books, 1580–1730</i>. Boston: Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89073-050-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89073-050-4">0-89073-050-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Parker&amp;rft.btitle=Windows+into+China%3A+The+Jesuits+and+their+books%2C+1580%931730&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-89073-050-4&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+Public+Library+of+the+City+of+Boston&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPhan2012" class="citation book">Phan, Peter C. (2012). "Catholicism and Confucianism: An intercultural and interreligious dialogue". <i>Catholicism and interreligious dialogue</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982787-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982787-9">978-0-19-982787-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Catholicism+and+Confucianism%3A+An+intercultural+and+interreligious+dialogue&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Phan&amp;rft.btitle=Catholicism+and+interreligious+dialogue&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-982787-9&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRainey2010" class="citation book">Rainey, Lee Dian (2010). <i>Confucius &amp; Confucianism: The essentials</i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8841-8">978-1-4051-8841-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Lee+Dian&amp;rft.aulast=Rainey&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius+%26+Confucianism%3A+The+essentials&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8841-8&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRiegel1986" class="citation journal">Riegel, Jeffrey K. (1986). "Poetry and the legend of Confucius's exile". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> <b>106</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/602359">602359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Poetry+and+the+legend+of+Confucius%27s+exile&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Riegel&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602359&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=106" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFYao1997" class="citation book">Yao, Xinzhong (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BN47m0BHtLkC"><i>Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape</i></a>. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898723-76-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-898723-76-1">1-898723-76-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&amp;rft.aulast=Yao&amp;rft.btitle=Confucianism+and+Christianity%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Jen+and+Agape&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBN47m0BHtLkC&amp;rft.isbn=1-898723-76-1&amp;rft.place=Brighton&amp;rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFYao2000" class="citation book">Yao, Xinzhong (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C"><i>An Introduction to Confucianism</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64430-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64430-5">0-521-64430-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&amp;rft.aulast=Yao&amp;rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Confucianism&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAE2OJ9bPG0C&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-64430-5&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Online">Online</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAhmadn.d." class="citation web">Ahmad, Mirza Tahir (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_2_section_3.html">"Confucianism"</a>. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Mirza+Tahir&amp;rft.aulast=Ahmad&amp;rft.btitle=Confucianism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2Frevelation%2Fpart_2_section_3.html&amp;rft.pub=Ahmadiyya+Muslim+Community&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBaxterSagart2011" class="citation web">Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (20 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207">"Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=William+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Baxter&amp;rft.au=Sagart%2C+Laurent&amp;rft.btitle=Baxter-Sagart+Old+Chinese+reconstruction&amp;rft.date=2011-02-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrlao.ehess.fr%2Fdocannexe.php%3Fid%3D1207&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBandao2007" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644">"Confucius descendents say DNA testing plan lacks wisdom"</a>. Bandao. 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius+descendents+say+DNA+testing+plan+lacks+wisdom&amp;rft.date=2007-08-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.bandao.cn%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fid%3D4644&amp;rft.pub=Bandao&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFChina_Daily2007" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/02/content_800011.htm">"Confucius family tree to record female kin"</a>. China Daily. 2 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius+family+tree+to+record+female+kin&amp;rft.date=2007-02-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2007-02%2F02%2Fcontent_800011.htm&amp;rft.pub=China+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFChina_Daily2009" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-09/24/content_8733256.htm">"Confucius' Family Tree Recorded biggest"</a>. China Daily. 24 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius%27+Family+Tree+Recorded+biggest&amp;rft.date=2009-09-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2009-09%2F24%2Fcontent_8733256.htm&amp;rft.pub=China+Daily&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFChina_Economic_Net2009" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ce.cn/National/culture/200901/04/t20090104_17866318.shtml">"Confucius family tree revision ends with 2 mln descendants"</a>. China Economic Net. 4 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius+family+tree+revision+ends+with+2+mln+descendants&amp;rft.date=2009-01-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ce.cn%2FNational%2Fculture%2F200901%2F04%2Ft20090104_17866318.shtml&amp;rft.pub=China+Economic+Net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFChina_Internet_Information_Center2006" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/171840.htm">"DNA Testing Adopted to Identify Confucius Descendants"</a>. China Internet Information Center. 19 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.btitle=DNA+Testing+Adopted+to+Identify+Confucius+Descendants&amp;rft.date=2006-06-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fculture%2F171840.htm&amp;rft.pub=China+Internet+Information+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Commerce_of_the_PRC2006" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html">"DNA test to clear up Confucius confusion"</a>. Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 18 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.btitle=DNA+test+to+clear+up+Confucius+confusion&amp;rft.date=2006-06-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fye2.mofcom.gov.cn%2Faarticle%2Fchinanews%2F200606%2F20060602462372.html&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Commerce+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRiegel2012" class="citation web">Riegel, Jeffrey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/">"Confucius"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Confucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&amp;rft.aulast=Riegel&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2012%2Fentries%2Fconfucius%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFQiu2008" class="citation web">Qiu, Jane (13 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/">"Inheriting Confucius"</a>. Seed Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft.aulast=Qiu&amp;rft.btitle=Inheriting+Confucius&amp;rft.date=2008-08-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseedmagazine.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Finheriting_confucius%2F&amp;rft.pub=Seed+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFYan2008" class="citation web">Yan, Liang (16 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm">"Updated Confucius family tree has two million members"</a>. Xinhua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Liang&amp;rft.aulast=Yan&amp;rft.btitle=Updated+Confucius+family+tree+has+two+million+members&amp;rft.date=2008-02-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2008-02%2F16%2Fcontent_7616027.htm&amp;rft.pub=Xinhua&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFZhou2008" class="citation news">Zhou, Jing (31 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm">"New Confucius Genealogy out next year"</a>. China Internet Information Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=New+Confucius+Genealogy+out+next+year&amp;rft.aufirst=Jing&amp;rft.aulast=Zhou&amp;rft.date=2008-10-31&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2Ffeatures%2Fcontent_16696029.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clements" title="Jonathan Clements">Clements, Jonathan</a> (2008). <i>Confucius: A Biography</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750947756" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7509-4775-6</a>.</li>
<li>Confucius (1997). <i>Lun yu</i>, (in English <i>The Analects of Confucius</i>). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393040194" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-393-04019-4</a>.</li>
<li>Confucius (2003). <i>Confucius: Analects—With Selections from Traditional Commentaries</i>. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 BC) <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872206351" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87220-635-1</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herrlee_Glessner_Creel" title="Herrlee Glessner Creel">Creel, Herrlee Glessner</a> (1949). <i>Confucius and the Chinese Way</i>. New York: Harper.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Herrlee_Glessner_Creel" title="Herrlee Glessner Creel">Creel, Herrlee Glessner</a> (1953). <i>Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Herrlee+Glessner&amp;rft.aulast=Creel&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+Thought+from+Confucius+to+Mao+Tse-tung&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In Encyclopedia <i>of Religion</i> (Vol. C, pp 1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference USA.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Dawson, Raymond (1982). <i>Confucius</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-287536-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-287536-1">0-19-287536-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Raymond&amp;rft.aulast=Dawson&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-287536-1&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Fingarette, Hebert (1998). <i>Confucius&#160;: the secular as sacred</i>. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57766-010-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57766-010-2">1-57766-010-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Hebert&amp;rft.aulast=Fingarette&amp;rft.btitle=Confucius+%3A+the+secular+as+sacred&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-57766-010-2&amp;rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+Ill.&amp;rft.pub=Waveland+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Nylan, Michael and Thomas A. Wilson (2010). <i>Lives of Confucius: Civilization's Greatest Sage through the Ages</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385510691" title="Special:BookSources/9780385510691">9780385510691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.au=Nylan%2C+Michael+and+Thomas+A.+Wilson&amp;rft.btitle=Lives+of+Confucius%3A+Civilization%27s+Greatest+Sage+through+the+Ages&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780385510691&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Ssu-ma Ch'ien (1974). <i>Records of the Historian</i>. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, trans. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.au=Ssu-ma+Ch%27ien&amp;rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Historian&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong&amp;rft.pub=Commercial+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Van Norden, B.W., ed. (2001). <i>Confucius and the Analects: New Essays</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019513396X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-513396-X</a>.</li>
<li>Van Norden, B.W., trans. (2006). <i>Mengzi</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Ivanhoe" title="Philip J. Ivanhoe">Philip J. Ivanhoe</a> &amp; B.W. Van Norden, <i>Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy</i>. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872207803" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87220-780-3</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<ul>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/confuciu">"Confucius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Confucius&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fconfuciu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li class="mw-empty-li"></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547k8">Confucius</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/p00547k8/In_Our_Time_Confucius">listen now</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.confucius.org/">Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.vassar.edu/brvannor/Mypapers/DaoofKongzi.pdf">The Dao of Kongzi</a>, introduction to the thought of Confucius.</li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Riegel, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius">"Confucius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius&amp;rft.atitle=Confucius&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&amp;rft.aulast=Riegel&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fconfucius&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Confucius">Works by Confucius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Confucius%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Confucius%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Confucius%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Confucius%22%29%20OR%20%28%22550-478%22%20AND%20Confucius%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Confucius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/author/3104">Works by Confucius</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4094">Confucian Analects</a> (Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfu.edu/~moran/zhexuejialu/Analects_PEM.html">Core philosophical passages</a> in the <i>Analects of Confucius</i>.</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neo-Taoism</a></li>
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<p>See also: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></p>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Han_Feizi" title="Han Feizi">Han Feizi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Zongxi" title="Huang Zongxi">Huang Zongxi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yuelin" title="Jin Yuelin">Jin Yuelin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sunzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunzi">Sunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Weiming" title="Tu Weiming">Tu Weiming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xing_(philosopher)" title="Xu Xing (philosopher)">Xu Xing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang Zhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Warring_States_Period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Yi (Warring States Period)">Zhang Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Yan" title="Zou Yan">Zou Yan</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Dào</a>: Way</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">Dé</a>: Virtue</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fa_(concept)" title="Fa (concept)">Fǎ</a>: Model</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozi#Philosophy" title="Mozi">Ji?n ài</a>: Universal Love</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(concept)" title="Jing (concept)">Jing</a>: Reverence</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jingzuo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingzuo">Jìngzuo</a>: Meditation</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Confucian)">Lĭ</a>: Ritual propriety</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Li</a>: Law</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mìng</a>: Mandate or fate</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qì</a>: Energy</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qing_(concept)" title="Qing (concept)">Qing</a>: Essence</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Rén</a>: Humaneness</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shén</a>: Spirit</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Si_(concept)" title="Si (concept)">Si</a>: Reflection</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ti_(concept)" title="Ti (concept)">T?</a>: Substance</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Ti?n</a>: Divine force</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wú wéi</a>: Nonaction</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xi%C3%A0o" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiào">Xiào</a>: Filial piety</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xin_(concept)" title="Xin (concept)">Xin</a>: Disposition or intuition</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)#Eastern_civilization_and_the_philosophical_question_of_nature" title="Nature (philosophy)">Xing</a>: Human nature</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Confucianism)" title="Yi (Confucianism)">Yì</a>: Righteousness</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yīnyáng</a>: Interdependent opposites</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ti_(concept)" title="Ti (concept)">Yòng</a>: Function</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhengming" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengming">Zhèngmíng</a>: Rectification of names</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhi">Zhì</a>: Intention or will; Wisdom or cleverness</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Zìrán</a>: Self-so or natural</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;">Topics</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics#Chinese_aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_consequentialism" title="State consequentialism">State consequentialism</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_China" title="Logic in China">Logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy#Ancient_China" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li>
</ul>
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<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></div>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_language" title="List of philosophers of language">Philosophers</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Confucius</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Herder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Noir%C3%A9" title="Ludwig Noiré">Ludwig Noiré</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Fritz Mauthner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Benjamin Lee Whorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bergmann" title="Gustav Bergmann">Gustav Bergmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Jaakko Hintikka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Soames" title="Scott Soames">Scott Soames</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawthorne" title="John Hawthorne">John Hawthorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neale" title="Stephen Neale">Stephen Neale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_theory_of_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast theory of meaning">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivist theory of names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verification_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Verification theory">Verification theory</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" title="Meaning (linguistics)">Meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></b></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related articles</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li>
</ul>
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" title="Category:Philosophy of language">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Language" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Language">Task Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Theories</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian ethics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Ethics of care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil">Evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Freedom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering or Pain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">Trust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">full index...</a></b></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Philosophers</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Confucius</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W. F. Hegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J. L. Mackie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">William Frankena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">more...</a></b></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related articles</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_and_political_philosophers" title="List of social and political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Ambroise_de_Bonald" title="Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald">Bonald</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(philosopher)" title="Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)">Bosanquet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Confucius</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan ?ilas">?ilas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Plamenatz" title="John Plamenatz">Plamenatz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_theories" title="Category:Social theories">Social theories</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">Consensus theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminist political theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Social concepts</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Four occupations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">more...</a></b></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics">Philosophy and economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy of love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" title="Philosophy of sex">Philosophy of sex</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Social_and_political" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Social and political">Task Force</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a> (<a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%90%B4" class="extiw" title="zh:??">??</a>)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_aesthetics" title="Guqin aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_construction" title="Guqin construction">Construction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_guqin_players" title="Contemporary guqin players">Contemporary players</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Guqin history">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Guqin literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_notation" title="Guqin notation">Notation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_playing_technique" title="Guqin playing technique">Playing technique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Guqin in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qinpu" title="Qinpu">Qinpu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qin_schools" title="Qin schools">Schools</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Guqin societies">Societies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_strings" title="Guqin strings">Strings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_tunings" title="Guqin tunings">Tuning</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaji&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaji (page does not exist)">Yaji</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_guzhuan.svg" class="image"><img alt="Qin guzhuan.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Qin_guzhuan.svg/40px-Qin_guzhuan.svg.png" width="40" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Qin_guzhuan.svg/60px-Qin_guzhuan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Qin_guzhuan.svg/80px-Qin_guzhuan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="323" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Melodies</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ao_Ai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ao Ai (page does not exist)">Ao Ai</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangling_San&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangling San (page does not exist)">Guangling San</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute" title="Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute">Hujia Shiba-pai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jieshi_Diao_Youlan" title="Jieshi Diao Youlan">Jieshi Diao Youlan</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shui&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Shui (page does not exist)">Liu Shui</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meihua_Sannong&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Meihua Sannong (page does not exist)">Meihua Sannong</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingsha_Luoyan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pingsha Luoyan (page does not exist)">Pingsha Luoyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Xiang_Shuiyun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Xiang Shuiyun (page does not exist)">Xiao Xiang Shuiyun</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangguan_Sandie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangguan Sandie (page does not exist)">Yangguan Sandie</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Schools</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangling_school&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangling school (page does not exist)">Guangling</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiuyi_school&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiuyi school (page does not exist)">Jiuyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_school&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingnan school (page does not exist)">Lingnan</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mei%27an_school&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mei'an school (page does not exist)">Mei'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pucheng_school&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pucheng school (page does not exist)">Pucheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu_school&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu school (page does not exist)">Shu</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yushan_school&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yushan school (page does not exist)">Yushan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(guqin)" title="Zhe school (guqin)">Zhe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhucheng_school&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhucheng school (page does not exist)">Zhucheng</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Societies</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jinyu_Qin_Society" title="Jinyu Qin Society">Jinyu Qin Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/London_Youlan_Qin_Society" title="London Youlan Qin Society">London Youlan Qin Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Qin_Society" title="New York Qin Society">New York Qin Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Guqin_Association" title="North American Guqin Association">North American Guqin Association</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Historical personages</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Ya" title="Bo Ya">Bo Ya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yan" title="Cai Yan">Cai Yan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yong" title="Cai Yong">Cai Yong</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Confucius</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Chuwang" title="Guo Chuwang">Guo Chuwang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruan_Ji" title="Ruan Ji">Ruan Ji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_(Song_Dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Huizong (Song Dynasty)">Emperor Song Huizong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Kang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Kang">Xi Kang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quan" title="Zhu Quan">Zhu Quan</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Players</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yu_(musician)" title="Cheng Yu (musician)">Cheng Yu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Yi" title="Gong Yi">Gong Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Pinghu" title="Guan Pinghu">Guan Pinghu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiangting" title="Li Xiangting">Li Xiangting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Youren" title="Lin Youren">Lin Youren</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jingl%C3%BCe" title="Wu Jinglüe">Wu Jinglüe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhaoji" title="Wu Zhaoji">Wu Zhaoji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Chengwei" title="Zeng Chengwei">Zeng Chengwei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zha_Fuxi" title="Zha Fuxi">Zha Fuxi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ziqian" title="Zhang Ziqian">Zhang Ziqian</a></li>
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<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/89664672">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89664672">89664672</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80050515">n80050515</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000121430614">0000 0001 2143 0614</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118565036">118565036</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/auth/192466">192466</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/026952238">026952238</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909957g">cb11909957g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909957g">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&amp;role=&amp;nation=&amp;subjectid=500355288">500355288</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//musicbrainz.org/artist/f392a00c-dfd7-4165-a031-468afcbbc5e3">f392a00c-dfd7-4165-a031-468afcbbc5e3</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35030509">35030509</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00622965">00622965</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jn19981001645&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">jn19981001645</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX881775">XX881775</a></span></span></li>
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						<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a href="//am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D-%E1%8D%89%E1%8C%B8" title="ኮን?-?ጸ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a href="//ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كون?وشيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc"><a href="//arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܩܘܢܦܘܫ?ܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc">?ܪܡ??</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup"><a href="//roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confutsiu" title="Confutsiu – Aromanian" lang="roa-rup" hreflang="roa-rup">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp"><a href="//frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><a href="//gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%BAsio" title="Konfúsio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay"><a href="//ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutsi" title="Konfutsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a href="//azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کون?وسیوس – تۆرکجه" lang="azb" hreflang="azb">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm"><a href="//bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কনফ?সিয়াস – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3ng-ch%C3%BA" title="Khóng-chú – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms"><a href="//map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Basa Banyumasan" lang="map-bms" hreflang="map-bms">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡорт?а</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Канфуцый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Белару?ка?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Канфуцый – белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="//bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Bikol Central" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi"><a href="//bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Българ?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="?ུང་ཙི? – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfu%C4%8Dije" title="Konfu?ije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Күнзы – бур?ад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Бур?ад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuci" title="Confuci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Конфуци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="//ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam"><a href="//cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Chavacano de Zamboanga" lang="cbk-zam" hreflang="cbk-zam">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="//co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciu" title="Confuciu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conffiwsiws" title="Conffiwsiws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutse" title="Konfutse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc"><a href="//pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfyuschus" title="Konfyuschus – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><a href="//dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%AB%DE%9D%DE%A7" title="ކޮންފޫ?ާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv">ދިވެހިބަ?ް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="//dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Fuzi" title="Kong Fuzi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κομφο?κιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuceo" title="Konfuceo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="//ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%BAciu" title="Confúciu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzio" title="Konfuzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کن?وسیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">?ارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%BAicias" title="Confúicias – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔? – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B8" title="કન?ફ?ય?શિયસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગ?જરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="//hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BBng-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Khûng-chṳ? – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"><a href="//xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%90" title="공? – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha"><a href="//ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Կոնֆու?իոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कन?फ?यूशियस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन?दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="//hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucije" title="Konfucije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Zi" title="Kong Zi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a href="//ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%BAkius" title="Konfúkius – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Hu_Cu_(filsuf)" title="Kong Hu Cu (filsuf) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="//ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu"><a href="//iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunpusiusi" title="Kunpusiusi – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu">?ᓄᒃᑎ?ᑦ/inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh"><a href="//xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%BAs%C3%ADus" title="Konfúsíus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">?slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קונפוציוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Hu_Cu" title="Kong Hu Cu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a href="//kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusiusi" title="Konfusiusi – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕನ?ಫ?ಯೂಷಿಯಸ? – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ?ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="//pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="კ?ნფუცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქ?რთული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D2%A3-%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Құң-зы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="//kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusio" title="Konfusio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusyus" title="Konfusyus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="//lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusio" title="Konfusio – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="//lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89" title="ຂົງຈື້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C5%ABcijs" title="Konfūcijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucijus" title="Konfucijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kongzi" title="kongzi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuci" title="Confuci – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuciusz" title="Konfuciusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Конфучиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македон?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കൺഫ?യൂഷ?യസ? – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="//mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfu%C4%8Bju" title="Konfuċju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कन?फ?यूशियस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="კ?ნფუცი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მ?რგ?ლური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كون?وشيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کون?وسیوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">ماز?رونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a href="//min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="//cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Kūng-cṳ̄ – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunf%C3%BAcio" title="Cunfúcio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Күнз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ကွန်ဖြူးရှပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj"><a href="//fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr"><a href="//cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AF%E1%93%90%E1%95%97%E1%93%AF" title="ᑯ?ᕗᓯ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀ??ᔭ?????</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कन?फ?सियस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔? – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="//nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">?охчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="//pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucii" title="Konfucii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutse" title="Konfutse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="//nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Nouormand" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="//nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongzi" title="Kongzi – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuci" title="Confuci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutsiy" title="Konfutsiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕਨਫ਼ੂਸ਼ੀਅਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi"><a href="//pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF" title="कोन?ग? चि – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag"><a href="//pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27ung-Tzu" title="K'ung-Tzu – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3" title="کن?یوشس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كن?يوشيوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="//jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanfyuushos" title="Kanfyuushos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="//km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84_%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BA" title="?ុង ជឺ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសា?្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="//tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongzi" title="Kongzi – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucjusz" title="Konfucjusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt"><a href="//pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Κομφο?κιον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%BAcio" title="Confúcio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="//kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutsiy" title="Konfutsiy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty"><a href="//ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy"><a href="//rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy">Romani</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="//rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunfuqi" title="Khunfuqi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Конфуцій – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Ру?инь?кый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Ру??кий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"><a href="//sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konefasia" title="Konefasia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg"><a href="//sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confutziu" title="Confutziu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st"><a href="//st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuci" title="Konfuci – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunfuciu" title="Cunfuciu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="කොංෆූසි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sloven?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucij" title="Konfucij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenš?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AFnfucyjus" title="Kůnfucyjus – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کۆن?ووشیوس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Конфучије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Срп?ки / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucije" title="Konfucije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / ?рп?кохрват?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Hu_Cu" title="Kong Hu Cu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungfutse" title="Kungfutse – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="கன?பூசியஸ? – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a href="//kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="కన?ఫ?యూషియస? – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెల?గ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AD" title="ขงจื๊อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Конфу?иу? – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a href="//chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%84%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%92" title="ᎦᎾ?Ꭺ?? – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr">?ᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%BC%C3%A7y%C3%BCs" title="Konfüçyüs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="//tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusi%C3%BD" title="Konfusiý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Конфуцій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Україн?ька</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3" title="کن?یوشس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="//ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%B2%D9%89" title="كۇڭزى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"><a href="//za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungjswj" title="Gungjswj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%95ng_T%E1%BB%AD" title="Khổng Tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Fuzi" title="Kong Fuzi – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="//wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciusse" title="Confuciusse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔? – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="//vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a href="//wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔? – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">?语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ק?נפוציוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%8Dnfuki%E1%BB%8Dsi" title="K?nfuki?si – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔? – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfu%C3%A7yus" title="Konfuçyus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="//zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuc%C4%97jos" title="Konfucėjos – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔? – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li>					</ul>
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