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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Bertrand Russell</h1>
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<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Bertrand Russell</span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png" class="image"><img alt="Bertrand Russell transparent bg.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/220px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png" width="220" height="326" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/330px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/440px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1859" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td><span class="nickname">Bertrand Arthur William Russell</span><br />
<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1872-05-18</span>)</span>18 May 1872<br />
<span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Trellech" title="Trellech">Trellech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-monmouthshire_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monmouthshire-1">[1]</a></sup> United Kingdom</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>2 February 1970<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1970-02-02</span>)</span> (aged&#160;97)<br />
<span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Penrhyndeudraeth" title="Penrhyndeudraeth">Penrhyndeudraeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caernarfonshire" title="Caernarfonshire">Caernarfonshire</a>, United Kingdom</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Residence</th>
<td>United Kingdom</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Nationality</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Alma&#160;mater</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> (BA, 1893)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Spouse(s)</span></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alys_Pearsall_Smith" title="Alys Pearsall Smith">Alys Pearsall Smith</a> (m. 1894–1921)<br />
<a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Black</a> (m. 1921–1935)<br />
<a href="/wiki/Patricia_Russell,_Countess_Russell" title="Patricia Russell, Countess Russell">Marjorie "Patricia" Spence</a> (m. 1936–1952<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>)<br />
<a href="/wiki/Edith_Finch_Russell" title="Edith Finch Russell">Edith Finch</a> (m. 1952–1970)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Awards</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" title="De Morgan Medal">De Morgan Medal</a> <small>(1932)</small><br />
<a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Medal" title="Sylvester Medal">Sylvester Medal</a> <small>(1934)</small><br />
<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> <small>(1950)</small><br />
<a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Prize" title="Kalinga Prize">Kalinga Prize</a> <small>(1957)</small><br />
<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a> <small>(1963)</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Era</th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Region</th>
<td class="category">Western philosophy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th>
<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Logicism" title="Logicism">Logicism</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Institutions</th>
<td class="org"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Main interests</div>
</th>
<td>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li>Ethics</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li>
<li>Mathematics</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_logic" title="Philosophy of logic">Philosophy of logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<th scope="row">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Notable ideas</div>
</th>
<td>
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;"><span class="nowrap">&#160;</span></div>
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<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">Automated reasoning</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Automated theorem proving</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_reducibility" title="Axiom of reducibility">Axiom of reducibility</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Barber_paradox" title="Barber paradox">Barber paradox</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Berry_paradox" title="Berry paradox">Berry paradox</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Chicken_(game)" title="Chicken (game)">Chicken</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Connective_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connective (logic)">Connective</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivist theory of names</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Double_negation" title="Double negation">Double negation</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Epistemic_structural_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemic structural realism">Epistemic structural realism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><br />
<a href="/wiki/Existential_fallacy" title="Existential fallacy">Existential fallacy</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Failure_of_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Failure of reference">Failure of reference</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Knowledge_by_acquaintance" title="Knowledge by acquaintance">Knowledge by acquaintance</a> and knowledge by description<br />
<a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical logic</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Metamathematics" title="Metamathematics">Metamathematics</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Propositional_calculus" title="Propositional calculus">Propositional calculus</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Naive_set_theory" title="Naive set theory">Naive set theory</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Paradoxes_of_set_theory" title="Paradoxes of set theory">Paradoxes of set theory</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Peano%E2%80%93Russell_notation" title="Peano–Russell notation">Peano–Russell notation</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Propositional_formula" title="Propositional formula">Propositional formula</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Self-refuting_idea" title="Self-refuting idea">Self-refuting idea</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Quantification_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantification (logic)">Quantification</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Round_square_copula" title="Round square copula">Round square copula</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Relation_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relation (logic)">Relation</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Russell_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell conjugation">Russell conjugation</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Set-theoretic_definition_of_natural_numbers" title="Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers">Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Singleton_(mathematics)" title="Singleton (mathematics)">Singleton</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Tensor_product_of_graphs" title="Tensor product of graphs">Tensor product of graphs</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Unity_of_the_proposition" title="Unity of the proposition">Unity of the proposition</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influences</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">George Boole</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan" title="Augustus De Morgan">Augustus De Morgan</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georg Cantor</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Alexius Meinong</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr class="note">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influenced</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;">
<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/W._V._Quine" class="mw-redirect" title="W. V. Quine">W. V. Quine</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Schlick" title="Moritz Schlick">Moritz Schlick</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Chwistek" title="Leon Chwistek">Leon Chwistek</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski" title="Jacob Bronowski">Jacob Bronowski</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey" title="Frank P. Ramsey">Frank P. Ramsey</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Salmon" title="Nathan Salmon">Nathan Salmon</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Hoodbhoy" title="Pervez Hoodbhoy">Pervez Hoodbhoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/B.F._Skinner" class="mw-redirect" title="B.F. Skinner">B.F. Skinner</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> &#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Sidney Hook</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">Colin McGinn</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Txillardegi" title="Txillardegi">Txillardegi</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrand_Russell_signature.svg" class="image"><img alt="Bertrand Russell signature.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bertrand_Russell_signature.svg/150px-Bertrand_Russell_signature.svg.png" width="150" height="24" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bertrand_Russell_signature.svg/225px-Bertrand_Russell_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bertrand_Russell_signature.svg/300px-Bertrand_Russell_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="220" /></a></td>
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<p><b>Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell</b>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-57">[57]</a></sup> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ʌ/ short 'u' in 'bud'">ʌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/əl/ 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 18 May 1872&#160;– 2 February 1970) was a <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">logician</a>, mathematician, historian, writer, <a href="/wiki/Social_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social critic">social critic</a>, political activist and Nobel laureate.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stanford_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-59">[59]</a></sup> At various points in his life he considered himself a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a>, but he also admitted that he had "never been any of these things, in any profound sense".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> He was born in <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a> into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the early 20th century, Russell led the British "revolt against <a href="/wiki/British_Idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="British Idealism">idealism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> He is considered one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> along with his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>, colleague <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a>, and his protégé <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier <a href="/wiki/Logician" class="mw-redirect" title="Logician">logicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-59">[59]</a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/A._N._Whitehead" class="mw-redirect" title="A. N. Whitehead">A. N. Whitehead</a> he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i>, an attempt to create a logical basis for mathematics. His philosophical essay "<a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> His work has had a considerable influence on <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">type theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>.</p>
<p>Russell was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> activist; he championed <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> and went to prison for his pacifism during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> Later, he campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, then criticised <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, attacked the involvement of the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and was an outspoken proponent of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallery_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallery-67">[67]</a></sup> In 1950 Russell was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></p>
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<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life_and_background"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Childhood_and_adolescence"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Childhood and adolescence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#University_and_first_marriage"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">University and first marriage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Early_career"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Early career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#First_World_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">First World War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#G._H._Hardy_on_the_Trinity_Controversy_and_Russell.27s_personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">G. H. Hardy on the Trinity Controversy and Russell's personal life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Between_the_wars"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Between the wars</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Second_World_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Second World War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Later_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Later life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Political_causes"><span class="tocnumber">1.10</span> <span class="toctext">Political causes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Final_years_and_death"><span class="tocnumber">1.11</span> <span class="toctext">Final years and death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Titles_and_honours_from_birth"><span class="tocnumber">1.12</span> <span class="toctext">Titles and honours from birth</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Views"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Views</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Society"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Society</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ancestry"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Selected_bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Selected bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Russell"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Russell</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Secondary_references"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary references</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Books_about_Russell.27s_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Books about Russell's philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Biographical_books"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Biographical books</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Other_writings_available_online"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other writings available online</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Audio"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Audio</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_background">Early life and background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrand_Russell_in_1876.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bertrand_Russell_in_1876.jpg/170px-Bertrand_Russell_in_1876.jpg" width="170" height="270" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Bertrand_Russell_in_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Bertrand_Russell_in_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="400" /></a>
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Russell as a four year-old</div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pembroke_Lodge,_Richmond_Park.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pembroke_Lodge%2C_Richmond_Park.jpg/220px-Pembroke_Lodge%2C_Richmond_Park.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pembroke_Lodge%2C_Richmond_Park.jpg/330px-Pembroke_Lodge%2C_Richmond_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pembroke_Lodge%2C_Richmond_Park.jpg/440px-Pembroke_Lodge%2C_Richmond_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a>
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Childhood home, <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Lodge,_Richmond_Park" title="Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park">Pembroke Lodge</a></div>
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<p>Bertrand Russell was born on 18 May 1872 at Ravenscroft, <a href="/wiki/Trellech" title="Trellech">Trellech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>, into an influential and liberal family of the <a href="/wiki/British_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="British aristocracy">British aristocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> His parents, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_Viscount_Amberley" title="John Russell, Viscount Amberley">Viscount</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Russell,_Viscountess_Amberley" title="Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley">Viscountess Amberley</a>, were radical for their times. Lord Amberley consented to his wife's affair with their children's tutor, the biologist <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Spalding" title="Douglas Spalding">Douglas Spalding</a>. Both were early advocates of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> at a time when this was considered scandalous.<sup id="cite_ref-calicut_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calicut-71">[71]</a></sup> Lord Amberley was an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> and his atheism was evident when he asked the philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> to act as Russell's secular godfather.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> Mill died the year after Russell's birth, but his writings had a great effect on Russell's life.</p>
<p>His paternal grandfather, the <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a>, had been asked twice by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> to form a government, serving her as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> in the 1840s and 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-John_R_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_R-73">[73]</a></sup> The Russells had been prominent in England for several centuries before this, coming to power and the peerage with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bedford" title="Duke of Bedford">Duke of Bedford</a>). They established themselves as one of the leading British <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> families, and participated in every great political event from the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> in 1536–40 to the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1688–89 and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act">Great Reform Act</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-John_R_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_R-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peerage_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peerage-74">[74]</a></sup></p>
<p>Lady Amberley was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Lord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Stanley,_Baroness_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley">Lady Stanley of Alderley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallery_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallery-67">[67]</a></sup> Russell often feared the ridicule of his maternal grandmother,<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth-75">[75]</a></sup> one of the campaigners for <a href="/wiki/Education_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Education of women">education of women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Childhood_and_adolescence">Childhood and adolescence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood and adolescence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Russell had two siblings: brother <a href="/wiki/Frank_Russell,_2nd_Earl_Russell" title="Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell">Frank</a> (nearly seven years older than Bertrand), and sister Rachel (four years older). In June 1874 Russell's mother died of <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, followed shortly by Rachel's death. In January 1876, his father died of <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a> following a long period of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>. Frank and Bertrand were placed in the care of their staunchly <a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian</a> paternal grandparents, who lived at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Lodge,_Richmond_Park" title="Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park">Pembroke Lodge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a>. His grandfather, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a>, died in 1878, and was remembered by Russell as a kindly old man in a wheelchair. His grandmother, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Russell,_Countess_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frances Russell, Countess Russell (page does not exist)">Countess Russell</a> (née Lady Frances Elliot), was the dominant family figure for the rest of Russell's childhood and youth.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallery_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallery-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-calicut_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calicut-71">[71]</a></sup></p>
<p>The countess was from a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> family, and successfully petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a> to set aside a provision in Amberley's will requiring the children to be raised as agnostics. Despite her religious conservatism, she held progressive views in other areas (accepting <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> and supporting <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a>), and her influence on Bertrand Russell's outlook on <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and standing up for principle remained with him throughout his life. (One could challenge the view that Bertrand stood up for his principles, based on his own well-known quotation: "I would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong".) Her favourite Bible verse, 'Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil' (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 23:2), became his motto. The atmosphere at Pembroke Lodge was one of frequent prayer, emotional repression, and formality; Frank reacted to this with open rebellion, but the young Bertrand learned to hide his feelings.</p>
<p>Russell's adolescence was very lonely, and he often contemplated suicide. He remarked in his autobiography that his keenest interests were in religion and mathematics, and that only his wish to know more mathematics kept him from suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> He was educated at home by a series of tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_prize_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_prize-78">[78]</a></sup> When Russell was eleven years old, his brother Frank introduced him to the work of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>, which transformed his life.<sup id="cite_ref-calicut_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calicut-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greeks_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greeks-79">[79]</a></sup></p>
<p>During these formative years he also discovered the works of <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>. In his autobiography, he writes: "I spent all my spare time reading him, and learning him by heart, knowing no one to whom I could speak of what I thought or felt, I used to reflect how wonderful it would have been to know Shelley, and to wonder whether I should meet any live human being with whom I should feel so much sympathy".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> Russell claimed that beginning at age 15, he spent considerable time thinking about the validity of <a href="/wiki/Dogma#In_religion" title="Dogma">Christian religious dogma</a>, which he found very unconvincing.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> At this age, he came to the conclusion that there is no <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and, two years later, that there is no life after death. Finally, at the age of 18, after reading <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a>'s "Autobiography", he abandoned the "<a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover#First_philosophy" title="Unmoved mover">First Cause</a>" argument and became an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="University_and_first_marriage">University and first marriage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: University and first marriage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Russell won a scholarship to read for the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Tripos" title="Mathematical Tripos">Mathematical Tripos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, and commenced his studies there in 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> taking as coach <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rumsey_Webb" title="Robert Rumsey Webb">Robert Rumsey Webb</a>. He became acquainted with the younger <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edward Moore">George Edward Moore</a> and came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>, who recommended him to the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a>. He quickly distinguished himself in mathematics and philosophy, graduating as a high <a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)" title="Wrangler (University of Cambridge)">Wrangler</a> in the former in 1893 and becoming a Fellow in the latter in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitehead_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitehead-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-86">[86]</a></sup></p>
<p>Russell first met the American <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Alys_Pearsall_Smith" title="Alys Pearsall Smith">Alys Pearsall Smith</a> when he was 17 years old. He became a friend of the Pearsall Smith family—they knew him primarily as 'Lord John's grandson' and enjoyed showing him off—and travelled with them to the continent; it was in their company that Russell visited the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Exhibition_of_1889" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Exhibition of 1889">Paris Exhibition of 1889</a> and was able to climb the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> soon after it was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-MarriagePt1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarriagePt1-87">[87]</a></sup></p>
<p>He soon fell in love with the puritanical, high-minded Alys, who was a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a> near <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and, contrary to his grandmother's wishes, married her on 13 December 1894. Their marriage began to fall apart in 1901 when it occurred to Russell, while he was cycling, that he no longer loved her.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> She asked him if he loved her and he replied that he did not love her. Russell also disliked Alys's mother, finding her controlling and cruel. It was to be a hollow shell of a marriage and they finally divorced in 1921, after a lengthy period of separation.<sup id="cite_ref-MPt3_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPt3-89">[89]</a></sup> During this period, Russell had passionate (and often simultaneous) affairs with a number of women, including <a href="/wiki/Lady_Ottoline_Morrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Ottoline Morrell">Lady Ottoline Morrell</a><sup id="cite_ref-the_Journal_of_the_Bertrand_Russell_Archives_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_Journal_of_the_Bertrand_Russell_Archives-90">[90]</a></sup> and the actress <a href="/wiki/Lady_Constance_Malleson" title="Lady Constance Malleson">Lady Constance Malleson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-private_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-private-91">[91]</a></sup> Some have suggested that at this point he had an affair with <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Haigh-Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivienne Haigh-Wood">Vivienne Haigh-Wood</a>, the English governess and writer, and first wife of <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_career">Early career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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Russell in 1907</div>
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<p>Russell began his published work in 1896 with <i>German Social Democracy</i>, a study in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> that was an early indication of a lifelong interest in political and social theory. In 1896 he taught German social democracy at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LSE_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSE-93">[93]</a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Coefficients_(dining_club)" title="Coefficients (dining club)">Coefficients dining club</a> of social reformers set up in 1902 by the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian</a> campaigners <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LettersPg16_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LettersPg16-94">[94]</a></sup></p>
<p>He now started an intensive study of the <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics" title="Foundations of mathematics">foundations of mathematics</a> at Trinity. In 1898 he wrote <i>An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry</i> which discussed the <a href="/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Klein_metric" title="Cayley–Klein metric">Cayley–Klein metrics</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean geometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> He attended the <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="International Congress of Philosophy">International Congress of Philosophy</a> in Paris in 1900 where he met <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Padoa" title="Alessandro Padoa">Alessandro Padoa</a>. The Italians had responded to <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georg Cantor</a>, making a science of <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>; they gave Russell their literature including the <a href="/wiki/Formulario_mathematico" title="Formulario mathematico">Formulario mathematico</a>. Russell was impressed by the precision of Peano's arguments at the Congress, read the literature upon returning to England, and came upon <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a>. In 1903 he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematics" title="The Principles of Mathematics">The Principles of Mathematics</a></i>, a work on foundations of mathematics. It advanced a thesis of <a href="/wiki/Logicism" title="Logicism">logicism</a>, that mathematics and logic are one and the same.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup></p>
<p>At the age of 29, in February 1901, Russell underwent what he called a "sort of mystic illumination", after witnessing <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a>'s wife's acute suffering in an <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" title="Angina pectoris">angina</a> attack. "I found myself filled with semi-mystical feelings about beauty... and with a desire almost as profound as that of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> to find some philosophy which should make human life endurable", Russell would later recall. "At the end of those five minutes, I had become a completely different person."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1905 he wrote the essay "<a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>", which was published in the philosophical journal <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>. Russell was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1908" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1908">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1908</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallery_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallery-67">[67]</a></sup> The three-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i>, written with Whitehead, was published between 1910 and 1913. This, along with the earlier <i>The Principles of Mathematics</i>, soon made Russell world-famous in his field.</p>
<p>In 1910 he became a lecturer in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he was approached by the Austrian engineering student <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>, who became his PhD student. Russell viewed Wittgenstein as a genius and a successor who would continue his work on logic. He spent hours dealing with Wittgenstein's various <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">phobias</a> and his frequent bouts of despair. This was often a drain on Russell's energy, but Russell continued to be fascinated by him and encouraged his academic development, including the publication of Wittgenstein's <i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i> in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Wittgenstein_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittgenstein-98">[98]</a></sup> Russell delivered his lectures on <a href="/wiki/Logical_Atomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical Atomism">Logical Atomism</a>, his version of these ideas, in 1918, before the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Wittgenstein was, at that time, serving in the Austrian Army and subsequently spent nine months in an Italian <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> camp at the end of the conflict.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_World_War">First World War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>During the First World War, Russell was one of the few people to engage in active <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">pacifist activities</a> and in 1916, he was dismissed from Trinity College following his conviction under the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Realm_Act_1914" title="Defence of the Realm Act 1914">Defence of the Realm Act 1914</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> Russell played a significant part in the <i>Leeds Convention</i> in June 1917, a historic event which saw well over a thousand "anti-war socialists" gather; many being delegates from the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> and the Socialist Party, united in their pacifist beliefs and advocating a peace settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> The international press reported that Russell appeared with a number of Labour <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MPs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a>, as well as former <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> MP and anti-conscription campaigner, Professor <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lupton" title="Arnold Lupton">Arnold Lupton</a>. After the event, Russell told <a href="/wiki/Lady_Ottoline_Morrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Ottoline Morrell">Lady Ottoline Morrell</a> that, "to my surprise, when I got up to speak, I was given the greatest ovation that was possible to give anybody".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup></p>
<p>The Trinity incident resulted in Russell being fined £100, which he refused to pay in hopes that he would be sent to prison, but his books were sold at auction to raise the money. The books were bought by friends; he later treasured his copy of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a> that was stamped "Confiscated by Cambridge Police".</p>
<p>A later conviction for publicly lecturing against inviting the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> to enter the war on the United Kingdom's side resulted in six months' imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Brixton_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brixton (HM Prison)">Brixton prison</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_views_on_society" title="Bertrand Russell's views on society">Bertrand Russell's views on society</a></i>) in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacifist_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacifist-103">[103]</a></sup> While in prison, Russell read enormously and wrote the book <i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy" title="Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy">Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy</a></i>.</p>
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<p>I found prison in many ways quite agreeable. I had no engagements, no difficult decisions to make, no fear of callers, no interruptions to my work. I read enormously; I wrote a book, "Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy"... and began the work for "Analysis of Mind"</p>
<div class="templatequotecite"><cite>— <i>The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell</i><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup></cite></div>
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<p>Russell was reinstated in 1919, resigned in 1920, was Tarner Lecturer 1926 and became a Fellow again in 1944 until 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1924, Bertrand again gained press attention when attending a "banquet" in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> with well-known campaigners, including <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lupton" title="Arnold Lupton">Arnold Lupton</a>, who had been a <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> and had also endured imprisonment for "passive resistance to military or naval service".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="G._H._Hardy_on_the_Trinity_Controversy_and_Russell.27s_personal_life">G. H. Hardy on the Trinity Controversy and Russell's personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: G. H. Hardy on the Trinity Controversy and Russell's personal life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1941, <a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> wrote a 61-page pamphlet titled <i>Bertrand Russell and Trinity</i>—published later as a book by Cambridge University Press with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a>—in which he gave an authoritative account about Russell's 1916 dismissal from Trinity College, explaining that a reconciliation between the college and Russell had later taken place and gave details about Russell's personal life. Hardy writes that Russell's dismissal had created a scandal since the vast majority of the Fellows of the College opposed the decision. The ensuing pressure from the Fellows induced the Council to reinstate Russell. In January 1920, it was announced that Russell had accepted the reinstatement offer from Trinity and would begin lecturing from October. In July 1920, Russell applied for a one year leave of absence; this was approved. He spent the year giving lectures in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. In January 1921, it was announced by Trinity that Russell had resigned and his resignation had been accepted. This resignation, Hardy explains, was completely voluntary and was not the result of another altercation.</p>
<p>The reason for the resignation, according to Hardy, was that Russell was going through a tumultuous time in his personal life with a divorce and subsequent remarriage. Russell contemplated asking Trinity for another one-year leave of absence but decided against it, since this would have been an 'unusual application' and the situation had the potential to snowball into another controversy. Although Russell did the right thing, in Hardy's opinion, the reputation of the College suffered due to Russell's resignation since the 'world of learning' knew about Russell's altercation with Trinity but not that the rift had healed. In 1925, Russell was asked by the Council of Trinity College to give the <i>Tarner Lectures</i> on the Philosophy of the Sciences; these would later be the basis for one of Russell's best received books according to Hardy: <i>The Analysis of Matter</i>, published in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> In the preface to this pamphlet, Hardy wrote:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>I wish to make it plain that Russell himself is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for the writing of the pamphlet...I wrote it without his knowledge and, when I sent him the typescript and asked for his permission to print it, I suggested that, unless it contained misstatement of fact, he should make no comment on it. He agreed to this...no word has been changed as the result of any suggestion from him.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Between the wars">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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Russell in 1938</div>
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Russell with his children, John and Kate</div>
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<p>In August 1920, Russell traveled to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as part of an official delegation sent by the British government to investigate the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeLib_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeLib-108">[108]</a></sup> He met <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and had an hour-long conversation with him. In his autobiography, he mentions that he found Lenin disappointing, sensing an "impish cruelty" in him and comparing him to "an opinionated professor". He cruised down the <a href="/wiki/Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga">Volga</a> on a steamship. His experiences destroyed his previous tentative support for the revolution. He wrote a book <i>The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism</i><sup id="cite_ref-Practice_.26_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Practice_.26-109">[109]</a></sup> about his experiences on this trip, taken with a group of 24 others from the UK, all of whom came home thinking well of the régime, despite Russell's attempts to change their minds. For example, he told them that he heard shots fired in the middle of the night and was sure these were clandestine executions, but the others maintained that it was only cars backfiring.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>Russell's lover <a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Black</a>, a British author, <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> and socialist campaigner, visited Russia independently at the same time; in contrast to his reaction, she was enthusiastic about the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Practice_.26_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Practice_.26-109">[109]</a></sup></p>
<p>The following autumn Russell, accompanied by Dora, visited <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Peking</a> (as it was then known in the West) to lecture on philosophy for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_prize_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_prize-78">[78]</a></sup> He went with optimism and hope, seeing China as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China#Fight_against_warlordism_and_the_First_United_Front" title="History of the Republic of China">then being</a> on a new path.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> Other scholars present in China at the time included <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a><sup id="cite_ref-pneumonia_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pneumonia-111">[111]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, the Indian Nobel-laureate poet.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_prize_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_prize-78">[78]</a></sup> Before leaving China, Russell became gravely ill with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" title="List of premature obituaries">incorrect reports</a> of his death were published in the Japanese press.<sup id="cite_ref-pneumonia_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pneumonia-111">[111]</a></sup> When the couple visited Japan on their return journey, Dora took on the role of spurning the local press by handing out notices reading "Mr. Bertrand Russell, having died according to the Japanese press, is unable to give interviews to Japanese journalists".<sup id="cite_ref-papers_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papers-112">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> Apparently they found this harsh and reacted resentfully.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>Dora was six months pregnant when the couple returned to England on 26 August 1921. Russell arranged a hasty divorce from Alys, marrying Dora six days after the divorce was finalised, on 27 September 1921. Their children were <a href="/wiki/John_Conrad_Russell,_4th_Earl_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Conrad Russell, 4th Earl Russell">John Conrad Russell, 4th Earl Russell</a>, born on 16 November 1921, and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Katharine_Tait" title="Lady Katharine Tait">Katharine Jane Russell</a> (now Lady Katharine Tait), born on 29 December 1923. Russell supported his family during this time by writing popular books explaining matters of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, ethics, and education to the layman.</p>
<p>From 1922 to 1927 the Russells divided their time between London and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, spending summers in <a href="/wiki/Porthcurno" title="Porthcurno">Porthcurno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1922" title="United Kingdom general election, 1922">1922</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1923" title="United Kingdom general election, 1923">1923 general elections</a> Russell stood as a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> candidate in the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chelsea (UK Parliament constituency)">Chelsea constituency</a>, but only on the basis that he knew he was extremely unlikely to be elected in such a safe Conservative seat, and he was not on either occasion.</p>
<p>Together with Dora, Russell founded the experimental Beacon Hill School in 1927. The school was run from a succession of different locations, including its original premises at the Russells' residence, Telegraph House, near <a href="/wiki/Harting" title="Harting">Harting</a>, West Sussex. On 8 July 1930 Dora gave birth to her third child Harriet Ruth. After he left the school in 1932, Dora continued it until 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Beacon_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beacon-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dora_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dora-116">[116]</a></sup></p>
<p>On a tour through the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> in 1927 Russell met Barry Fox (later <a href="/wiki/Barry_Stevens_(therapist)" title="Barry Stevens (therapist)">Barry Stevens</a>) who became a well-known <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapist</a> and writer in later years.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> Russell and Fox developed an intensive relationship. In Fox's words: "... for three years we were very close."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> Fox sent her daughter Judith to Beacon Hill School for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> From 1927 to 1932 Russell wrote 34 letters to Fox.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup></p>
<p>Upon the death of his elder brother Frank, in 1931, Russell became the 3rd Earl Russell.</p>
<p>Russell's marriage to Dora grew increasingly tenuous, and it reached a breaking point over her having two children with an American journalist, Griffin Barry.<sup id="cite_ref-Dora_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dora-116">[116]</a></sup> They separated in 1932 and finally divorced. On 18 January 1936, Russell married his third wife, an <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> undergraduate named <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Russell_(nee_Spence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Russell (nee Spence)">Patricia ("Peter") Spence</a>, who had been his children's governess since 1930. Russell and Peter had one son, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Russell,_5th_Earl_Russell" title="Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell">Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell</a>, 5th Earl Russell, who became a prominent historian and one of the leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats" title="Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democratic</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallery_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallery-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
<p>Russell returned to the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> to lecture on the science of power in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-LSE_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSE-93">[93]</a></sup></p>
<p>During the 1930s, Russell became a close friend and collaborator of <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a>, then secretary of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=India_League&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="India League (page does not exist)">India League</a>, the foremost lobby in the United Kingdom for Indian self-rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (July 2014)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_World_War">Second World War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Russell opposed rearmament against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, but in 1940 he changed his view that avoiding a full-scale <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world war</a> was more important than defeating <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>. He concluded that Adolf Hitler taking over all of Europe would be a permanent threat to democracy. In 1943, he adopted a stance toward large-scale warfare, "Relative Political Pacifism": War was always a great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances, it may be the lesser of two evils.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup></p>
<p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Russell taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, later moving on to Los Angeles to lecture at the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Department_of_Philosophy" title="UCLA Department of Philosophy">UCLA Department of Philosophy</a>. He was appointed professor at the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> (CCNY) in 1940, but after a public outcry the appointment was annulled by a court judgment that pronounced him "morally unfit" to teach at the college due to his opinions—notably those relating to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual morality">sexual morality</a>, detailed in <i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> (1929). The protest was started by the mother of a student who would not have been eligible for his graduate-level course in mathematical logic; many intellectuals, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, protested at his treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Denied_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denied-123">[123]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s oft-quoted aphorism that "great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds" originated in his open letter, dated 19 March 1940, to <a href="/wiki/Morris_Raphael_Cohen" title="Morris Raphael Cohen">Morris Raphael Cohen</a>, a professor emeritus at CCNY, supporting Russell's appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> Dewey and <a href="/wiki/Horace_M._Kallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace M. Kallen">Horace M. Kallen</a> edited a collection of articles on the CCNY affair in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bertrand_Russell_Case" title="The Bertrand Russell Case">The Bertrand Russell Case</a></i>. He soon joined the <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Foundation" title="Barnes Foundation">Barnes Foundation</a>, lecturing to a varied audience on the history of philosophy; these lectures formed the basis of <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy</a></i>. His relationship with the eccentric <a href="/wiki/Albert_C._Barnes" title="Albert C. Barnes">Albert C. Barnes</a> soon soured, and he returned to the UK in 1944 to rejoin the faculty of Trinity College.<sup id="cite_ref-professor_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-professor-125">[125]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_life">Later life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Russell participated in many broadcasts over the BBC, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brains_Trust" title="The Brains Trust">The Brains Trust</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Third_Programme" title="BBC Third Programme">Third Programme</a>, on various topical and philosophical subjects. By this time Russell was world-famous outside academic circles, frequently the subject or author of magazine and newspaper articles, and was called upon to offer opinions on a wide variety of subjects, even mundane ones. En route to one of his lectures in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, Russell was one of 24 survivors (among a total of 43 passengers) of an <a href="/wiki/Bukken_Bruse_disaster" title="Bukken Bruse disaster">aeroplane crash in Hommelvik</a> in October 1948. He said he owed his life to smoking since the people who drowned were in the non-smoking part of the plane.<sup id="cite_ref-letters_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters-126">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy</a></i> (1945) became a best-seller and provided Russell with a steady income for the remainder of his life.</p>
<p>In 1942 Russell argued in favour of a moderate socialism, capable of overcoming its metaphysical principles, in an inquiry on <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_Materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical Materialism">Dialectical Materialism</a>, launched by the Austrian artist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paalen" title="Wolfgang Paalen">Wolfgang Paalen</a> in his journal <i><a href="/wiki/DYN_(magazine)" title="DYN (magazine)">DYN</a></i>, saying, "I think the metaphysics of both <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> plain nonsense – Marx´s claim to be 'science' is no more justified than <a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a>´s. This does not mean that I am opposed to socialism."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> In 1943, Russell expressed support for <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>: "I have come gradually to see that, in a dangerous and largely hostile world, it is essential to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to have some country which is theirs, some region where they are not suspected aliens, some state which embodies what is distinctive in their culture".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup></p>
<p>In a speech in 1948, Russell said that if the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>'s aggression continued, it would be morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atomic bomb</a> than before it possessed one, because if the USSR had no bomb the West's victory would come more swiftly and with fewer casualties than if there were atom bombs on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> At that time, only the United States possessed an atomic bomb, and the USSR was pursuing an extremely aggressive policy towards the countries in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> which were being absorbed into the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. Many understood Russell's comments to mean that Russell approved of a <a href="/wiki/First_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="First strike">first strike</a> in a war with the USSR, including <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>, who was present when Russell spoke of such matters. Others, including Griffin, who obtained a transcript of the speech, have argued that he was merely explaining the usefulness of America's atomic arsenal in deterring the USSR from continuing its domination of Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-letters_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters-126">[126]</a></sup> However, just after the atomic bombs exploded over <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, Russell wrote letters, and published articles in newspapers from 1945 to 1948, stating clearly that it was morally justified and better to go to war against the USSR using atomic bombs while the USA possessed them and before the USSR did. After the USSR carried out <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union">its nuclear bomb tests</a>, Russell changed his position and advocated for the total abolition of atomic weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1948, Russell was invited by the BBC to deliver the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Reith_Lectures" title="Reith Lectures">Reith Lectures</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>—what was to become an annual series of lectures, still broadcast by the BBC. His series of six broadcasts, titled <i>Authority and the Individual</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> explored themes such as the role of individual initiative in the development of a community and the role of state control in a progressive society. Russell continued to write about philosophy. He wrote a foreword to <i>Words and Things</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a>, which was highly critical of the later thought of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">ordinary language philosophy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a> refused to have the book reviewed in the philosophical journal <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>, which caused Russell to respond via <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. The result was a month-long correspondence in <i>The Times</i> between the supporters and detractors of ordinary language philosophy, which was only ended when the paper published an editorial critical of both sides but agreeing with the opponents of ordinary language philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Birthday_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Birthday Honours">King's Birthday Honours</a> of 9 June 1949, Russell was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Commonwealth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit (Commonwealth)">Order of Merit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup> and the following year he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallery_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallery-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nobel_prize_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_prize-78">[78]</a></sup> When he was given the Order of Merit, <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> was affable but slightly embarrassed at decorating a former jailbird, saying, "You have sometimes behaved in a manner that would not do if generally adopted".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> Russell merely smiled, but afterwards claimed that the reply "That's right, just like your <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII of the United Kingdom">brother</a>" immediately came to mind. In 1952 Russell was divorced by Spence, with whom he had been very unhappy. Conrad, Russell's son by Spence, did not see his father between the time of the divorce and 1968 (at which time his decision to meet his father caused a permanent breach with his mother).</p>
<p>Russell married his fourth wife, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Finch_Russell" title="Edith Finch Russell">Edith Finch</a>, soon after the divorce, on 15 December 1952. They had known each other since 1925, and Edith had taught English at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia, sharing a house for 20 years with Russell's old friend <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Donnelly" title="Lucy Donnelly">Lucy Donnelly</a>. Edith remained with him until his death, and, by all accounts, their marriage was a happy, close, and loving one. Russell's eldest son John suffered from serious <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>, which was the source of ongoing disputes between Russell and his former wife Dora. John's wife Susan was also mentally ill, and eventually Russell and Edith became the legal guardians of their three daughters, one of whom was later diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="in the article on Bertrand's son, John, it is stated that there were only two daughters (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In September 1961, at the age of 89, Russell was jailed for seven days in <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Brixton" title="HM Prison Brixton">Brixton Prison</a> after taking part in <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_100_(United_Kingdom)#1961" title="Committee of 100 (United Kingdom)">an anti-nuclear demonstration</a> in London, for "breach of peace". The magistrate offered to exempt him from jail if he pledged himself to "good behaviour", to which Russell replied: "No, I won't."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1962 Russell played a public role in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis#Crisis_deepens" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>: in an exchange of telegrams with Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, Khrushchev assured him that the Soviet government would not be reckless.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> Russell sent this telegram to <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>YOUR ACTION DESPERATE. THREAT TO HUMAN SURVIVAL. NO CONCEIVABLE JUSTIFICATION. CIVILIZED MAN CONDEMNS IT. WE WILL NOT HAVE MASS MURDER. ULTIMATUM MEANS WAR... END THIS MADNESS.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>According to historian Peter Knight, after JFK's <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy assassination">assassination</a>, Russell, "prompted by the emerging work of the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lane_(author)" title="Mark Lane (author)">Mark Lane</a> in the US ... rallied support from other noteworthy and left-leaning compatriots to form a <i>Who Killed Kennedy Committee</i> in June 1964, members of which included <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a> MP, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Benn" title="Caroline Benn">Caroline Benn</a>, the publisher <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a>, the writers <a href="/wiki/John_Arden" title="John Arden">John Arden</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._B._Priestley" title="J. B. Priestley">J. B. Priestley</a>, and the Oxford history professor <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a>. Russell published a highly critical article weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> Report was published, setting forth <i>16 Questions on the Assassination</i> and equating the Oswald case with the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a> of late 19th-century France, in which the state wrongly convicted an innocent man. Russell also criticised the American press for failing to heed any voices critical of the official version.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_causes">Political causes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Political causes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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Russell (centre) alongside his wife Edith, leading a <a href="/wiki/CND" class="mw-redirect" title="CND">CND</a> anti-nuclear march in London, 18 February 1961</div>
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<p>Russell spent the 1950s and 1960s engaged in political causes primarily related to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a> and opposing the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The 1955 <a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a> was a document calling for nuclear disarmament and was signed by eleven of the most prominent nuclear physicists and intellectuals of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Manifesto_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto-142">[142]</a></sup> In 1966–67, Russell worked with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and many other intellectual figures to form the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Tribunal" title="Russell Tribunal">Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal</a> to investigate the conduct of the United States in Vietnam. He wrote a great many letters to world leaders during this period.</p>
<p>In 1956, immediately before and during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, Russell expressed his opposition to what he viewed as European imperialism in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. He viewed the crisis as another reminder of what he saw as a pressing need for a more effective mechanism for international governance, and to restrict national sovereignty to places such as the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> area "where general interest is involved". At the same time the Suez Crisis was taking place, the world was also captivated by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</a> and the subsequent crushing of the revolt by intervening Soviet forces. Russell attracted criticism for speaking out fervently against the Suez war while ignoring Soviet repression in Hungary, to which he responded that he did not criticise the Soviets "because there was no need. Most of the so-called Western World was fulminating". Although he later feigned a lack of concern, at the time he was disgusted by the brutal Soviet response, and on 16 November 1956, he expressed approval for a declaration of support for Hungarian scholars which <a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a> had cabled to the Soviet embassy in London twelve days previously, shortly after Soviet troops had already entered Budapest.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup></p>
<p>In November 1957 Russell wrote an article addressing US President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, urging a summit to consider "the conditions of co-existence". Khrushchev responded that peace could indeed be served by such a meeting. In January 1958 Russell elaborated his views in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>, proposing a cessation of all nuclear-weapons production, with the UK taking the first step by unilaterally suspending its own nuclear-weapons program if necessary, and with Germany "freed from all alien armed forces and pledged to neutrality in any conflict between East and West". US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> replied for Eisenhower. The exchange of letters was published as <i>The Vital Letters of Russell, Khrushchev, and Dulles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-144">[144]</a></sup></p>
<p>Russell was asked by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, a liberal American magazine, to elaborate his views on world peace. He suggested that all nuclear-weapons testing and constant flights by planes armed with nuclear weapons be halted immediately, and negotiations be opened for the destruction of all <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">hydrogen bombs</a>, with the number of conventional nuclear devices limited to ensure a balance of power. He proposed that Germany be reunified and accept the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a> as its border, and that a neutral zone be established in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, consisting at the minimum of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, with each of these countries being free of foreign troops and influence, and prohibited from forming alliances with countries outside the zone. In the Middle East, Russell suggested that the West avoid opposing <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>, and proposed the creation of a United Nations peacekeeping force to guard <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s frontiers to ensure that Israel was protected from aggression and prevented from committing it. He also suggested Western recognition of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, and that it be admitted to the UN with a permanent seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-144">[144]</a></sup></p>
<p>He was in contact with <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Rogosin" title="Lionel Rogosin">Lionel Rogosin</a> while the latter was filming his anti-war film <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Times,_Wonderful_Times" title="Good Times, Wonderful Times">Good Times, Wonderful Times</a></i> in the 1960s. He became a hero to many of the youthful members of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>. In early 1963, in particular, Russell became increasingly vocal in his disapproval of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and felt that the US government's policies there were near-<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a>. In 1963 he became the inaugural recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a>, an award for writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society.<sup id="cite_ref-jerusalem_prize_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jerusalem_prize-145">[145]</a></sup> In 1964 he was one of eleven world figures who issued an appeal to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a> to accept an <a href="/wiki/Arms_embargo" title="Arms embargo">arms embargo</a> and international supervision of nuclear plants and rocket weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup> In October 1965 he tore up his <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> card because he suspected <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>'s Labour government was going to send troops to support the United States in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallery_67-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallery-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Final years and death">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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Bust of Russell in <a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Square" title="Red Lion Square">Red Lion Square</a></div>
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<p>Russell published his three-volume autobiography in 1967, 1968, and 1969. Russell made a <a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">cameo appearance</a> playing himself in the anti-war <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> film <i>Aman</i> which was released in India in 1967. This was Russell's only appearance in a feature film.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertrand_Russell_in_Bollywood_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertrand_Russell_in_Bollywood-147">[147]</a></sup></p>
<p>On 23 November 1969 he wrote to <i>The Times</i> newspaper saying that the preparation for show trials in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> was "highly alarming". The same month, he appealed to Secretary General <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to support an international war crimes commission to investigate alleged torture and genocide by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The following month, he protested to <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> over the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_of_Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union of Writers">Soviet Union of Writers</a>.</p>
<p>On 31 January 1970 Russell issued a statement condemning "<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s aggression in the Middle East", and in particular, Israeli bombing raids being carried out deep in Egyptian territory as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a>. He called for an Israeli withdrawal to the pre-<a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> borders. This was Russell's final political statement or act. It was read out at the International Conference of Parliamentarians in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> on 3 February 1970, the day after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Last_Message_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Last_Message-148">[148]</a></sup></p>
<p>Russell died of <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> on 2 February 1970 at his home, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plas_Penrhyn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plas Penrhyn (page does not exist)">Plas Penrhyn</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Penrhyndeudraeth" title="Penrhyndeudraeth">Penrhyndeudraeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merionethshire" title="Merionethshire">Merionethshire</a>, Wales. His body was cremated in <a href="/wiki/Colwyn_Bay" title="Colwyn Bay">Colwyn Bay</a> on 5 February 1970. In accordance with his will, there was no religious ceremony; his ashes were scattered over the Welsh mountains later that year. He left an estate valued at £69,423.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> In 1980 a memorial to Russell was commissioned by a committee including the philosopher <a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a>. It consists of a bust of Russell in <a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Square" title="Red Lion Square">Red Lion Square</a> in London sculpted by Marcelle Quinton.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Titles_and_honours_from_birth">Titles and honours from birth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Titles and honours from birth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Russell held throughout his life the following <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" title="Style (manner of address)">styles</a> and honours:</p>
<ul>
<li>from birth until 1908: The Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell</li>
<li>from 1908 until 1931: The Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></li>
<li>from 1931 until 1949: The Right Honourable The Earl Russell, FRS</li>
<li>from 1949 until death: The Right Honourable The Earl Russell, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">OM</a>, FRS</li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Views">Views</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Views">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bertrand_Russell" title="Category:Bertrand Russell">a series</a> on</td>
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<th class="fn" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></th>
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<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png" class="image"><img alt="Bertrand Russell transparent bg.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/150px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png" width="150" height="222" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/225px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/300px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1859" /></a>
<div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;">Russell in 1916</div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_views_on_philosophy" title="Bertrand Russell's views on philosophy">Views on philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_views_on_society" title="Bertrand Russell's views on society">Views on society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_views_on_philosophy" title="Bertrand Russell's views on philosophy">Bertrand Russell's views on philosophy</a></div>
<p>Russell is generally credited with being one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>. He was deeply impressed by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> (1646–1716), and wrote on every major area of philosophy except <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. He was particularly prolific in the field of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_views_on_philosophy#Logic_and_philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Bertrand Russell's views on philosophy">logic and the philosophy of mathematics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_views_on_philosophy#Philosophy_of_language" title="Bertrand Russell's views on philosophy">philosophy of language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_views_on_philosophy#Ethics" title="Bertrand Russell's views on philosophy">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_views_on_philosophy#Epistemology" title="Bertrand Russell's views on philosophy">epistemology</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Brand_Blanshard" title="Brand Blanshard">Brand Blanshard</a> asked Russell why he did not write on aesthetics, Russell replied that he did not know anything about it, "but that is not a very good excuse, for my friends tell me it has not deterred me from writing on other subjects".<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Russell described himself as an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>, "speaking to a purely philosophical audience", but as an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> "speaking popularly", on the basis that he could not disprove the Christian God – similar to the way that he could not disprove the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympic gods</a> either.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> For most of his adult life, Russell maintained that religion is little more than <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> and, despite any positive effects that religion might have, it is largely harmful to people. He believed that religion and the religious outlook serve to impede knowledge and foster fear and dependency, and are responsible for much of our world's wars, oppression, and misery. He was a member of the Advisory Council of the <a href="/wiki/British_Humanist_Association" title="British Humanist Association">British Humanist Association</a> and President of Cardiff Humanists until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Society">Society</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_views_on_society" title="Bertrand Russell's views on society">Bertrand Russell's views on society</a></div>
<p>Political and social activism occupied much of Russell's time for most of his life. Russell remained politically active almost to the end of his life, writing to and exhorting world leaders and lending his name to various causes.</p>
<p>Russell argued for a "scientific society", where war would be abolished, population growth would be limited, and prosperity would be shared.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup> He suggested the establishment of a "single supreme world government" able to enforce peace,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> claiming that "the only thing that will redeem mankind is co-operation".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup></p>
<p>Russell was an active supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Society" title="Homosexual Law Reform Society">Homosexual Law Reform Society</a>, being one of the signatories of <a href="/wiki/A._E._Dyson" title="A. E. Dyson">A. E. Dyson</a>'s 1958 letter to <i>The Times</i> calling for a change in the law regarding male homosexual practices, which were partly legalised in 1967, when Russell was still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-GALHA_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GALHA-157">[157]</a></sup></p>
<p>In "Reflections on My Eightieth Birthday" ("Postscript" in his <i>Autobiography</i>), Russell wrote: "I have lived in the pursuit of a vision, both personal and social. Personal: to care for what is noble, for what is beautiful, for what is gentle; to allow moments of insight to give wisdom at more mundane times. Social: to see in imagination the society that is to be created, where individuals grow freely, and where hate and greed and envy die because there is nothing to nourish them. These things I believe, and the world, for all its horrors, has left me unshaken".<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancestry">Ancestry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A selected bibliography of Russell's books in English, sorted by year of first publication:</p>
<ul>
<li>1896. <i>German Social Democracy</i>. London: Longmans, Green.</li>
<li>1897. <i>An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li>
<li>1900. <i>A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li>
<li>1903. <i>The Principles of Mathematics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> Cambridge University Press.</li>
<li>1903 <i>A Free man's worship, and other essays</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup></li>
<li>1905. <i><a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a></i>, Mind, Vol. 14. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&amp;q=n2:0026-4423">0026-4423</a>. Basil Blackwell.</li>
<li>1910. <i>Philosophical Essays</i>. London: Longmans, Green.</li>
<li>1910–1913. <i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup> (with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>). 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li>
<li>1912. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Problems_of_Philosophy" title="The Problems of Philosophy">The Problems of Philosophy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> London: Williams and Norgate.</li>
<li>1914. <i>Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> Chicago and London: Open Court Publishing.</li>
<li>1916. <i>Principles of Social Reconstruction</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> London, George Allen and Unwin.</li>
<li>1916. <i>Why Men Fight</i>. New York: The Century Co.</li>
<li>1916. <i>The Policy of the Entente, 1904-1914&#160;: a reply to Professor Gilbert Murray</i>. Manchester: The National Labour Press</li>
<li>1916. <i>Justice in War-time</i>. Chicago: Open Court.</li>
<li>1917. <i>Political Ideals</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup> New York: The Century Co.</li>
<li>1918. <i><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mysticism_and_Logic_and_Other_Essays" class="extiw" title="s:Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays">Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays</a></i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1918. <i>Proposed Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1919. <i>Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin. (<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415096049" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-09604-9</a> for Routledge paperback)<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup></li>
<li>1920. <i>The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1921. <i>The Analysis of Mind</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1922. <i>The Problem of China</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1923. <i>The Prospects of Industrial Civilization</i>, in collaboration with Dora Russell. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1923. <i>The ABC of Atoms</i>, London: Kegan Paul. Trench, Trubner.</li>
<li>1924. <i>Icarus; or, The Future of Science</i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.</li>
<li>1925. <i>The ABC of Relativity</i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.</li>
<li>1925. <i><a href="/wiki/What_I_Believe" title="What I Believe">What I Believe</a></i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.</li>
<li>1926. <i>On Education, Especially in Early Childhood</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1927. <i>The Analysis of Matter</i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.</li>
<li>1927. <i>An Outline of Philosophy</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1927. <i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup> London: Watts.</li>
<li>1927. <i>Selected Papers of Bertrand Russell</i>. New York: Modern Library.</li>
<li>1928. <i>Sceptical Essays</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1929. <i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1930. <i>The Conquest of Happiness</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1931. <i>The Scientific Outlook</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1932. <i>Education and the Social Order</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1934. <i>Freedom and Organization, 1814–1914</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1935. <i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays" title="In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays">In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1935. <i>Religion and Science</i>. London: Thornton Butterworth.</li>
<li>1936. <i>Which Way to Peace?</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</li>
<li>1937. <i>The Amberley Papers: The Letters and Diaries of Lord and Lady Amberley</i>, with Patricia Russell, 2 vols., London: Leonard &amp; Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press.</li>
<li>1938. <i><a href="/wiki/Power:_A_New_Social_Analysis" title="Power: A New Social Analysis">Power: A New Social Analysis</a></i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1940. <i>An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth</i>. New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.</li>
<li>1945. <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup> New York: Simon and Schuster.</li>
<li>1948. <i>Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1949. <i>Authority and the Individual</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1950. <i>Unpopular Essays</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1951. <i>New Hopes for a Changing World</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1952. <i>The Impact of Science on Society</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1953. <i>Satan in the Suburbs and Other Stories</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1954. <i>Human Society in Ethics and Politics</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1954. <i>Nightmares of Eminent Persons and Other Stories</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1956. <i>Portraits from Memory and Other Essays</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1956. <i>Logic and Knowledge: Essays 1901–1950</i>, edited by Robert C. Marsh. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1957. <i>Why I Am Not A Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects</i>, edited by Paul Edwards. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1958. <i>Understanding History and Other Essays</i>. New York: Philosophical Library.</li>
<li>1959. <i>Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1959. <i><a href="/wiki/My_Philosophical_Development" title="My Philosophical Development">My Philosophical Development</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1959. <i>Wisdom of the West</i>, edited by Paul Foulkes. London: Macdonald.</li>
<li>1960. <i>Bertrand Russell Speaks His Mind</i>, Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company.</li>
<li>1961. <i>The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell</i>, edited by R. E. Egner and L. E. Denonn. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1961. <i>Fact and Fiction</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1961. <i>Has Man a Future?</i> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1963. <i>Essays in Skepticism</i>. New York: Philosophical Library.</li>
<li>1963. <i>Unarmed Victory</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1965. <i>Legitimacy Versus Industrialism, 1814–1848</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin (first published as Parts I and II of <i>Freedom and Organization, 1814–1914</i>, 1934).</li>
<li>1965. <i>On the Philosophy of Science</i>, edited by Charles A. Fritz, Jr. Indianapolis: The Bobbs–Merrill Company.</li>
<li>1966. <i>The ABC of Relativity</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1967. <i>Russell's Peace Appeals</i>, edited by Tsutomu Makino and Kazuteru Hitaka. Japan: Eichosha's New Current Books.</li>
<li>1967. <i>War Crimes in Vietnam</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin.</li>
<li>1951–1969. <i>The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-185">[185]</a></sup> 3 vols., London: George Allen &amp; Unwin. Vol. 2, 1956<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-185">[185]</a></sup></li>
<li>1969. <i>Dear Bertrand Russell... A Selection of his Correspondence with the General Public 1950–1968</i>, edited by Barry Feinberg and Ronald Kasrils. London: George Allen and Unwin.</li>
</ul>
<p>Russell also wrote many pamphlets, introductions, articles, and letters to the editor. One pamphlet titled, '<i>I Appeal unto Caesar': The Case of the Conscientious Objectors</i>, ghostwritten for Margaret Hobhouse, the mother of imprisoned peace activist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Henry_Hobhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Henry Hobhouse">Stephen Henry Hobhouse</a> allegedly helped secure the release of hundreds of conscientious objectors from prison.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup></p>
<p>His works can be found in anthologies and collections, perhaps most notably <i>The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell</i>, which <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> began publishing in 1983. This collection of his shorter and previously unpublished works is now up to 18 volumes,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup> and several more are in progress. A bibliography in three additional volumes catalogues his publications. The Russell Archives held by McMaster's <a href="/wiki/William_Ready_Division_of_Archives_and_Research_Collections" title="William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections">William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections</a> possess over 40,000 of his letters.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Moral_Sciences_Club" title="Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club">Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_internal_relations" title="Doctrine of internal relations">Doctrine of internal relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-monmouthshire-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monmouthshire_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)#Ambiguity_over_Welsh_status" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire's Welsh status</a> was ambiguous at this time.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/structural-realism/#Rel">"Structural Realism"</a>: entry by James Ladyman in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ronald Jager (2002). <i>The Development of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy, Volume 11</i>. Psychology Press. pp.&#160;113–114. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415295451" title="Special:BookSources/9780415295451">9780415295451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Ronald+Jager&amp;rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Bertrand+Russell%27s+Philosophy%2C+Volume+11&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780415295451&amp;rft.pages=113-114&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nicholas Griffin, ed. (2003). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;85. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521636346" title="Special:BookSources/9780521636346">9780521636346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521636346&amp;rft.pages=85&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roberts, George W. (2013). <i>Bertrand Russell Memorial Volume</i>. Routledge. p.&#160;311. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317833024" title="Special:BookSources/9781317833024">9781317833024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+George+W.&amp;rft.btitle=Bertrand+Russell+Memorial+Volume&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781317833024&amp;rft.pages=311&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rosalind Carey; John Ongley (2009). <i>Historical Dictionary of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy</i>. Scarecrow Press. p.&#160;94. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810862920" title="Special:BookSources/9780810862920">9780810862920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=John+Ongley&amp;rft.au=Rosalind+Carey&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Bertrand+Russell%27s+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780810862920&amp;rft.pages=94&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ilkka Niiniluoto (2003). Thomas Bonk, ed. <i>Language, Truth and Knowledge: Contributions to the Philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></i>. Springer. p.&#160;2. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402012068" title="Special:BookSources/9781402012068">9781402012068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Ilkka+Niiniluoto&amp;rft.btitle=Language%2C+Truth+and+Knowledge%3A+Contributions+to+the+Philosophy+of+Rudolf+Carnap&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781402012068&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wolfgang Händler; Dieter Haupt; Rolf Jelitsch; Wilfried Juling; Otto Lange (1986). <i>CONPAR 1986</i>. Springer. p.&#160;15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540168119" title="Special:BookSources/9783540168119">9783540168119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Dieter+Haupt&amp;rft.au=Otto+Lange&amp;rft.au=Rolf+Jelitsch&amp;rft.au=Wilfried+Juling&amp;rft.au=Wolfgang+H%C3%A4ndler&amp;rft.btitle=CONPAR+1986&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540168119&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hao Wang (1990). <i>Reflections on Kurt Gödel</i>. MIT Press. p.&#160;305. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262730877" title="Special:BookSources/9780262730877">9780262730877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Hao+Wang&amp;rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Kurt+G%C3%B6del&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780262730877&amp;rft.pages=305&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Phil Parvin (2013). <i>Karl Popper</i>. C. Black. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623567330" title="Special:BookSources/9781623567330">9781623567330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Phil+Parvin&amp;rft.btitle=Karl+Popper&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781623567330&amp;rft.pub=C.++Black&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roger F. Gibson, ed. (2004). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Quine</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;2. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521639491" title="Special:BookSources/9780521639491">9780521639491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Quine&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521639491&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert F. Barsky (1998). <i>Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent</i>. MIT Press. p.&#160;32. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262522557" title="Special:BookSources/9780262522557">9780262522557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Robert+F.+Barsky&amp;rft.btitle=Noam+Chomsky%3A+A+Life+of+Dissent&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780262522557&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">François Cusset (2008). <i>French Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, &amp; Co. Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States</i>. U of Minnesota Press. p.&#160;97. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816647323" title="Special:BookSources/9780816647323">9780816647323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Cusset&amp;rft.btitle=French+Theory%3A+How+Foucault%2C+Derrida%2C+Deleuze%2C+%26+Co.+Transformed+the+Intellectual+Life+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780816647323&amp;rft.pages=97&amp;rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alan Berger, ed. (2011). <i>Saul Kripke</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139500661" title="Special:BookSources/9781139500661">9781139500661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Saul+Kripke&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781139500661&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dov M. Gabbay; Paul Thagard; John Woods; Theo A.F. Kuipers (2007). "The Logical Approach of the Vienna Circle and their Followers from the 1920s to the 1950s". <i>General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues: Focal Issues</i>. Elsevier. p.&#160;432. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080548548" title="Special:BookSources/9780080548548">9780080548548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=The+Logical+Approach+of+the+Vienna+Circle+and+their+Followers+from+the+1920s+to+the+1950s&amp;rft.au=Dov+M.+Gabbay&amp;rft.au=John+Woods&amp;rft.au=Paul+Thagard&amp;rft.au=Theo+A.F.+Kuipers&amp;rft.btitle=General+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+Focal+Issues%3A+Focal+Issues&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9780080548548&amp;rft.pages=432&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dermot Moran (2012). <i>Husserl's Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;204. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521895361" title="Special:BookSources/9780521895361">9780521895361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Dermot+Moran&amp;rft.btitle=Husserl%27s+Crisis+of+the+European+Sciences+and+Transcendental+Phenomenology%3A+An+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521895361&amp;rft.pages=204&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Grattan-Guinness. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1352&amp;context=russelljournal">"Russell and G.H. Hardy: A study of their Relationship"</a>. McMaster University Library Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Grattan-Guinness&amp;rft.btitle=Russell+and+G.H.+Hardy%3A+A+study+of+their+Relationship&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.mcmaster.ca%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1352%26context%3Drusselljournal&amp;rft.pub=McMaster+University+Library+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Douglas Patterson (2012). <i>Alfred Tarski: Philosophy of Language and Logic</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230367227" title="Special:BookSources/9780230367227">9780230367227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Douglas+Patterson&amp;rft.btitle=Alfred+Tarski%3A+Philosophy+of+Language+and+Logic&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780230367227&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rosalind Carey; John Ongley (2009). <i>Historical Dictionary of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy</i>. Scarecrow Press. pp.&#160;15–16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810862920" title="Special:BookSources/9780810862920">9780810862920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=John+Ongley&amp;rft.au=Rosalind+Carey&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Bertrand+Russell%27s+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780810862920&amp;rft.pages=15-16&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ray Monk (2013). <i>Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center</i>. Random House LLC. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385504133" title="Special:BookSources/9780385504133">9780385504133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Ray+Monk&amp;rft.btitle=Robert+Oppenheimer%3A+A+Life+Inside+the+Center&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780385504133&amp;rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Anita Burdman Feferman; Solomon Feferman (2004). <i>Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;67. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521802406" title="Special:BookSources/9780521802406">9780521802406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Anita+Burdman+Feferman&amp;rft.au=Solomon+Feferman&amp;rft.btitle=Alfred+Tarski%3A+Life+and+Logic&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521802406&amp;rft.pages=67&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Andrew Hodges (2012). <i>Alan Turing: The Enigma</i>. Princeton University Press. p.&#160;81. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691155647" title="Special:BookSources/9780691155647">9780691155647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Andrew+Hodges&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+Enigma&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780691155647&amp;rft.pages=81&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jacob Bronowski (2008). <i>The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300157185" title="Special:BookSources/9780300157185">9780300157185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Jacob+Bronowski&amp;rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Knowledge+and+Imagination&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780300157185&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nicholas Griffin; Dale Jacquette, eds. (2008). <i>Russell vs. Meinong: The Legacy of "On Denoting"</i>. Taylor &amp; Francis. p.&#160;4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203888025" title="Special:BookSources/9780203888025">9780203888025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Russell+vs.+Meinong%3A+The+Legacy+of+%22On+Denoting%22&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780203888025&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sankar Ghose (1993). "V: Europe Revisited". <i>Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography</i>. Allied Publishers. p.&#160;46. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170233695" title="Special:BookSources/9788170233695">9788170233695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=V%3A+Europe+Revisited&amp;rft.au=Sankar+Ghose&amp;rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%2C+a+Biography&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9788170233695&amp;rft.pages=46&amp;rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tariqali.org/archives/250">"Street-Fighting Years: An Autobiography of the Sixties"</a>. Verso. p.&#160;2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Street-Fighting+Years%3A+An+Autobiography+of+the+Sixties&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftariqali.org%2Farchives%2F250&amp;rft.pages=2005&amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Michael Albert (2011). <i>Remembering Tomorrow: From SDS to Life After Capitalism: A Memoir</i>. Seven Stories Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609800017" title="Special:BookSources/9781609800017">9781609800017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Michael+Albert&amp;rft.btitle=Remembering+Tomorrow%3A+From+SDS+to+Life+After+Capitalism%3A+A+Memoir&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781609800017&amp;rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jon Lee Anderson (1997). <i>Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life</i>. Grove Press. p.&#160;38. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802197252" title="Special:BookSources/9780802197252">9780802197252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Jon+Lee+Anderson&amp;rft.btitle=Che+Guevara%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780802197252&amp;rft.pages=38&amp;rft.pub=Grove+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marc Joseph (2004). "1: Introduction: Davidson's Philosophical Project". <i>Donald Davidson</i>. McGill-Queen's Press&#160;– MQUP. p.&#160;1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773527812" title="Special:BookSources/9780773527812">9780773527812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=1%3A+Introduction%3A+Davidson%27s+Philosophical+Project&amp;rft.au=Marc+Joseph&amp;rft.btitle=Donald+Davidson&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9780773527812&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%93+MQUP&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James A. Marcum (2005). "1: Who is Thomas Kuhn?". <i>Thomas Kuhn's Revolution: An Historical Philosophy of Science</i>. Continuum. p.&#160;5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847141941" title="Special:BookSources/9781847141941">9781847141941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=1%3A+Who+is+Thomas+Kuhn%3F&amp;rft.au=James+A.+Marcum&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Kuhn%27s+Revolution%3A+An+Historical+Philosophy+of+Science&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9781847141941&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=Continuum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nathan Salmon (2007). "Introduction to Volume II". <i>Content, Cognition, and Communication&#160;: Philosophical Papers II: Philosophical Papers II</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;xi. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191536106" title="Special:BookSources/9780191536106">9780191536106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Volume+II&amp;rft.au=Nathan+Salmon&amp;rft.btitle=Content%2C+Cognition%2C+and+Communication+%3A+Philosophical+Papers+II%3A+Philosophical+Papers+II&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9780191536106&amp;rft.pages=xi&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Christopher Hitchens, ed. (2007). <i>The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306816086" title="Special:BookSources/9780306816086">9780306816086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Portable+Atheist%3A+Essential+Readings+for+the+Nonbeliever&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780306816086&amp;rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gregory Landini (2010). <i>Russell</i>. Routledge. p.&#160;444. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203846490" title="Special:BookSources/9780203846490">9780203846490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Gregory+Landini&amp;rft.btitle=Russell&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780203846490&amp;rft.pages=444&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carl Sagan (2006). Ann Druyan, ed. <i>The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594201073" title="Special:BookSources/9781594201073">9781594201073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Carl+Sagan&amp;rft.btitle=The+Varieties+of+Scientific+Experience%3A+A+Personal+View+of+the+Search+for+God&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781594201073&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">George Crowder (2004). <i>Isaiah Berlin: Liberty, Pluralism and Liberalism</i>. Polity. p.&#160;15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745624778" title="Special:BookSources/9780745624778">9780745624778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=George+Crowder&amp;rft.btitle=Isaiah+Berlin%3A+Liberty%2C+Pluralism+and+Liberalism&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780745624778&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft.pub=Polity&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Elsie Jones-Smith (2011). <i>Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Integrative Approach: An Integrative Approach</i>. SAGE. p.&#160;142. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412910040" title="Special:BookSources/9781412910040">9781412910040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Elsie+Jones-Smith&amp;rft.btitle=Theories+of+Counseling+and+Psychotherapy%3A+An+Integrative+Approach%3A+An+Integrative+Approach&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781412910040&amp;rft.pages=142&amp;rft.pub=SAGE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/notices/200506/fea-gardner.pdf">"Interview with Martin Gardner"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. American Mathematical Society. June–July 2005. p.&#160;603<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Interview+with+Martin+Gardner&amp;rft.date=2005-06%2F2005-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F200506%2Ffea-gardner.pdf&amp;rft.pages=603&amp;rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Peter S Williams (2013). <i>S Lewis Vs The New Atheists</i>. Authentic Media Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780780931" title="Special:BookSources/9781780780931">9781780780931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Peter+S+Williams&amp;rft.btitle=S+Lewis+Vs+The+New+Atheists&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781780780931&amp;rft.pub=Authentic+Media+Inc&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Loretta Lorance; Richard Buckminster Fuller (2009). <i>Becoming Bucky Fuller</i>. MIT Press. p.&#160;72. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262123020" title="Special:BookSources/9780262123020">9780262123020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Loretta+Lorance&amp;rft.au=Richard+Buckminster+Fuller&amp;rft.btitle=Becoming+Bucky+Fuller&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780262123020&amp;rft.pages=72&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">K. Sohail (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.drsohail.com/Articals/Pervezhoodbhoy.htm">"How Difficult it is to Help People Change their Thinking – Interview with Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=K.+Sohail&amp;rft.btitle=How+Difficult+it+is+to+Help+People+Change+their+Thinking+%93+Interview+with+Dr.+Pervez+Hoodbhoy&amp;rft.date=2000-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.drsohail.com%2FArticals%2FPervezhoodbhoy.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bradley W. Bateman; Toshiaki Hirai; Maria Cristina Marcuzzo, eds. (2010). <i>The Return to Keynes</i>. Harvard University Press. p.&#160;146. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674053540" title="Special:BookSources/9780674053540">9780674053540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Return+to+Keynes&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780674053540&amp;rft.pages=146&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Isaac Asimov (2009). <i>I.Asimov: A Memoir</i>. Random House LLC. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307573537" title="Special:BookSources/9780307573537">9780307573537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Isaac+Asimov&amp;rft.btitle=I.Asimov%3A+A+Memoir&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780307573537&amp;rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paul Kurtz (1994). Vern L. Bullough; Tim Madigan, eds. <i>Toward a New Enlightenment: The Philosophy of Paul Kurtz</i>. Transaction Publishers. p.&#160;233. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412840170" title="Special:BookSources/9781412840170">9781412840170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Paul+Kurtz&amp;rft.btitle=Toward+a+New+Enlightenment%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Paul+Kurtz&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781412840170&amp;rft.pages=233&amp;rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John P. Anderson (2000). <i>Finding Joy in Joyce: A Readers Guide to Ulysses</i>. Universal-Publishers. p.&#160;580. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581127621" title="Special:BookSources/9781581127621">9781581127621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=John+P.+Anderson&amp;rft.btitle=Finding+Joy+in+Joyce%3A+A+Readers+Guide+to+Ulysses&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781581127621&amp;rft.pages=580&amp;rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paul Lee Thomas (2006). <i>Reading, Learning, Teaching Kurt Vonnegut</i>. Peter Lang. p.&#160;46. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820463377" title="Special:BookSources/9780820463377">9780820463377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Paul+Lee+Thomas&amp;rft.btitle=Reading%2C+Learning%2C+Teaching+Kurt+Vonnegut&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780820463377&amp;rft.pages=46&amp;rft.pub=Peter+Lang&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gregory L. Ulmer (2005). <i>Electronic Monuments</i>. U of Minnesota Press. p.&#160;180. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816645831" title="Special:BookSources/9780816645831">9780816645831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Gregory+L.+Ulmer&amp;rft.btitle=Electronic+Monuments&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780816645831&amp;rft.pages=180&amp;rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Nahin" title="Paul J. Nahin">Paul J. Nahin</a> (2011). "9". <i>Number-Crunching: Taming Unruly Computational Problems from Mathematical Physics to Science Fiction</i>. Princeton University Press. p.&#160;332. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400839582" title="Special:BookSources/9781400839582">9781400839582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=9&amp;rft.au=Paul+J.+Nahin&amp;rft.btitle=Number-Crunching%3A+Taming+Unruly+Computational+Problems+from+Mathematical+Physics+to+Science+Fiction&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9781400839582&amp;rft.pages=332&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mie Augier; Herbert Alex; er Simon; James G. March, eds. (2004). <i>Models of a Man: Essays in Memory of Herbert A. Simon</i>. MIT Press. p.&#160;21. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262012089" title="Special:BookSources/9780262012089">9780262012089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Models+of+a+Man%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Herbert+A.+Simon&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780262012089&amp;rft.pages=21&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">William O'Donohue; Kyle E. Ferguson (2001). <i>The Psychology of B F Skinner</i>. SAGE. p.&#160;19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761917595" title="Special:BookSources/9780761917595">9780761917595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Kyle+E.+Ferguson&amp;rft.au=William+O%27Donohue&amp;rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+B+F+Skinner&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780761917595&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.pub=SAGE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gustavo Faigenbaum (2001). <i>Conversations with John Searle</i>. LibrosEnRed.com. p.&#160;28. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789871022113" title="Special:BookSources/9789871022113">9789871022113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Gustavo+Faigenbaum&amp;rft.btitle=Conversations+with+John+Searle&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9789871022113&amp;rft.pages=28&amp;rft.pub=LibrosEnRed.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">William M. Brinton; Alan Rinzler, eds. (1990). <i>Without Force Or Lies: Voices from the Revolution of Central Europe in 1989–90</i>. Mercury House. p.&#160;37. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780916515928" title="Special:BookSources/9780916515928">9780916515928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Without+Force+Or+Lies%3A+Voices+from+the+Revolution+of+Central+Europe+in+1989%9390&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780916515928&amp;rft.pages=37&amp;rft.pub=Mercury+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">David Wilkinson (2001). <i>God, Time and Stephen Hawking</i>. Kregel Publications. p.&#160;18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825460296" title="Special:BookSources/9780825460296">9780825460296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=David+Wilkinson&amp;rft.btitle=God%2C+Time+and+Stephen+Hawking&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780825460296&amp;rft.pages=18&amp;rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reiner Braun; Robert Hinde; David Krieger; Harold Kroto; Sally Milne, eds. (2007). <i>Joseph Rotblat: Visionary for Peace</i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527611270" title="Special:BookSources/9783527611270">9783527611270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Joseph+Rotblat%3A+Visionary+for+Peace&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783527611270&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ned Curthoys; Debjani Ganguly, eds. (2007). <i>Edward Said: The Legacy of a Public Intellectual</i>. Academic Monographs. p.&#160;27. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522853575" title="Special:BookSources/9780522853575">9780522853575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Edward+Said%3A+The+Legacy+of+a+Public+Intellectual&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780522853575&amp;rft.pages=27&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Monographs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi, Joxe</a> (1999): Txillardegiren saioa: hastapenen bila, <i><a href="/wiki/Jakin_(magazine)" title="Jakin (magazine)">Jakin</a></i>, 114: pp 17–45. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&amp;q=n2:0211-495X">0211-495X</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-frs-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kreisel" title="Georg Kreisel">Kreisel, G.</a> (1973). "Bertrand Arthur William Russell, Earl Russell. 1872-1970". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i> <b>19</b>: 583–526. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1973.0021">10.1098/rsbm.1973.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/769574">769574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Arthur+William+Russell%2C+Earl+Russell.+1872-1970&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Kreisel&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F769574&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1973.0021&amp;rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&amp;rft.pages=583-526&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=19" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>The Life of Bertrand Russell</i>. Knopf. 1976. p.&#160;119. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394490595" title="Special:BookSources/9780394490595">9780394490595</a>. <q>He became a relentless political activist during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, and throughout his life was an ardent advocate of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> through his support first of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> and then of <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780394490595&amp;rft.pages=119&amp;rft.pub=Knopf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-stanford-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/">"Bertrand Russell"</a>, 1 May 2003</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;pg=PA237"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. p.&#160;260. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>. <q>I have imagined myself in turn a Liberal, a Socialist, or a Pacifist, but I have never been any of these things, in any profound sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC%26pg%3DPA237&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pages=260&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hestler, Anna (2001). <i>Wales</i>. Marshall Cavendish. p.&#160;53. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1195-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1195-6">978-0-7614-1195-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Anna&amp;rft.aulast=Hestler&amp;rft.btitle=Wales&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1195-6&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell and G. E. Moore broke themselves free from British <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> which, for nearly 90 years, had dominated British philosophy. Russell would later recall in "My Mental Development" that "with a sense of escaping from prison, we allowed ourselves to think that grass is green, that the sun and stars would exist if no one was aware of them ..."—Russell B, (1944) "My Mental Development", in Schilpp, Paul Arthur: <i>The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell</i>, New York: Tudor, 1951, pp 3–20.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ludlow, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/descriptions/">"Descriptions, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Ludlow&amp;rft.btitle=Descriptions%2C+The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Fall+2008+Edition%29%2C+Edward+N.+Zalta+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2008%2Fentries%2Fdescriptions%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Richard Rempel (1979). "From Imperialism to Free Trade: Couturat, Halevy and Russell's First Crusade". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press) <b>40</b> (3): 423–443. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2709246">10.2307/2709246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2709246">2709246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=From+Imperialism+to+Free+Trade%3A+Couturat%2C+Halevy+and+Russell%27s+First+Crusade&amp;rft.au=Richard+Rempel&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709246&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709246&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&amp;rft.pages=423-443&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=40" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1988) [1917]. <i>Political Ideals</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10907-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10907-8">0-415-10907-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+Bertrand&amp;rft.btitle=Political+Ideals&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-10907-8&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samoiloff, Louise Cripps. <i>C .L. R. James: Memories and Commentaries</i>, p. 19. Associated University Presses, 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0845348655" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8453-4865-5</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gallery-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallery_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallery_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallery_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallery_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallery_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallery_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallery_67-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russell.mcmaster.ca/~bertrand/">"The Bertrand Russell oGallery"</a>. Russell.mcmaster.ca. 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Bertrand+Russell+oGallery&amp;rft.date=2011-06-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussell.mcmaster.ca%2F~bertrand%2F&amp;rft.pub=Russell.mcmaster.ca&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1950/index.html">The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950&#160;— Bertrand Russell</a>: <i>The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 was awarded to Bertrand Russell "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".</i> Retrieved on 22 March 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9to64vR8RvQ">"British Nobel Prize Winners (1950)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 13 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=British+Nobel+Prize+Winners+%281950%29&amp;rft.date=2014-04-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9to64vR8RvQ&amp;rft.jtitle=YouTube&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidney Hook, "Lord Russell and the War Crimes Trial", <i>Bertrand Russell: critical assessments</i>, Vol. 1, edited by A. D. Irvine, New York 1999, p. 178</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-calicut-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calicut_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calicut_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calicut_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Paul, Ashley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501064331/http://www.geocities.com/vu3ash/index.html">"Bertrand Russell: The Man and His Ideas."</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/vu3ash/index.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Ashley&amp;rft.aulast=Paul&amp;rft.btitle=Bertrand+Russell%3A+The+Man+and+His+Ideas.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fvu3ash%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Bertrand and Perkins, Ray (ed.) <i>Yours faithfully, Bertrand Russell</i>. Open Court Publishing, 2001, p. 4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-John_R-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_R_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_R_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bloy, Marjie, PhD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/pms/russell.html">"Lord John Russell (1792–1878)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Marjie%2C+PhD&amp;rft.aulast=Bloy&amp;rft.btitle=Lord+John+Russell+%281792%931878%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpms%2Frussell.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-peerage-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peerage_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cokayne, G. E.; Vicary Gibbs, H. A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, eds. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed. 13 volumes in 14. 1910–1959. Reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Booth-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booth_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Booth, Wayne C. (1974). <i>Modern Dogma and the Rhetoric of Assent</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226065723" title="Special:BookSources/0226065723">0226065723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Wayne+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Booth&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Dogma+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Assent&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0226065723&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928 By Elizabeth Crawford</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. Psychology Press. p.&#160;38. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pages=38&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nobel_prize-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_prize_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_prize_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_prize_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_prize_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nobel Foundation (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1950/russell-bio.html">Bertrand Russell: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950</a>. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Greeks-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greeks_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lenz, John R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443&amp;context=russelljournal">"Bertrand Russell and the Greeks"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell+and+the+Greeks&amp;rft.au=Lenz%2C+John+R.&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.mcmaster.ca%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1443%26context%3Drusselljournal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. Psychology Press. p.&#160;35. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pages=35&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tP4FDLegX9s">"1959 Bertrand Russell CBC interview"</a>. 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=1959+Bertrand+Russell+CBC+interview&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtP4FDLegX9s&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell (1998). "2: Adolescence". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=2%3A+Adolescence&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/20100126090302/http://richarddawkins.net:80/articles/4833">"Bertrand Russell on God"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 1959. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4833">the original</a> on 26 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Bertrand+Russell+on+God&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricharddawkins.net%2Farticles%2F4833&amp;rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFACADRSL890BA" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2016.pl?sur=&amp;suro=w&amp;fir=&amp;firo=c&amp;cit=&amp;cito=c&amp;c=all&amp;z=all&amp;tex=RSL890BA&amp;sye=&amp;eye=&amp;col=all&amp;maxcount=50">"Russell, the Hon. Bertrand Arthur William (RSL890BA)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Russell%2C+the+Hon.+Bertrand+Arthur+William+%28RSL890BA%29&amp;rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2016.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DRSL890BA%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Whitehead-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitehead_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Whitehead.html">"Alfred North Whitehead"</a>. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.btitle=Alfred+North+Whitehead&amp;rft.date=2003-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FWhitehead.html&amp;rft.pub=School+of+Mathematics+and+Statistics%2C+University+of+St+Andrews%2C+Scotland&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-JSTOR-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Griffin, Nicholas; Lewis, Albert C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0035-9149%28199001%2944%3A1%3C51%3ABRME%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z">"Bertrand Russell's Mathematical Education"</a>. <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 44, No. 1</i>. pp.&#160;51–71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell%27s+Mathematical+Education&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.aulast=Griffin&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+Albert+C.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0035-9149%2528199001%252944%253A1%253C51%253ABRME%253E2.0.CO%253B2-Z&amp;rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London%2C+Vol.+44%2C+No.+1.&amp;rft.pages=51-71&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MarriagePt1-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarriagePt1_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallenchinsky et al. (1981), "Famous Marriages Bertrand...Part 1".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. p.&#160;150. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>. <q>I went out bicycling one afternoon, and suddenly, as I was riding along a country road, I realised that I no longer loved Alys</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pages=150&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MPt3-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPt3_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallenchinsky et al. (1981), "Famous Marriages Bertrand...Part 3".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-the_Journal_of_the_Bertrand_Russell_Archives-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-the_Journal_of_the_Bertrand_Russell_Archives_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Moran, Margaret (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1353&amp;context=russelljournal&amp;sei-redir=1">"BERTRAND RUSSELL MEETS HIS MUSE: THE IMPACT OF LADY OTTOLINE MORRELL (1911–12)"</a>. McMaster University Library Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret&amp;rft.aulast=Moran&amp;rft.btitle=BERTRAND+RUSSELL+MEETS+HIS+MUSE%3A+THE+IMPACT+OF+LADY+OTTOLINE+MORRELL+%281911%9312%29&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.mcmaster.ca%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1353%26context%3Drusselljournal%26sei-redir%3D1&amp;rft.pub=McMaster+University+Library+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-private-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-private_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kimball, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205032455/newcriterion.com/archive/11/sept92/brussell.htm">"Love, logic &amp; unbearable pity: The private Bertrand Russell"</a>. <i>The New Criterion Vol. 11, No. 1,&#160;September 1992</i>. The New Criterion. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newcriterion.com:81/archive/11/sept92/brussell.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Love%2C+logic+%26+unbearable+pity%3A+The+private+Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.aulast=Kimball&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewcriterion.com%3A81%2Farchive%2F11%2Fsept92%2Fbrussell.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+Criterion+Vol.+11%2C+No.+1%2C+September+1992&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Monk, Ray (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35875">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Russell, Bertrand Arthur William, third Earl Russell (1872–1970)<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35875">10.1093/ref:odnb/35875</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=%27Russell%2C+Bertrand+Arthur+William%2C+third+Earl+Russell+%281872%931970%29%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Ray&amp;rft.aulast=Monk&amp;rft.date=2004-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F35875&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35875&amp;rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LSE-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LSE_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSE_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/aboutLSE/keyFacts/nobelPrizeWinners/russell.aspx">"London School of Economics"</a>. 26 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=London+School+of+Economics&amp;rft.date=2015-08-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FaboutLSE%2FkeyFacts%2FnobelPrizeWinners%2Frussell.aspx&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LettersPg16-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LettersPg16_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (2001). Ray Perkins, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=EayyTTpXL-QC&amp;pg=PA16&amp;lpg=PA16"><i>Yours Faithfully, Bertrand Russell: Letters to the Editor 1904–1969</i></a>. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. p.&#160;16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9449-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9449-X">0-8126-9449-X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Yours+Faithfully%2C+Bertrand+Russell%3A+Letters+to+the+Editor+1904%931969&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DEayyTTpXL-QC%26pg%3DPA16%26lpg%3DPA16&amp;rft.isbn=0-8126-9449-X&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Bertrand (1898) <i>An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry</i>, p. 32, re-issued 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Dover_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Dover Books">Dover Books</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1950/russell-bio.html">"Bertrand Russell, biography"</a>. Nobelprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Bertrand+Russell%2C+biography&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1950%2Frussell-bio.html&amp;rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell (1998). "6: Principia Mathemtica". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=6%3A+Principia+Mathemtica&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wittgenstein-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wittgenstein_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbjones.com/rbjpub/philos/history/rvw001.htm">"Russell on Wittgenstein"</a>. Rbjones.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Russell+on+Wittgenstein&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbjones.com%2Frbjpub%2Fphilos%2Fhistory%2Frvw001.htm&amp;rft.pub=Rbjones.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hochschild, Adam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanscholar.org/i-tried-to-stop-the-bloody-thing/">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>I Tried to Stop the Bloody Thing<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The American Scholar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=%27I+Tried+to+Stop+the+Bloody+Thing%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.aulast=Hochschild&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanscholar.org%2Fi-tried-to-stop-the-bloody-thing%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Scharfenburger, Paul (17 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/178-1917.html">"1917"</a>. MusicandHistory.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Scharfenburger&amp;rft.btitle=1917&amp;rft.date=2012-10-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusicandhistory.com%2Fmusic-and-history-by-the-year%2F178-1917.html&amp;rft.pub=MusicandHistory.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1995). "A Summer of Hope". <i>Pacifism and Revolution</i>. Routledge. p.&#160;xxxiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=A+Summer+of+Hope&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Pacifism+and+Revolution&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=xxxiv&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> requires <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/15731745">"British Socialists – Peace Terms Discussed"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 5 June 1917<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=British+Socialists+%93+Peace+Terms+Discussed&amp;rft.date=1917-06-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fndp%2Fdel%2Farticle%2F15731745&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Pacifist-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pacifist_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vellacott, Jo (1980). <i>Bertrand Russell and the Pacifists in the First World War</i>. Brighton: Harvester Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85527-454-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85527-454-9">0-85527-454-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo&amp;rft.aulast=Vellacott&amp;rft.btitle=Bertrand+Russell+and+the+Pacifists+in+the+First+World+War&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-85527-454-9&amp;rft.place=Brighton&amp;rft.pub=Harvester+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell (1998). "8: The First War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=8%3A+The+First+War&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=24">"Trinity in Literature"</a>. Trinity College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Trinity+in+Literature&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trin.cam.ac.uk%2Findex.php%3Fpageid%3D24&amp;rft.pub=Trinity+College&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&amp;dat=19240108&amp;id=G28rAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=FZoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3245,1355607">"M. P.'s Who Have Been in Jail To Hold Banquet"</a>. <i>The Reading Eagle</i>. 8 January 1924<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=M.+P.%27s+Who+Have+Been+in+Jail+To+Hold+Banquet&amp;rft.date=1924-01-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1955%26dat%3D19240108%26id%3DG28rAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DFZoFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3245%2C1355607&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Reading+Eagle&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">G. H. Hardy (1970). <i>Bertrand Russell and Trinity</i>. pp.&#160;57–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=G.+H.+Hardy&amp;rft.btitle=Bertrand+Russell+and+Trinity&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=57-8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FreeLib-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FreeLib_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russell.thefreelibrary.com/">"Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)"</a>. Farlex, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Bertrand+Russell+%281872%931970%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussell.thefreelibrary.com%2F&amp;rft.pub=Farlex%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Practice_.26-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Practice_.26_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Practice_.26_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Bertrand <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17350">The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism by Bertrand Russell</a>, 1920</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1972). <i>The Problem of China</i>. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd. p.&#160;252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+China&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=252&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pneumonia-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pneumonia_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pneumonia_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&amp;res=9B01E7DB1739E133A25752C2A9629C946095D6CF&amp;oref=slogin">"Bertrand Russell Reported Dead"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. The New York Times. 21 April 1921<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell+Reported+Dead&amp;rft.date=1921-04-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive-free%2Fpdf%3F_r%3D1%26res%3D9B01E7DB1739E133A25752C2A9629C946095D6CF%26oref%3Dslogin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-papers-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-papers_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (2000). Richard A. Rempel, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=qnaqY4gUyrAC&amp;dq=mr+bertrand+russell+having+died+according+to+the+japanese+press"><i>Uncertain Paths to Freedom: Russia and China, 1919–22</i></a>. <i>The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell</i> <b>15</b> (Routledge). lxviii. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09411-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09411-9">0-415-09411-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Uncertain+Paths+to+Freedom%3A+Russia+and+China%2C+1919%9322&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DqnaqY4gUyrAC%26dq%3Dmr%2Bbertrand%2Brussell%2Bhaving%2Bdied%2Baccording%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bjapanese%2Bpress&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-09411-9&amp;rft.pages=lxviii&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell (1998). "10: China". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>. <q>It provided me with the pleasure of reading my obituary notices, which I had always desired without expecting my wishes to be fulfilled... As the Japanese papers had refused to contradict the news of my death, Dora gave each of them a type-written slip saying that as I was dead I could not be interviewed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=10%3A+China&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. Psychology Press. p.&#160;386. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pages=386&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Beacon-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beacon_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inside Beacon Hill: Bertrand Russell as Schoolmaster. Jespersen, Shirley ERIC# EJ360344, published 1987</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Dora-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dora_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dora_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUrussellD.htm">"Dora Russell"</a>. 12 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Dora+Russell&amp;rft.date=2007-05-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FTUrussellD.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kranz, D. (2011): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gestalt.de/kranz_stevens_leben.html">Barry Stevens: Leben Gestalten</a>. In: Gestaltkritik, 2/2011, p. 4-11.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens, B. (1970): Don't Push the River. Lafayette, Cal. (Real People Press), p. 26.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorham, D. (2005): Dora and Bertrand Russell and Beacon Hill School, in: Russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies, n.s. 25, (summer 2005), p. 39 - 76, p. 57.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spadoni, C. (1981): Recent Acquisitions: Correspondence, in: Russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies, Vol 1, Iss. 1, Article 6, 43 - 67.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Bertrand, "The Future of Pacifism", The American Scholar, (1943) 13: 7–13</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell (1998). "12: Later Years of Telegraph House". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>. <q>I found the Nazis utterly revolting – cruel, bigoted, and stupid. Morally and intellectually they were alike odious to me. Although I clung to my pacifist convictions, I did so with increasing difficulty. When, in 1940, England was threatened with invasion, I realised that, throughout the First War, I had never seriously envisaged the possibility of utter defeat. I found this possibility unbearable, and at last consciously and definitely decided that I must support what was necessary for victory in the Second War, however difficult victory might be to achieve, and however painful in its consequences</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=12%3A+Later+Years+of+Telegraph+House&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Denied-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denied_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Leberstein, Stephen (November–December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/appointment-denied-inquisition-of.html">"Appointment Denied: The Inquisition of Bertrand Russell"</a>. Academe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Appointment+Denied%3A+The+Inquisition+of+Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Leberstein%2C+Stephen&amp;rft.date=2001-11%2F2001-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omnilogos.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fappointment-denied-inquisition-of.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asl-associates.com/einsteinquotes.htm">Einstein quotations and sources.</a> Retrieved 9 July 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-professor-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-professor_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/20080212100048/http://www.philosophyprofessor.com:80/philosophers/bertrand-russell.php">"Bertrand Russell"</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/bertrand-russell.php">the original</a> on 12 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophyprofessor.com%2Fphilosophers%2Fbertrand-russell.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-letters-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letters_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letters_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Griffin, Nicholas (ed.) (2002). <i>The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell</i>. Routledge. p.&#160;660. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26012-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26012-4">0-415-26012-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Griffin%2C+Nicholas+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.btitle=The+Selected+Letters+of+Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-26012-4&amp;rft.pages=660&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertrand Russell (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. Psychology Press. p.&#160;512. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415189859" title="Special:BookSources/9780415189859">9780415189859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Autobiography&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMrmmrNuEoC&amp;rft.isbn=9780415189859&amp;rft.pages=512&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell to Edward Renouf, assistant of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paalen" title="Wolfgang Paalen">Wolfgang Paalen</a>, 23 March 1942 (Succession Wolfgang Paalen, Berlin); this letter is cited in <i>DYN</i>, No. 2, Mexico, July–August 1942, p. 52</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Quote/Russell_On_Zionism.html">Bertrand Russell on Zionism</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/books/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Story_ID=699582">"A philosopher's letters&#160;– Love, Bertie"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 21 July 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=A+philosopher%27s+letters+%93+Love%2C+Bertie&amp;rft.date=2001-07-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks%2FPrinterFriendly.cfm%3FStory_ID%3D699582&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/Bertrand-Russell-Ronald-William-Clark/dp/0394490592/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=undefined&amp;sr=1-3&amp;keywords=clark+life+bertrand+russell">"The life of Bertrand Russell: Ronald William Clark: 9780394490595: Amazon.com: Books"</a>. <i>amazon.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=The+life+of+Bertrand+Russell%3A+Ronald+William+Clark%3A+9780394490595%3A+Amazon.com%3A+Books&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FBertrand-Russell-Ronald-William-Clark%2Fdp%2F0394490592%2Fref%3Dsr_1_3%3Fs%3Dbooks%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3Dundefined%26sr%3D1-3%26keywords%3Dclark%2Blife%2Bbertrand%2Brussell&amp;rft.jtitle=amazon.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">–06:04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00729d9">"Radio 4 Programmes – The Reith Lectures"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=%9306%3A04&amp;rft.btitle=Radio+4+Programmes+%93+The+Reith+Lectures&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00729d9&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">–06:04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00h9lz3">"Radio 4 Programmes – The Reith Lectures: Bertrand Russell: Authority and the Individual: 1948"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=%9306%3A04&amp;rft.btitle=Radio+4+Programmes+%93+The+Reith+Lectures%3A+Bertrand+Russell%3A+Authority+and+the+Individual%3A+1948&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp00h9lz3&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. P. Uschanov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~tuschano/writings/strange/">The Strange Death of Ordinary Language Philosophy</a>. The controversy has been described by the writer <a href="/wiki/Ved_Mehta" title="Ved Mehta">Ved Mehta</a> in <i>Fly and the Fly Bottle</i> (1963).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>: <span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38628/supplement/2796">(Supplement) no. 38628. p. 2796</a></span>. 3 June 1949. Retrieved 11 March 2008.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald W. Clark, Bertrand Russell and His World, p. 94. (1981) <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500130701" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-500-13070-1</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, <i>Bertrand Russell, 1872–1970</i> [1970], p. 12</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1967). <i>The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, Vol. 3</i>. Little, Brown. p.&#160;157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+Bertrand&amp;rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Bertrand+Russell%2C+Vol.+3&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=157&amp;rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sanderson Beck (2003–2005). "Pacifism of Bertrand Russell and A. J. Muste". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/GPJ24-Russell,Muste.html"><i>World Peace Efforts Since Gandhi</i></a>. Sanderson Beck<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Pacifism+of+Bertrand+Russell+and+A.+J.+Muste&amp;rft.au=Sanderson+Beck&amp;rft.btitle=World+Peace+Efforts+Since+Gandhi&amp;rft.date=2003%2F2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.san.beck.org%2FGPJ24-Russell%2CMuste.html&amp;rft.pub=Sanderson+Beck&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John H. Davis. <i>The Kennedys: Dynasty and Disaster</i>. S. P. Books. p.&#160;437.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=John+H.+Davis&amp;rft.btitle=The+Kennedys%3A+Dynasty+and+Disaster&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=437&amp;rft.pub=S.+P.+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Knight, <i>The Kennedy Assassination</i>, Edinburgh University Press Ltd., 2007, p. 77. Also see "External Links": "Sixteen Questions on the Assassination (of President Kennedy)".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Manifesto-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Russell, Bertrand; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (9 July 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppu.org.uk/learn/texts/doc_russelleinstein_manif.html">"Russell Einstein Manifesto"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Albert+Einstein&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+Bertrand&amp;rft.btitle=Russell+Einstein+Manifesto&amp;rft.date=1955-07-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppu.org.uk%2Flearn%2Ftexts%2Fdoc_russelleinstein_manif.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell</i> (Psychology Press, 2005)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ref1-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yours Faithfully, Bertrand Russell</i> (pp. 212–213)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-jerusalem_prize-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jerusalem_prize_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerusalembookfair.com/main.html">"Jerusalem International Book Fair"</a>. Jerusalembookfair.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Jerusalem+International+Book+Fair&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerusalembookfair.com%2Fmain.html&amp;rft.pub=Jerusalembookfair.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1964/02/26/archive/bertrand-russell-appeals-to-arabs-and-israel-on-rocket-weapons">"Bertrand Russell Appeals to Arabs and Israel on Rocket Weapons"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell+Appeals+to+Arabs+and+Israel+on+Rocket+Weapons&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1964%2F02%2F26%2Farchive%2Fbertrand-russell-appeals-to-arabs-and-israel-on-rocket-weapons&amp;rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bertrand_Russell_in_Bollywood-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand_Russell_in_Bollywood_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233193/">"Aman (1967)"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Aman+%281967%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0233193%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=IMDb&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Last_Message-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Last_Message_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CX5576-RussellMidEast.htm">Bertrand Russell's Last Message</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Russell&amp;yearOfDeath=1970&amp;page=3#calendar">Russell, 1970, p. 3</a> at probatesearch.service.gov.uk, accessed 29 August 2015</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">"Bertrand Russell Memorial". <i>Mind</i> <b>353</b>: 320. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell+Memorial&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mind&amp;rft.pages=320&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=353" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanshard, in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Arthur_Schilpp" title="Paul Arthur Schilpp">Paul Arthur Schilpp</a>, ed., <i>The Philosophy of Brand Blanshard</i>, Open Court, 1980, p. 88, quoting a private letter from Russell.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Russell, Bertrand (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell8.htm">"Am I An Atheist or an Agnostic?"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Things</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Am+I+An+Atheist+or+an+Agnostic%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.date=1947&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fhist%2Frussell8.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Things&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>: "I never know whether I should say "Agnostic" or whether I should say "Atheist"... As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove (sic) that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist..."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Humanist News', March 1970</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1952). "Conclusions". <i>The Impact of Science on Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Conclusions&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Science+on+Society&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1936). <i>Which Way to Peace?</i> (Part 12). M. Joseph Ltd. p.&#160;173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Which+Way+to+Peace%3F+%28Part+12%29&amp;rft.date=1936&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=173&amp;rft.pub=M.+Joseph+Ltd.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1954). <i>Human Society in Ethics and Politics</i>. London: G. Allen &amp; Unwin. p.&#160;212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Society+in+Ethics+and+Politics&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=212&amp;rft.pub=London%3A+G.+Allen+%26+Unwin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GALHA-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GALHA_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association (2 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galha.org/briefing/lgb_rights.html">"Lesbian and Gay Rights: The Humanist and Religious Stances"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Gay+and+Lesbian+Humanist+Association&amp;rft.btitle=Lesbian+and+Gay+Rights%3A+The+Humanist+and+Religious+Stances&amp;rft.date=1997-11-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galha.org%2Fbriefing%2Flgb_rights.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell, Bertrand (1968). <i>The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell: 1944–1969</i>. Little, Brown. p.&#160;330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Bertrand+Russell%3A+1944%931969&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=330&amp;rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Published separately as 'Reflections on My Eightieth Birthday' in <i>Portraits from Memory</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essayfoundations00russrich">"An essay on the foundations of geometry"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=An+essay+on+the+foundations+of+geometry&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessayfoundations00russrich&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/bertrand-russell/the-principles-of-mathematics/">"The Principles of Mathematics"</a>. <i>fair-use.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=The+Principles+of+Mathematics&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffair-use.org%2Fbertrand-russell%2Fthe-principles-of-mathematics%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=fair-use.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Free man's worship, and other essays, London&#160;: Unwin Books, 1976, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0048240214" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0048240214</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=umhistmath;cc=umhistmath;view=toc;idno=AAT3201.0001.001">"Principia mathematica, by Alfred North Whitehead ... and Bertrand Russell."</a>. <i>umich.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Principia+mathematica%2C+by+Alfred+North+Whitehead+...+and+Bertrand+Russell.&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dumhistmath%3Bcc%3Dumhistmath%3Bview%3Dtoc%3Bidno%3DAAT3201.0001.001&amp;rft.jtitle=umich.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/russell/russell.html">"The Problems of Philosophy"</a>. <i>ditext.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=The+Problems+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Frussell%2Frussell.html&amp;rft.jtitle=ditext.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourknowledgeofth005200mbp">"OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXTERNAL WORLD"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=OUR+KNOWLEDGE+OF+THE+EXTERNAL+WORLD&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourknowledgeofth005200mbp&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032577532">"Principles of social reconstruction"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Principles+of+social+reconstruction&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924032577532&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4776">"Political Ideals"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Political+Ideals&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F4776&amp;rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/690">"Proposed Roads to Freedom"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Proposed+Roads+to+Freedom&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F690&amp;rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kevin C. Klement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.umass.edu/klement/russell-imp.html">"Russell's Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy"</a>. <i>umass.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Russell%27s+Introduction+to+Mathematical+Philosophy&amp;rft.au=Kevin+C.+Klement&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.umass.edu%2Fklement%2Frussell-imp.html&amp;rft.jtitle=umass.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/George_Adam_Pfeiffer" title="George Adam Pfeiffer">Pfeiffer, G. A.</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1920-27-02/S0002-9904-1920-03365-3/S0002-9904-1920-03365-3.pdf">"Review: <i>Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy</i> by Bertrand Russell"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.</i> <b>27</b> (2): 81–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Review%3A+Introduction+to+Mathematical+Philosophy+by+Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C+G.+A.&amp;rft.date=1920&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1920-27-02%2FS0002-9904-1920-03365-3%2FS0002-9904-1920-03365-3.pdf&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&amp;rft.pages=81-90&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=27" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoma00russuoft">"Introduction to mathematical philosophy"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction+to+mathematical+philosophy&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoma00russuoft&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17350">"The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=The+Practice+and+Theory+of+Bolshevism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F17350&amp;rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2529">"The Analysis of Mind"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=The+Analysis+of+Mind&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F2529&amp;rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13940">"The Problem of China"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+China&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F13940&amp;rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell0.htm">"Why I Am Not A Christian"</a>. <i>positiveatheism.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Why+I+Am+Not+A+Christian&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fhist%2Frussell0.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=positiveatheism.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificoutloo030217mbp">"The Scientific Outlook"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=The+Scientific+Outlook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientificoutloo030217mbp&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EducationAndTheSocialOrder">"Education And The Social Order"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Education+And+The+Social+Order&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEducationAndTheSocialOrder&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zpub.com/notes/idle.html">"In Praise of Idleness By Bertrand Russell"</a>. <i>zpub.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+Idleness++By+Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zpub.com%2Fnotes%2Fidle.html&amp;rft.jtitle=zpub.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernphilosoph035502mbp">"Western Philosophy"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Western+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternphilosoph035502mbp&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AuthorityAndTheIndividual">"Authority and the individual"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Authority+and+the+individual&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAuthorityAndTheIndividual&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unpopularessays027477mbp">"Unpopular Essays"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Unpopular+Essays&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funpopularessays027477mbp&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nightmaresofemin032011mbp">"Nightmares Of Eminent Persons And Other Stories"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Nightmares+Of+Eminent+Persons+And+Other+Stories&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnightmaresofemin032011mbp&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsfrommem013629mbp">"Portraits From Memory And Other Essays"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Portraits+From+Memory+And+Other+Essays&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitsfrommem013629mbp&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commonsenseandnu009377mbp">"Common Sense And Nuclear Warfare"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Common+Sense+And+Nuclear+Warfare&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommonsenseandnu009377mbp&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myphilosophicald001521mbp">"MY PHILOSOPHICAL DEVELOPMENT"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=MY+PHILOSOPHICAL+DEVELOPMENT&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyphilosophicald001521mbp&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-archive.org-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_185-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_185-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofb017701mbp">"The Autobiography Of Bertrand Russell 1872 1914"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=The+Autobiography+Of+Bertrand+Russell+1872+1914&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofb017701mbp&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hochschild, Adam (2011). <i>To end all wars: a story of loyalty and rebellion, 1914–1918</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp.&#160;270–272. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-75828-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-75828-3">0-618-75828-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.aulast=Hochschild&amp;rft.btitle=To+end+all+wars%3A+a+story+of+loyalty+and+rebellion%2C+1914%931918&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-618-75828-3&amp;rft.pages=270-272&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russell.mcmaster.ca/brworks.htm">"McMaster University: The Bertrand Russell ResearchCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.btitle=McMaster+University%3A+The+Bertrand+Russell+ResearchCentre&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussell.mcmaster.ca%2Fbrworks.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bracers.mcmaster.ca/">"Bertrand Russell Archives Catalogue Entry and Research System"</a>. <i>McMaster University Library</i>. The William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell+Archives+Catalogue+Entry+and+Research+System&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbracers.mcmaster.ca%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=McMaster+University+Library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Russell">Russell</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Russell">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul>
<li>1900, <i>Sur la logique des relations avec des applications à la théorie des séries</i>, <i>Rivista di matematica 7</i>: 115–148.</li>
<li>1901, <i>On the Notion of Order</i>, <i>Mind (n.s.) 10</i>: 35–51.</li>
<li>1902, (with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>), <i>On Cardinal Numbers</i>, <i>American Journal of Mathematics 24</i>: 367–384.</li>
<li>1948, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00h9lz3">BBC Reith Lectures: Authority and the Individual</a> A series of six radio lectures broadcast on the BBC Home Service in December 1948.</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Secondary_references">Secondary references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Secondary references">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul>
<li>John Newsome Crossley. <i>A Note on Cantor's Theorem and Russell's Paradox</i>, <i>Australian Journal of Philosophy</i> 51, 1973, 70–71.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Grattan-Guinness" title="Ivor Grattan-Guinness">Ivor Grattan-Guinness</a>. <i>The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.</li>
<li>Alan Ryan. <i>Bertrand Russell: A Political Life</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Books_about_Russell.27s_philosophy">Books about Russell's philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Books about Russell's philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul>
<li>Alfred Julius Ayer. <i>Russell</i>, London: Fontana, 1972. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0006329659" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-00-632965-9</a>. A lucid summary exposition of Russell's thought.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Green" title="Celia Green">Celia Green</a>. <i>The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem</i>, Oxford: Oxford Forum, 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0953677214" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9536772-1-4</a> Contains a sympathetic analysis of Russell's views on <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a>. <i>Russell: A Very Short Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002.</li>
<li>Nicholas Griffin. <i>Russell's Idealist Apprenticeship</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.</li>
<li>A. D. Irvine (ed.). <i>Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments</i>, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, 1999. Consists of essays on Russell's work by many distinguished philosophers.</li>
<li>Michael K. Potter. <i>Bertrand Russell's Ethics</i>, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006. A clear and accessible explanation of Russell's moral philosophy.</li>
<li>Elizabeth Ramsden Eames. <i>Bertrand Russell's Theory of Knowledge</i>, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1969. A clear description of Russell's philosophical development.</li>
<li>P. A. Schilpp (ed.). <i>The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell</i>, Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944.</li>
<li>John Slater. <i>Bertrand Russell</i>, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biographical_books">Biographical books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Biographical books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a>. <i>Bertrand Russell</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1972, reprint ed. London: University of Chicago Press, 1988: <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226033430" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-03343-0</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Clark" title="Ronald W. Clark">Ronald W. Clark</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Life_of_Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Life of Bertrand Russell (page does not exist)">The Life of Bertrand Russell</a></i>, London: Jonathan Cape,1975 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394490592" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-394-49059-2</a></li>
<li>Ronald W. Clark. <i>Bertrand Russell and His World</i>, London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1981 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500130701" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-500-13070-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rupert_Crawshay-Williams&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rupert Crawshay-Williams (page does not exist)">Rupert Crawshay-Williams</a>. <i>Russell Remembered</i>, London: Oxford University Press, 1970. Written by a close friend of Russell's</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="John Lewis (philosopher)">John Lewis</a>. <i>Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist</i>, London: Lawerence &amp; Wishart, 1968</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Monk" title="Ray Monk">Ray Monk</a>. <i>Bertrand Russell: Mathematics: Dreams and Nightmares</i> London: Phoenix, 1997 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753801906" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7538-0190-6</a></li>
<li>Ray Monk. <i>Bertrand Russell: 1872–1920 The Spirit of Solitude</i> Vol. I, New York: Routledge, 1997 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0099731312" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-09-973131-2</a></li>
<li>Ray Monk. <i>Bertrand Russell: 1921–1970 The Ghost of Madness</i> Vol. II, New York: Routledge, 2001 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/009927275X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-09-927275-X</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>. 'Bertrand Russell', in <i>Selected Writings of George Santayana</i>, ed. Norman Henfrey, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, I, 1968, pp.&#160;326–329</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Tait" class="mw-redirect" title="Katharine Tait">Katharine Tait</a>. <i>My father Bertrand Russell</i>, New York: Thoemmes Press, 1975</li>
<li>David Wallechinsky &amp; Wallace Irving. 1975–1981, "Famous Marriages Bertrand Russell &amp; Alla Pearsall Smith Part 1" &amp; "Part 3", on "Alys" Pearsall Smith, webpage content from <i>The People's Almanac</i>, webpages: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trivia-library.com/b/famous-marriages-bertrand-russell-and-alla-pearsall-smith-part-1.htm">Part 1</a> &amp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trivia-library.com/b/famous-marriages-bertrand-russell-and-alla-pearsall-smith-part-3.htm">Part 3</a> (accessed 18 May 2014).</li>
<li>Alan Wood. <i>Bertrand Russell The Passionate Sceptic</i> London: George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1957. Russell had a good opinion of this author.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Irvine, A. D. (1 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell">"Bertrand Russell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Irvine&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2003-05-01&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Frussell&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/russ-eth">"Bertrand Russell's Ethics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell%27s+Ethics&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fruss-eth&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/russ-met">"Bertrand Russell's Metaphysics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell%27s+Metaphysics&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fruss-met&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcmaster.ca/russdocs/russell.htm">The Bertrand Russell Archives</a> at <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.drew.edu/jlenz/brs.html">The Bertrand Russell Society</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russfound.org/">The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0751017/">Bertrand Russell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">Internet Movie Database</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www005.upp.so-net.ne.jp/russell/index-e.htm">Bertrand Russell in Japan</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?search=ss&amp;sText=bertrand+russell&amp;LinkID=mp03901&amp;role=sit&amp;page=1">Photographs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery (London)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/ejournal/russell.htm">Resource list</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith/historic_audio/ram/russell_1948.ram">The First Reith Lecture given by Russell</a> (Real Audio)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.drew.edu/jlenz/br-bib-articles.html">A Complete Bertrand Russell Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1950/russell-bio.html">Nobel Prize</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.100welshheroes.com/en/biography/bertrandrussell">Bertrand Russell at 100 Welsh Heroes</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/people/russell.html">Key Participants: Bertrand Russell</a>&#160;– <i>Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement: A Documentary History</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pm100.mcmaster.ca/">PM@100: LOGIC FROM 1910 TO 1927</a> Conference at the Bertrand Russell Research Centre (<a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>, Ontario, Canada), to be held on 21–24 May 2010, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bertrandrussell.org/">Bertrand Russell Society Bulletin (2013–present Editor Michael Berumen)</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation"><a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician)">O'Connor, John J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Russell.html">"Bertrand Russell"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.atitle=Bertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FRussell.html&amp;rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_writings_available_online">Other writings available online</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Other writings available online">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Russell,+Bertrand">Works by Bertrand Russell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Russell%2C%20Bertrand%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bertrand%20Russell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Russell%2C%20Bertrand%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bertrand%20Russell%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Bertrand%20Russell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Russell%2C%20Bertrand%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bertrand%20Russell%22%29%20OR%20%28%221872-1970%22%20AND%20Russell%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Bertrand Russell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/authors/OL112912A">Works by Bertrand Russell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell1.htm">"A Free Man's Worship"</a> (1903)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.drew.edu/jlenz/br-on-denoting.html">"On Denoting"</a> (1905)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.drew.edu/jlenz/br-anti-suffragists.html"><i>Anti-Suffragist Anxieties</i></a> (1910)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/bertrand-russell/the-elements-of-ethics">"The Elements of Ethics"</a> (1910)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/atlantic-monthly/1915/08/war-and-non-resistance">War and Non-Resistance</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/international-journal-of-ethics/1915/10/the-war-and-non-resistance">The War and Non-Resistance — A Rejoinder to Professor Perry</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/international-journal-of-ethics/1915/01/the-ethics-of-war">The Ethics of War</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justiceinwartime00russuoft"><i>Justice in Wartime</i></a> (1917)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whymenfightameth00russuoft"><i>Why Men Fight: A Method of Abolishing the International Duel</i></a> (1917)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.drew.edu/jlenz/br-logical-atomism0.html"><i>The Philosophy of Logical Atomism</i></a> (1918–19)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.umass.edu/klement/imp/imp.html"><i>Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy</i></a> (1919)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russell-j.com/beginner/COH-TEXT.HTM">"The Conquest of Happiness"</a> (1930)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell2.htm">"Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?"</a> (1930)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LegitimacyVersusIndustrialism18141848"><i>Legitimacy Versus Industrialism 1814–1848</i></a> (1935)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell8.htm">"Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?"</a> (1947)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/russell/ideas.1946.html">"Ideas that Have Harmed Mankind"</a> (1950)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1950/russell-lecture.html">"What Desires Are Politically Important?"</a> Bertrand Russell's Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech (1950)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outlineofphiloso009050mbp"><i>An Outline of Philosophy</i></a> (1951)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720074420/http://www.cfpf.org.uk/articles/religion/br/br_god.html"><i>Is There a God?</i></a> (1952)</li>
<li><cite class="citation web">Russell, Bertrand (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203104023/http://www.control-z.com/pages/agnosticism.html">"What is an Agnostic?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.control-z.com/pages/agnosticism.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertrand+Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+an+Agnostic%3F&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.control-z.com%2Fpages%2Fagnosticism.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificoutloo030217mbp"><i>The Scientific Outlook</i></a> (1954)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenrahn.com/JFK/The_critics/Russell/Sixteen_questions_Russell.html">"16 Questions on the Assassination" (of President Kennedy)</a> (1964)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/russell/russell.html">Bertrand Russell, Selected Writings</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Audio">Audio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Russell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Audio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/author/1508">Works by Bertrand Russell</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/russell-soundclips.html">Sound clips of Bertrand Russell speaking</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/case-study/remember-your-humanity-and-forget-rest-russell-einstein-manifesto-and-pugwash-movement">Russell's BBC broadcast on "Man's Peril" (1954) and the "Russell–Einstein Manifesto" Press conference (1955)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpfahistory.info/dandl/bertrand_russell.html">"What Desires Are Politically Important?"</a> Bertrand Russell's Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech (1950)</li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Russell,_2nd_Earl_Russell" title="Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell">Frank Russell</a></span></td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Russell" title="Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a></b><br />
1931–1970</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 4th Earl Russell">John Russell</a></span></td>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Cameron Jackson</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Malcolm" title="Norman Malcolm">Norman Malcolm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">D. Z. Phillips</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Prior" title="Arthur Prior">A. N. Prior</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Peter Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Unger" title="Peter Unger">Peter Unger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Wisdom" title="John Wisdom">John Wisdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Deflationary_theory_of_truth" title="Deflationary theory of truth">Deflationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Neopragmatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy#Schools_of_thought_in_analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">more&#160;...</a></i></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">Analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Deductive_closure" title="Deductive closure">Deductive</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Epistemic_closure" title="Epistemic closure">Epistemic closure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">Counterfactual</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Denotation&#160;/ reference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition#Factive_verbs" title="Presupposition">Factive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (philosophy)">Intuition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" title="Meaning (linguistics)">Meaning</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modal_logic" title="Modal logic">Modality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_kind" title="Natural kind">Natural kind&#160;/ projectability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency" title="Necessity and sufficiency">Necessary–sufficient conditions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_analysis" title="Paradox of analysis">Paradox of analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_equilibrium" title="Reflective equilibrium">Reflective equilibrium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_designator" title="Rigid designator">Rigid–flaccid designators</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">Sense data</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supervenience" title="Supervenience">Supervenience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">Thought experiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth_function" title="Truth function">Truth function</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker" title="Truthmaker">Truthmaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_realism" title="Australian realism">Australian realism</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Metaphysicians</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W. F. Hegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred N. Whitehead</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Emmet" title="Dorothy Emmet">Dorothy Emmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_St%C3%B6hr" title="Adolph Stöhr">Adolph Stöhr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard V. O. Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">David Malet Armstrong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Theories</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enactivism (psychology)">Enactivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pirsig%27s_metaphysics_of_Quality" title="Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality">Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Being" title="Being">Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Choice" title="Choice">Choice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" title="Cogito ergo sum">Cogito ergo sum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_change" title="Identity and change">Identity and change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" title="Matter (philosophy)">Matter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" title="Motion (physics)">Motion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Necessity" title="Necessity">Necessity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Notion_(philosophy)" title="Notion (philosophy)">Notion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physical_body" title="Physical body">Physical body</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_epistemology" title="Genetic epistemology">Genetic epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Representative_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative realism">Representative realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_justification" title="Theory of justification">Justification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_reason" title="Speculative reason">Speculative reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alethiology" title="Alethiology">Alethiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-epistemology" title="Meta-epistemology">Meta-epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Epistemology" title="Portal:Epistemology">Portal</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_language" title="List of philosophers of language">Philosophers</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Herder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Noir%C3%A9" title="Ludwig Noiré">Ludwig Noiré</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Fritz Mauthner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Benjamin Lee Whorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bergmann" title="Gustav Bergmann">Gustav Bergmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Jaakko Hintikka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Soames" title="Scott Soames">Scott Soames</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawthorne" title="John Hawthorne">John Hawthorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neale" title="Stephen Neale">Stephen Neale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_theory_of_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast theory of meaning">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivist theory of names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verification_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Verification theory">Verification theory</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" title="Meaning (linguistics)">Meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></b></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related articles</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" title="Category:Philosophy of language">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Language" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Language">Task Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Philosophy_of_religion&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Religious belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Conceptions of God</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian view of God">Aristotelian view</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltheism">Maltheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Being" title="Supreme Being">Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81m_cosmological_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Kal?m cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_Universe" title="Fine-tuned Universe">Fine-tuning of the Universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_Wager" title="Pascal's Wager">Pascal's Wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_a_proper_basis" title="Argument from a proper basis">Proper basis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 Gambit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_existentialism" title="Agnostic existentialism">Agnostic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language-game_(philosophy)" title="Language-game (philosophy)">Language-game</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />
of religion</a></div>
<br />
(by date active)</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Ancient<br />
and<br />
Medieval</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Enlightenment</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />
1850</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />
1900</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W. K. Clifford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />
postwar</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />
1990<br />
2010</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Related topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" title="History of religions">History of religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_science_of_religion" title="Political science of religion">Political science of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
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<div>
<ul>
<li><b><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></b></li>
<li><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></b></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></div>
</th>
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<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
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<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" title="Scientific revolution">Scientific revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">Scientific theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">Theory choice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">Theory-ladenness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Metatheory_of_science" title="Category:Metatheory of science">Metatheory<br />
of science</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">Constructive empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_realism" title="Constructive realism">Constructive realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li>
<li>{<a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inductionism" title="Inductionism">Inductionism</a>}</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" title="Epistemological anarchism">Epistemological anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a>-<a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a>-<a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">Scientific essentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">Scientific formalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Philosophy of</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics" title="Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics">thermal and statistical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_motion" title="Philosophy of motion">Motion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_environment" title="Philosophy of environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Technology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering" title="Philosophy of engineering">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_computer_science" title="Philosophy of computer science">Computer science</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Information</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">Related topics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a> by era</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Ancient</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurians</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Medieval</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early modern</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Classical modern</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Schelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Late modern</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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</table>
</td>
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</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy_of_science" title="Portal:Philosophy of science">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
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</table>
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<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophy" title="Template:Social and political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_and_political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social and political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_and_political_philosophers" title="List of social and political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Ambroise_de_Bonald" title="Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald">Bonald</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(philosopher)" title="Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)">Bosanquet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan ?ilas">?ilas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Plamenatz" title="John Plamenatz">Plamenatz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_theories" title="Category:Social theories">Social theories</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">Consensus theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminist political theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Social concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Four occupations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">more...</a></b></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related articles</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics">Philosophy and economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy of love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" title="Philosophy of sex">Philosophy of sex</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li>
</ul>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Social_and_political_philosophy" title="Portal:Social and political philosophy">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Social_and_political" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Social and political">Task Force</a></li>
</ul>
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</table>
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<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Set_theory" title="Template:Set theory"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">Set theory</a></div>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axioms</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_choice" title="Axiom of choice">Choice</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_countable_choice" title="Axiom of countable choice">countable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_dependent_choice" title="Axiom of dependent choice">dependent</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_extensionality" title="Axiom of extensionality">Extensionality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_infinity" title="Axiom of infinity">Infinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_pairing" title="Axiom of pairing">Pairing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_power_set" title="Axiom of power set">Power set</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_regularity" title="Axiom of regularity">Regularity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_union" title="Axiom of union">Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin%27s_axiom" title="Martin's axiom">Martin's axiom</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_schema" title="Axiom schema">Axiom schema</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_schema_of_replacement" title="Axiom schema of replacement">replacement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_schema_of_specification" title="Axiom schema of specification">specification</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div><a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram"><img alt="Venn diagram of set intersection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/100px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png" width="100" height="71" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/150px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/200px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="250" /></a></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)#Basic_operations" title="Set (mathematics)">Operations</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_product" title="Cartesian product">Cartesian product</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)" title="Complement (set theory)">Complement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws" title="De Morgan's laws">De Morgan's laws</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disjoint_union" title="Disjoint union">Disjoint union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory)" title="Intersection (set theory)">Intersection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_set" title="Power set">Power set</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)" title="Complement (set theory)">Set difference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_difference" title="Symmetric difference">Symmetric difference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_(set_theory)" title="Union (set theory)">Union</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li>Concepts</li>
<li>Methods</li>
</ul>
</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cardinality" title="Cardinality">Cardinality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number" title="Cardinal number">Cardinal number</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Large_cardinal" title="Large cardinal">large</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Class_(set_theory)" title="Class (set theory)">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constructible_universe" title="Constructible universe">Constructible universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_hypothesis" title="Continuum hypothesis">Continuum hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cantor%27s_diagonal_argument" title="Cantor's diagonal argument">Diagonal argument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Element_(mathematics)" title="Element (mathematics)">Element</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_pair" title="Ordered pair">ordered pair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuple</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_sets" title="Family of sets">Family</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forcing_(mathematics)" title="Forcing (mathematics)">Forcing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bijection" title="Bijection">One-to-one correspondence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">Ordinal number</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transfinite_induction" title="Transfinite induction">Transfinite induction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a> types</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Countable_set" title="Countable set">Countable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empty_set" title="Empty set">Empty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finite_set" title="Finite set">Finite</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Hereditarily_finite_set" title="Hereditarily finite set">hereditarily</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_set" title="Fuzzy set">Fuzzy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_set" title="Infinite set">Infinite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_set" title="Recursive set">Recursive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subset_and_superset" class="mw-redirect" title="Subset and superset">Subset&#160;<b>·</b> Superset</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_set" title="Transitive set">Transitive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uncountable_set" title="Uncountable set">Uncountable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_set" title="Universal set">Universal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Theories</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_set_theory" title="Alternative set theory">Alternative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_set_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiomatic set theory">Axiomatic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naive_set_theory" title="Naive set theory">Naive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cantor%27s_theorem" title="Cantor's theorem">Cantor's theorem</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zermelo_set_theory" title="Zermelo set theory">Zermelo</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/General_set_theory" title="General set theory">General</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Foundations" title="New Foundations">New Foundations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel_set_theory" title="Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory">Zermelo–Fraenkel</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Bernays%E2%80%93G%C3%B6del_set_theory" title="Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory">von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morse%E2%80%93Kelley_set_theory" title="Morse–Kelley set theory">Morse–Kelley</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kripke%E2%80%93Platek_set_theory" title="Kripke–Platek set theory">Kripke–Platek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tarski%E2%80%93Grothendieck_set_theory" title="Tarski–Grothendieck set theory">Tarski–Grothendieck</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
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</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxes_of_set_theory" title="Paradoxes of set theory">Paradoxes</a></li>
<li>Problems</li>
</ul>
</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suslin%27s_problem" title="Suslin's problem">Suslin's problem</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Set_theorists" title="Category:Set theorists">Set theorists</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Fraenkel" title="Abraham Fraenkel">Abraham Fraenkel</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Zermelo" title="Ernst Zermelo">Ernst Zermelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georg Cantor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bernays" title="Paul Bernays">Paul Bernays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dedekind" title="Richard Dedekind">Richard Dedekind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jech" title="Thomas Jech">Thomas Jech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Quine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1901–1925</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1901</span> <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1902</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1903</span> <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1904</span> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1905</span> <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1906</span> <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1907</span> <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1908</span> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1909</span> <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1910</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1911</span> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1912</span> <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1913</span> <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li>
<li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1914</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1915</span> <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1916</span> <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1917</span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></li>
<li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1918</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1919</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1920</span> <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1921</span> <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1922</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1923</span> <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1924</span> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1925</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1926–1950</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1926</span> <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1927</span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1928</span> <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1929</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1930</span> <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1931</span> <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1932</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1933</span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1934</span> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></li>
<li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1935</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1936</span> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1937</span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1938</span> <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1939</span> <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></li>
<li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1940</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1941</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1942</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1943</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1944</span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1945</span> <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1946</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1947</span> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1948</span> <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1949</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1950</span> <strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1951–1975</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1951</span> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1952</span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1953</span> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1954</span> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1955</span> <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1956</span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1957</span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1958</span> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1959</span> <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1960</span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1961</span> <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1962</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1963</span> <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1964</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</i></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1965</span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1966</span> <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1967</span> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel ?ngel Asturias">Miguel ?ngel Asturias</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1968</span> <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1969</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1970</span> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1971</span> <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1972</span> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1973</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1974</span> <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1975</span> <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1976–2000</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1976</span> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1977</span> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1978</span> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1979</span> <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1980</span> <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1981</span> <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1982</span> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1983</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1984</span> <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1985</span> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1986</span> <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1987</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1988</span> <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1989</span> <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1990</span> <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1991</span> <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1992</span> <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1993</span> <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1994</span> <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzabur? Ōe">Kenzabur? Ōe</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1995</span> <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1996</span> <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1997</span> <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1998</span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">1999</span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2000</span> <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">2001–present</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2002</span> <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2003</span> <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2005</span> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2006</span> <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2007</span> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2008</span> <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2010</span> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2011</span> <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2013</span> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2014</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;">2015</span> <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:114%">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Sonning_Prize" title="Sonning Prize">Sonning Prize</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Churchill</a> (1950)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> (1959)</li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong> (1960)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1961)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a> (1962)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> (1963)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Dominique Pire</a> (1964)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nikolaus_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> (1965)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1966)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Visser_%27t_Hooft" title="Willem Visser 't Hooft">Willem A. Visser't Hooft</a> (1967)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a> (1968)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a> (1969)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tau" title="Max Tau">Max Tau</a> (1970)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danilo_Dolci" title="Danilo Dolci">Danilo Dolci</a> (1971)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> (1973)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> (1975)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a> (1977)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gmeiner" title="Hermann Gmeiner">Hermann Gmeiner</a> (1979)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> (1981)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> (1983)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Heinesen" title="William Heinesen">William Heinesen</a> (1985)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> (1987)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1989)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a> (1994)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (1996)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> (1998)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Barba" title="Eugenio Barba">Eugenio Barba</a> (2000)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> (2002)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Hatoum" title="Mona Hatoum">Mona Hatoum</a> (2004)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Heller" title="?gnes Heller">?gnes Heller</a> (2006)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> (2008)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> (2010)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> (2012)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a> (2014)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Template:Anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Template talk:Anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Protests<br />
and groups</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti%E2%80%93nuclear_power_groups" title="List of anti–nuclear power groups">Anti-nuclear power groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Anti-nuclear protests">Anti-nuclear protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_for_Peace" title="Mayors for Peace">Mayors for Peace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Action#Nuclear_Weapons_Freeze_Campaign" title="Peace Action">Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Action" title="Peace Action">Peace Action and SANE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pembina_Institute" title="Pembina Institute">Pembina Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_(France)" title="Sortir du nucléaire (France)">Sortir du nucléaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Uranium_Hearing" title="World Uranium Hearing">World Uranium Hearing</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg/80px-Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg/120px-Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg/160px-Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By country</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Austria" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Canada" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_France" title="Anti-nuclear movement in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India#Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Nuclear power in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_power_movement_in_Japan" title="Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand's nuclear-free zone">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_Philippines" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Russia" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_South_Korea" title="Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan#Post-Fukushima" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_against_nuclear_plant_in_Turkey" title="Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">United States</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tadatoshi_Akiba" title="Tadatoshi Akiba">Tadatoshi Akiba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bigelow" title="Albert Bigelow">Albert Bigelow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cousins" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Edwards" title="Gordon Edwards">Gordon Edwards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Forsberg" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Gofman" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Green_(activist)" title="Jim Green (activist)">Jim Green</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gunter" title="Paul Gunter">Paul Gunter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nobuto_Hosaka" title="Nobuto Hosaka">Nobuto Hosaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Hudson" title="Jackie Hudson">Jackie Hudson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Hudson_(activist)" title="Kate Hudson (activist)">Kate Hudson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Kopreitan" title="Ole Kopreitan">Ole Kopreitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freda_Meissner-Blau" title="Freda Meissner-Blau">Freda Meissner-Blau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Minor" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kenzaburo_Oe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenzaburo Oe">Kenzaburo Oe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pentz" title="Mike Pentz">Mike Pentz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Perlas" title="Nicanor Perlas">Nicanor Perlas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Roche" title="Adi Roche">Adi Roche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Ruff" title="Tilman Ruff">Tilman Ruff</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Scheer" title="Jens Scheer">Jens Scheer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Schell" title="Jonathan Schell">Jonathan Schell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Wasserman" title="Harvey Wasserman">Harvey Wasserman</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Media</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of books about nuclear issues">Books about nuclear issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of films about nuclear issues">Films about nuclear issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_holocaust_fiction" title="List of nuclear holocaust fiction">Nuclear holocaust fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_in_popular_culture" title="Nuclear weapons in popular culture">Nuclear weapons in popular culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Songs_about_nuclear_war_and_weapons" title="Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons">Songs about nuclear war and weapons</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related<br />
topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France and weapons of mass destruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Manifesto" title="Göttingen Manifesto">Göttingen Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_anti-nuclear_movement" title="History of the anti-nuclear movement">History of the anti-nuclear movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mainau_Declaration" title="Mainau Declaration">Mainau Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-Free_Future_Award" title="Nuclear-Free Future Award">Nuclear-Free Future Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-free_zone" title="Nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons debate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">Peace activists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn_Peace_Medal" title="Otto Hahn Peace Medal">Otto Hahn Peace Medal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Sun" title="Smiling Sun">Smiling Sun</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bomb_(film)" title="The Bomb (film)">The Bomb</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Criticism_of_religion&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By religion</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_Opus_Dei" title="Controversies about Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church#Controversy" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticism" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi’ism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Religious texts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadith#Criticism_and_debates" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Religious figures</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Moses">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and violence">Religion and violence</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_terror" title="Saffron terror">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_terrorism" title="Jewish religious terrorism">Jewish</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">By Christians</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li>
<li>By country
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_violence_in_India" title="Anti-Christian violence in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Books</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-style:italic;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Age_of_Science%3F" title="God in the Age of Science?">God in the Age of Science?</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Movements</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="C?rv?ka">C?rv?ka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Church of the SubGenius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster">Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Pink_Unicorn" title="Invisible Pink Unicorn">Invisible Pink Unicorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" title="Nontheistic religions">Nontheistic religions</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kovoor" title="Abraham Kovoor">Abraham Kovoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Servier" title="André Servier">André Servier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Laurie_Gaylor" title="Annie Laurie Gaylor">Annie Laurie Gaylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="B.R. Ambedkar">B.R. Ambedkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Bertrand Russell</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hicks" title="Bill Hicks">Bill Hicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Dan Barker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Debiprasad_Chattopadhyaya" title="Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya">Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greydon_Square" title="Greydon Square">Greydon Square</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Kancha_Ilaiah" title="Kancha Ilaiah">Kancha Ilaiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair" title="Madalyn Murray O'Hair">Madalyn Murray O'Hair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magdi_Allam" title="Magdi Allam">Magdi Allam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandisa_Thomas" title="Mandisa Thomas">Mandisa Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nonie_Darwish" title="Nonie Darwish">Nonie Darwish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Condell" title="Pat Condell">Pat Condell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller" title="Penn &amp; Teller">Penn &amp; Teller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy" title="Periyar E. V. Ramasamy">Periyar E. V. Ramasamy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PZ_Myers" title="PZ Myers">PZ Myers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sikivu_Hutchinson" title="Sikivu Hutchinson">Sikivu Hutchinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin" title="Taslima Nasrin">Taslima Nasrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufman</a></li>
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<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">MGP</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=66811">66811</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35468761">35468761</a></span></span></li>
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<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX986609">XX986609</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00236823?l=en">DA00236823</a></span></span></li>
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title="बर?ट?रैंड रसल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन?दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">?slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C" title="ברטר?נד ר?סל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬರ?ಟ?ರಾನ?ಡ? ರಸಲ? – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ?ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბერტრ?ნ რ?სელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქ?რთული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бертран Ра??ел – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrandus_Russell" title="Bertrandus Russell – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93rtrands_Rasels" title="Bērtrands Rasels – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бертранд Ра?ел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македон?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BD" title="ബെർട?രാൻഡ? റസ?സൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="बर?ट?रांड रसेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="برتراند راسل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="برتراند راسل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">ماز?رونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a href="//min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бертран Ра??ел – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ဘာထရန် ရပ်ဆဲလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="बर?टेण?ड रसेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB" title="?ートランド・ラッセル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬਰਟਰੈਂਡ ਰਸਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84" title="برٹرینڈ رسل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ра??ел, Бертран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Ру??кий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sloven?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenš?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%B5" title="بێرتراند ڕاسڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бертранд Ра?ел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Срп?ки / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / ?рп?кохрват?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெர?ட?ரண?ட? ரசல? – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="బెర?ట?రాండ? రస?సెల? – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెల?గ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="เบอร์ทรันด์ รัสเซลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Бертран Ра??елл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Україн?ька</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84" title="برٹرینڈ رسل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russelli_Bertrand" title="Russelli Bertrand – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" title="羅素 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li>					</ul>
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