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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Atheism</h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">"Atheist" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Atheist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Atheist (disambiguation)">Atheist (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Atheism" title="Category:Atheism">a series</a> on</td>
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<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><strong class="selflink">Atheism</strong></th>
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<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding:0.5em 0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg" class="image"><img alt="Atheismsymbol endorsed by AAI.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg/140px-Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg.png" width="140" height="140" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg/210px-Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg/280px-Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="336" /></a>
<div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">Symbol designed by <a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a> in 2007</div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li>
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<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Atheism and religion</a><br />
(<a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">of religion</a>)</div>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History of atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_atheism" title="Outline of atheism">Outline</a></li>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;padding:0 0.4em 0">Types</div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Hindu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adevism" title="Adevism">Adevism</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_atheism" title="Evangelical atheism">Evangelical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Feminist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">Scientific or New Atheism</a></li>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;padding:0 0.4em 0">Arguments for atheism</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Against God's existence</a>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evil_God_Challenge" title="Evil God Challenge">Evil God Challenge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned"><span class="wrap">Fate of the unlearned</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hitchens%27s_razor" title="Hitchens's razor">Hitchens's razor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Incompatible-properties_argument" title="Incompatible-properties argument"><span class="wrap">Incompatible properties</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics of atheism</a></li>
<li>
<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination against&#160;/ persecution of<br />
atheists</a></div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Lists of atheists</a></li>
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<th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Weak_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak agnosticism">Weak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strong_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong agnosticism">Strong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_theism" title="Agnostic theism">Agnostic theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignosticism" title="Ignosticism">Ignosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li>
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<th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-theism" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a></li>
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<th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodological naturalism">Methodological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li>
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<th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li>
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<li><span class="metadata"><a href="/wiki/File:Atheism_template.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Atheism_template.svg/16px-Atheism_template.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Atheism_template.svg/24px-Atheism_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Atheism_template.svg/32px-Atheism_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Atheism" title="Portal:Atheism">Atheism portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Atheism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Atheism">WikiProject</a></li>
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<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesians_2,12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg" class="image" title="&quot;αθεοι&quot; (atheoi), Greek for &quot;those without god&quot;, as it appears in the Epistle to the Ephesians on the third-century papyrus known as &quot;Papyrus 46&quot;"><img alt="&quot;αθεοι&quot; (atheoi), Greek for &quot;those without god&quot;, as it appears in the Epistle to the Ephesians on the third-century papyrus known as &quot;Papyrus 46&quot;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg/170px-Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg" width="170" height="72" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg/255px-Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="135" /></a></td>
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<a href="/wiki/Post-theism" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a></li>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lightgray;;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;"><strong class="selflink">Atheism</strong></div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination/Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Lists of atheists</a></li>
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<th style="padding:0.1em;font-weight:normal;">Forms and variations</th>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_atheism" class="mw-redirect" title="New atheism">New</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish</a></li>
</ul>
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<th style="padding:0.1em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Relationship between atheism and religion</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lightgray;;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Strong_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong agnosticism">Strong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weak_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak agnosticism">Weak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Atheistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_theism" title="Agnostic theism">Theistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">List of agnostics</a></li>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lightgray;;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism"><span class="wrap">Secular humanism</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster">Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignosticism" title="Ignosticism">Ignosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Pink_Unicorn" title="Invisible Pink Unicorn">Invisible Pink Unicorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" title="Nontheistic religions"><span class="wrap">Nontheistic religions</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-theism" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a></span></li>
<li><br />
<a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism"><span class="wrap">Theological noncognitivism</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lightgray;;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li>
<li><br />
<a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)#Methodological_naturalism" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Methodological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lightgray;;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;">People</div>
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<ul>
<li>Lists of&#160; <a href="/wiki/List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">agnostics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">atheists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deists" title="List of deists">deists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of humanists">humanists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pantheists" title="List of pantheists">pantheists</a></li>
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lightgray;;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;">Books</div>
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<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza)" title="Ethics (Spinoza)">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li>
</ul>
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</div>
</td>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lightgray;;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secularist_organizations" title="List of secularist organizations">Secularist organizations</a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Reason Rally">Reason Rally</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Pantheist_Movement" title="World Pantheist Movement">World Pantheist Movement</a></li>
</ul>
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</div>
</div>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lightgray;;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;">Related topics</div>
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<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" title="Laïcité">Laïcité</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions#Parody_or_mock_religions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Parody or mock religions</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td class="plainlist" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligion by country">Irreligion by country</a></li>
</ul>
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<td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irreligion_sidebar" title="Template:Irreligion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irreligion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Irreligion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Irreligion_sidebar&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li>
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</table>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:God" title="Category:God">a series</a> on</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></th>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame" style="border:none;padding:0">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">General conceptions</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Atheism</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignosticism" title="Ignosticism">Ignosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monolatrism" title="Monolatrism">Monolatrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Specific conceptions</a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Greek_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monad (Greek philosophy)">Monad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Being" title="Supreme Being">Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_All" title="The All">The All</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord">The Lord</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ditheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ditheism">Ditheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">In particular religions</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;">
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none">
<tr>
<th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Attributes</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
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<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li>Experiences</li>
<li>Practices</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left">Related topics</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li>
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<p><b>Atheism</b> is, in the broadest sense, the absence of <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> in the existence of <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc-unbelief-def-issues_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-unbelief-def-issues-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxdicphil_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxdicphil-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-religioustolerance_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religioustolerance-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Less broadly, atheism is the rejection of belief that any deities exist.<sup id="cite_ref-eb2011-atheism_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb2011-atheism-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyc-philosophy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-philosophy-6">[6]</a></sup> In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc-unbelief-def-issues_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-unbelief-def-issues-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxdicphil_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxdicphil-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RoweRoutledge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoweRoutledge-7">[7]</a></sup> Atheism is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-reldef_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reldef-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED-theism_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-theism-9">[9]</a></sup> which, in its most general form, is the belief that <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">at least one deity exists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED-theism_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-theism-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
<p>The term <i>atheism</i> originated from the Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄθεος">ἄθεος</a></span> (<i>atheos</i>), meaning "without god(s)", used as a pejorative term applied to those thought to reject the gods worshiped by the larger society.<sup id="cite_ref-drachmann_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drachmann-12">[12]</a></sup> With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptical inquiry">skeptical inquiry</a>, and subsequent increase in <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">criticism of religion</a>, application of the term narrowed in scope. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_atheist_philosophers" title="List of atheist philosophers">first individuals</a> to identify themselves using the word <i>atheist</i> lived in the 18th century during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999-13">[13]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, noted for its "unprecedented atheism," witnessed the first major political movement in history to advocate for the supremacy of human <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HancockLambert_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HancockLambert-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
<p>Arguments for atheism range from the philosophical to social and historical approaches. Rationales for not believing in deities include arguments that there is a lack of <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Empirical_arguments" title="Existence of God">empirical evidence</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-logical_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logical-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">argument from inconsistent revelations</a>; the rejection of concepts that cannot <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">be falsified</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">argument from nonbelief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-logical_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logical-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drange-1996_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drange-1996-17">[17]</a></sup> Although some atheists have adopted <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> philosophies (eg. <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-honderich_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honderich-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> there is no one ideology or set of behaviors to which all atheists adhere.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Many atheists hold that atheism is a more <a href="/wiki/Parsimonious" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsimonious">parsimonious</a> worldview than theism and therefore that the <a href="/wiki/Philosophic_burden_of_proof" title="Philosophic burden of proof">burden of proof</a> lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of God but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
<p>Since conceptions of atheism vary, accurate estimations of current <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">numbers of atheists</a> are difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2007-22">[22]</a></sup> Several comprehensive global polls on the subject have been conducted by <a href="/wiki/WIN/GIA" title="WIN/GIA">Gallup International</a>: their 2015 poll featured over 64,000 respondents and indicated that 11% were "convinced atheists" whereas an earlier 2012 poll found that 13% of respondents were "convinced atheists."<sup id="cite_ref-WIN.2FGIA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIN.2FGIA-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wingia2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wingia2-24">[24]</a></sup> An older survey by the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a>, in 2004, recorded atheists as comprising 8% of the world's population.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-2004-demographics_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2004-demographics-25">[25]</a></sup> Other older estimates have indicated that atheists comprise 2% of the world's population, while the <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a> add a further 12%.<sup id="cite_ref-eb2007-demographics_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb2007-demographics-26">[26]</a></sup> According to these polls, Europe and East Asia are the regions with the highest rates of atheism. In 2015, 61% of people in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> reported that they were atheists.<sup id="cite_ref-GallupInternational_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GallupInternational-27">[27]</a></sup> The figures for a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> survey in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) reported that 20% of the EU population claimed not to believe in "any sort of spirit, God or life force".<sup id="cite_ref-EU_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definitions_and_distinctions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definitions and distinctions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Range"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Range</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Implicit_vs._explicit"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Implicit vs. explicit</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Positive_vs._negative"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Positive vs. negative</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Definition_as_impossible_or_impermanent"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Definition as impossible or impermanent</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Concepts"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Concepts</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Practical_atheism"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Practical atheism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Theoretical_atheism"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Theoretical atheism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ontological_arguments"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ontological arguments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Epistemological_arguments"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Epistemological arguments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Metaphysical_arguments"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Metaphysical arguments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Logical_arguments"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Logical arguments</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Reductionary_accounts_of_religion"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reductionary accounts of religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Atheism_within_religions"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Atheism within religions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Atheistic_philosophies"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Atheistic philosophies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Atheism.2C_religion.2C_and_morality"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Atheism, religion, and morality</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Association_with_world_views_and_social_behaviors"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Association with world views and social behaviors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Atheism_and_irreligion"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Atheism and irreligion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Divine_command_vs._ethics"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Divine command vs. ethics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Criticism_of_religion"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism of religion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Early_Indic_religion"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early Indic religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Classical_antiquity"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classical antiquity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Early_Middle_Ages_to_the_Renaissance"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Early_modern_period"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Since_1900"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Since 1900</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Other_developments"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Other developments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#New_Atheism"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">New Atheism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Arab_world"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Arab world</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Atheism.2C_wealth.2C_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Atheism, wealth, and education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definitions_and_distinctions">Definitions and distinctions</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg/220px-AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg.png" width="220" height="128" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg/330px-AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg/440px-AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="567" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A diagram showing the relationship between the definitions of <a href="/wiki/Weak_and_strong_atheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak and strong atheism">weak/strong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">implicit/explicit</a> atheism.<br />
Explicit strong/positive/hard atheists (in <span style="color:purple;"><b>purple</b></span> on the <b>right</b>) assert that <i>"at least one deity exists"</i> is a false statement.<br />
Explicit weak/negative/soft atheists (in <span style="color:blue;"><b>blue</b></span> on the <b>right</b>) reject or eschew belief that any deities exist without actually asserting that <i>"at least one deity exists"</i> is a false statement.<br />
Implicit weak/negative atheists (in <span style="color:blue;"><b>blue</b></span> on the <b>left</b>), according to authors such as George H. Smith, would include people (such as young children and some agnostics) who do not believe in a deity but have not explicitly rejected such belief.<br />
(Sizes in the diagram are not meant to indicate relative sizes within a population.)</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Writers disagree on how best to define and classify <i>atheism</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911-atheism_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-atheism-29">[29]</a></sup> contesting what supernatural entities it applies to, whether it is a philosophic position in its own right or merely the absence of one, and whether it requires a conscious, explicit rejection. Atheism has been regarded as compatible with <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-agnosticism-compatible_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agnosticism-compatible-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-flint-agnostic-atheism_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flint-agnostic-atheism-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyc-unbelief-compatible_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-unbelief-compatible-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-martin-agnosticism-entails_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-agnosticism-entails-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barker-agnostic-atheism_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barker-agnostic-atheism-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-besant-open-to-new-truth_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-besant-open-to-new-truth-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holyoake-question-of-probability_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holyoake-question-of-probability-36">[36]</a></sup> and has also been contrasted with it.<sup id="cite_ref-eb2011-atheism-critique_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb2011-atheism-critique-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb2011concise-atheism_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb2011concise-atheism-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb1911-atheism-sceptical_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-atheism-sceptical-39">[39]</a></sup> A variety of categories have been used to distinguish the different forms of atheism.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Range">Range</span></h3>
<p>Some of the ambiguity and controversy involved in defining <i>atheism</i> arises from difficulty in reaching a consensus for the definitions of words like <i>deity</i> and <i>god</i>. The plurality of wildly different <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">conceptions of God</a> and deities leads to differing ideas regarding atheism's applicability. The ancient Romans accused Christians of being atheists for not worshiping the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> deities. Gradually, this view fell into disfavor as <i>theism</i> came to be understood as encompassing belief in any divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2006_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2006-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
<p>With respect to the range of phenomena being rejected, atheism may counter anything from the existence of a deity, to the existence of any <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a> concepts, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Implicit_vs._explicit">Implicit vs. explicit</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a></div>
<p>Definitions of atheism also vary in the degree of consideration a person must put to the idea of gods to be considered an atheist. Atheism has sometimes been defined to include the simple absence of belief that any deities exist. This broad definition would include newborns and other people who have not been exposed to theistic ideas. As far back as 1772, <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a> said that "All children are born Atheists; they have no idea of God."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">George H. Smith</a> (1979) suggested that: "The man who is unacquainted with theism is an atheist because he does not believe in a god. This category would also include the child with the conceptual capacity to grasp the issues involved, but who is still unaware of those issues. The fact that this child does not believe in god qualifies him as an atheist."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Smith coined the term <i>implicit atheism</i> to refer to "the absence of theistic belief without a conscious rejection of it" and <i>explicit atheism</i> to refer to the more common definition of conscious disbelief. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Ernest Nagel</a> contradicts Smith's definition of atheism as merely "absence of theism", acknowledging only explicit atheism as true "atheism".<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel1959_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel1959-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Positive_vs._negative">Positive vs. negative</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></div>
<p>Philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a><sup id="cite_ref-presumption_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presumption-45">[45]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin_(philosopher)" title="Michael Martin (philosopher)">Michael Martin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2006_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2006-40">[40]</a></sup> have contrasted positive (strong/hard) atheism with negative (weak/soft) atheism. Positive atheism is the explicit affirmation that gods do not exist. Negative atheism includes all other forms of non-theism. According to this categorization, anyone who is not a theist is either a negative or a positive atheist. The terms <i>weak</i> and <i>strong</i> are relatively recent, while the terms <i>negative</i> and <i>positive</i> atheism are of older origin, having been used (in slightly different ways) in the philosophical literature<sup id="cite_ref-presumption_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presumption-45">[45]</a></sup> and in Catholic apologetics.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> Under this demarcation of atheism, most agnostics qualify as negative atheists.</p>
<p>While <a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin_(philosopher)" title="Michael Martin (philosopher)">Martin</a>, for example, asserts that agnosticism <a href="/wiki/Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">entails</a> negative atheism,<sup id="cite_ref-martin-agnosticism-entails_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-agnosticism-entails-33">[33]</a></sup> many agnostics see their view as distinct from atheism,<sup id="cite_ref-Kenny2006_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenny2006-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> which they may consider no more justified than theism or requiring an equal conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenny2006_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenny2006-47">[47]</a></sup> The assertion of unattainability of knowledge for or against the existence of gods is sometimes seen as an indication that atheism requires a <a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">leap of faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Common atheist responses to this argument include that unproven <i><a href="/wiki/Faith#Faith_in_world_religions" title="Faith">religious</a></i> propositions deserve as much disbelief as all <i>other</i> unproven propositions,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> and that the unprovability of a god's existence does not imply equal probability of either possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> Scottish philosopher <a href="/wiki/J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">J. J. C. Smart</a> even argues that "sometimes a person who is really an atheist may describe herself, even passionately, as an agnostic because of unreasonable generalised <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">philosophical skepticism</a> which would preclude us from saying that we know anything whatever, except perhaps the truths of mathematics and formal logic."<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-53">[53]</a></sup> Consequently, some atheist authors such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> prefer distinguishing theist, agnostic and atheist positions along a <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_of_theistic_probability" title="Spectrum of theistic probability">spectrum of theistic probability</a>—the likelihood that each assigns to the statement "God exists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins200650_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins200650-54">[54]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Definition_as_impossible_or_impermanent">Definition as impossible or impermanent</span></h3>
<p>Before the 18th century, the existence of God was so accepted in the western world that even the possibility of true atheism was questioned. This is called <i>theistic <a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">innatism</a></i>—the notion that all people believe in God from birth; within this view was the connotation that atheists are simply in denial.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></p>
<p>There is also a position claiming that atheists are quick to believe in God in times of crisis, that atheists make <a href="/wiki/Deathbed_conversion" title="Deathbed conversion">deathbed conversions</a>, or that "there are no <a href="/wiki/Atheists_in_foxholes" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists in foxholes">atheists in foxholes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> There have however been examples to the contrary, among them examples of literal "atheists in foxholes".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup></p>
<p>Some atheists have doubted the very need for the term "atheism". In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a> wrote:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In fact, "atheism" is a term that should not even exist. No one ever needs to identify himself as a "non-<a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologer</a>" or a "non-<a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemist</a>". We do not have words for people who doubt that Elvis is still alive or that aliens have traversed the galaxy only to molest ranchers and their cattle. Atheism is nothing more than the noises reasonable people make in the presence of unjustified religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2F.3Fid.3DypyMZlkgHGIC.26pg.3DPA51.26dq.3DNo.2Bone.2Bever.2Bneeds.2Bto.2Bidentify.2Bhimself.2Bas.2Ba.2B.2522non-astrologer.2522.2Bor.2Ba.2B.2522non-alchemist.26f.3Dfalse_51.5D_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2F.3Fid.3DypyMZlkgHGIC.26pg.3DPA51.26dq.3DNo.2Bone.2Bever.2Bneeds.2Bto.2Bidentify.2Bhimself.2Bas.2Ba.2B.2522non-astrologer.2522.2Bor.2Ba.2B.2522non-alchemist.26f.3Dfalse_51.5D-58">[58]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Concepts">Concepts</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:D%27Holbach.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/D%27Holbach.jpg/220px-D%27Holbach.jpg" width="220" height="302" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/D%27Holbach.jpg/330px-D%27Holbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/D%27Holbach.jpg/440px-D%27Holbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="975" /></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach</a>, an 18th-century advocate of atheism.
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>The source of man's unhappiness is his ignorance of Nature. The pertinacity with which he clings to blind opinions imbibed in his infancy, which interweave themselves with his existence, the consequent prejudice that warps his mind, that prevents its expansion, that renders him the slave of fiction, appears to doom him to continual error.</p>
<div class="templatequotecite"><cite>— d'Holbach, <a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></cite></div>
</blockquote>
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<p>The broadest demarcation of atheistic rationale is between practical and theoretical atheism.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Practical_atheism">Practical atheism</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></div>
<p>In <i>practical</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatic</a></i> atheism, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">apatheism</a></i>, individuals live as if there are no gods and explain natural phenomena without reference to any deities. The existence of gods is not rejected, but may be designated unnecessary or useless; gods neither provide purpose to life, nor influence everyday life, according to this view.<sup id="cite_ref-Zdybicka-p20_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka-p20-60">[60]</a></sup> A form of practical atheism with implications for the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> is <a href="/wiki/Methodological_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodological naturalism">methodological naturalism</a>—the "tacit adoption or assumption of philosophical naturalism within <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> with or without fully accepting or believing it."<sup id="cite_ref-neps_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neps-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
<p>Practical atheism can take various forms:</p>
<ul>
<li>Absence of religious motivation—belief in gods does not motivate moral action, religious action, or any other form of action;</li>
<li>Active exclusion of the problem of gods and religion from intellectual pursuit and practical action;</li>
<li>Indifference—the absence of any interest in the problems of gods and religion; or</li>
<li>Unawareness of the concept of a deity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theoretical_atheism">Theoretical atheism</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Ontological_arguments">Ontological arguments</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></div>
<p>Theoretical (or theoric) atheism explicitly posits arguments against the existence of gods, responding to common <a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_the_existence_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Arguments for the existence of God">theistic arguments</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from design">argument from design</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_Wager" title="Pascal's Wager">Pascal's Wager</a>. Theoretical atheism is mainly an ontology; more precisely, a <a href="/wiki/Physical_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical ontology">physical ontology</a>.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Epistemological_arguments">Epistemological arguments</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemological</a> atheism argues that people cannot know a God or determine the existence of a God. The foundation of epistemological atheism is agnosticism, which takes a variety of forms. In the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a>, divinity is inseparable from the world itself, including a person's mind, and each person's <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is locked in the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a>. According to this form of agnosticism, this limitation in perspective prevents any objective inference from belief in a god to assertions of its existence. The <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalistic</a> agnosticism of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> only accepts knowledge deduced with human rationality; this form of atheism holds that gods are not discernible as a matter of principle, and therefore cannot be known to exist. <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a>, based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>, asserts that certainty about anything is impossible, so one can never know for sure whether or not a god exists. Hume, however, held that such unobservable metaphysical concepts should be rejected as "sophistry and illusion".<sup id="cite_ref-hume-metaphysics_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume-metaphysics-63">[63]</a></sup> The allocation of agnosticism to atheism is disputed; it can also be regarded as an independent, basic worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-Zdybicka-p20_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka-p20-60">[60]</a></sup></p>
<p>Other arguments for atheism that can be classified as epistemological or <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignosticism" title="Ignosticism">ignosticism</a>, assert the meaninglessness or unintelligibility of basic terms such as "God" and statements such as "God is all-powerful." <a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a> holds that the statement "God exists" does not express a proposition, but is nonsensical or cognitively meaningless. It has been argued both ways as to whether such individuals can be classified into some form of atheism or agnosticism. Philosophers <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Drange" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore M. Drange">Theodore M. Drange</a> reject both categories, stating that both camps accept "God exists" as a proposition; they instead place noncognitivism in its own category.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup></p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Metaphysical_arguments">Metaphysical arguments</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></div>
<p>One author writes:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>"Metaphysical atheism&#160;... includes all doctrines that hold to metaphysical monism (the homogeneity of reality). Metaphysical atheism may be either: a) absolute — an explicit denial of God's existence associated with materialistic monism (all materialistic trends, both in ancient and modern times); b) relative — the implicit denial of God in all philosophies that, while they accept the existence of an absolute, conceive of the absolute as not possessing any of the attributes proper to God: transcendence, a personal character or unity. Relative atheism is associated with idealistic monism (pantheism, panentheism, deism)."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
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<a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> is credited with first expounding the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_concerning_Natural_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogues concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues concerning Natural Religion</a></i> (1779) cited Epicurus in stating the argument as a series of questions:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1779_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1779-67">[67]</a></sup> "Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is impotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?"</div>
</div>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Logical_arguments">Logical arguments</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Arguments against the existence of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Divine hiddenness</a></div>
<p>Logical atheism holds that the various <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">conceptions of gods</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal god</a> of Christianity, are ascribed logically inconsistent qualities. Such atheists present <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Deductive_arguments" title="Existence of God">deductive arguments</a> against the existence of God, which assert the incompatibility between certain traits, such as perfection, creator-status, <a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">immutability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendence</a>, personhood (a personal being), nonphysicality, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">mercy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-logical_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logical-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicean</a> atheists believe that the world as they experience it cannot be reconciled with the qualities commonly ascribed to God and gods by theologians. They argue that an <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolent</a> God is not compatible with a world where there is <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">evil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>, and where divine love is <a href="/wiki/Divine_hiddenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine hiddenness">hidden</a> from many people.<sup id="cite_ref-Drange-1996_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drange-1996-17">[17]</a></sup> A similar argument is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reductionary_accounts_of_religion">Reductionary accounts of religion</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Evolutionary origin of religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology of religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></div>
<p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> and psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> have argued that God and other religious beliefs are human inventions, created to fulfill various psychological and emotional wants or needs. This is also a view of many <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, influenced by the work of Feuerbach, argued that belief in God and religion are social functions, used by those in power to oppress the working class. According to <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, "the idea of God implies the abdication of human reason and justice; it is the most decisive negation of human liberty, and necessarily ends in the enslavement of mankind, in theory and practice." He reversed <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s famous aphorism that if God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him, writing instead that "if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish him."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Atheism_within_religions">Atheism within religions</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" title="Nontheistic religions">Nontheistic religions</a></div>
<p>Atheism is acceptable within some religious and spiritual belief systems, including <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntheism" title="Syntheism">Syntheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Paganism_(contemporary_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism (contemporary religions)">Neopagan</a> <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">movements</a><sup id="cite_ref-Neopaganism_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neopaganism-73">[73]</a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicca_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicca-74">[74]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika" class="mw-redirect" title="Āstika">Āstika</a> schools in <a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> hold atheism to be a valid path to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, but extremely difficult, for the atheist can not expect any help from <a href="/wiki/Gods_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods in Hinduism">the divine</a> on their journey.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> Jainism believes the universe is eternal and has no need for a creator deity, however <a href="/wiki/Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankaras">Tirthankaras</a> are revered that can transcend space and time <sup id="cite_ref-devdutt_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devdutt-76">[76]</a></sup> and have more power than the god <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a> does not advocate belief in gods. Early Buddhism was atheistic as <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>'s path involved no mention of gods. <a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Later conceptions</a> of Buddhism consider Buddha himself a god, suggest adherents can attain godhood, and revere <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Buddha" title="Eternal Buddha">Eternal Buddha</a>.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Atheistic_philosophies">Atheistic philosophies</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atheist_existentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist existentialism">Atheist existentialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Axiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiological">Axiological</a>, or constructive, atheism rejects the existence of gods in favor of a "higher absolute", such as <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">humanity</a>. This form of atheism favors humanity as the absolute source of ethics and values, and permits individuals to resolve moral problems without resorting to God. Marx and Freud used this argument to convey messages of liberation, full-development, and unfettered happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-Zdybicka-p20_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka-p20-60">[60]</a></sup> One of the most common <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">criticisms of atheism</a> has been to the contrary—that denying the existence of a god leads to <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a>, leaving one with no moral or ethical foundation,<sup id="cite_ref-misconceptions_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-misconceptions-79">[79]</a></sup> or renders life <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning of life (religious)">meaningless</a> and miserable.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> argued this view in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9es" title="Pensées">Pensées</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup></p>
<p>French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> identified himself as a representative of an "<a href="/wiki/Atheist_existentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist existentialism">atheist existentialism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre2004127_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre2004127-82">[82]</a></sup> concerned less with denying the existence of God than with establishing that "man needs&#160;... to find himself again and to understand that nothing can save him from himself, not even a valid proof of the existence of God."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre200145_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre200145-83">[83]</a></sup> Sartre said a corollary of his atheism was that "if God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being who exists before he can be defined by any concept, and&#160;... this being is man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre2004127_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre2004127-82">[82]</a></sup> The practical consequence of this atheism was described by Sartre as meaning that there are no <i>a priori rules</i> or absolute values that can be invoked to govern human conduct, and that humans are "condemned" to invent these for themselves, making "man" absolutely "responsible for everything he does".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre200132_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre200132-84">[84]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Atheism.2C_religion.2C_and_morality">Atheism, religion, and morality</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Atheism and religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secular_morality" title="Secular morality">Secular morality</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Association_with_world_views_and_social_behaviors">Association with world views and social behaviors</span></h3>
<p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman" title="Phil Zuckerman">Phil Zuckerman</a> analyzed previous social science research on secularity and non-belief, and concluded that societal well-being is positively correlated with irreligion. He found that there are much lower concentrations of atheism and secularity in poorer, less developed nations (particularly in Africa and South America) than in the richer industrialized democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> His findings relating specifically to atheism in the US were that compared to religious people in the US, "atheists and secular people" are less <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a>, prejudiced, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a>, dogmatic, <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentric</a>, closed-minded, and authoritarian, and in US states with the highest percentages of atheists, the murder rate is lower than average. In the most religious states, the murder rate is higher than average.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-87">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Atheism_and_irreligion">Atheism and irreligion</span></h3>
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<a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is sometimes described as nontheistic because of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">the absence</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Creator_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator god">creator god</a>, but that can be too simplistic a view.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup></div>
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<p>People who self-identify as atheists are often assumed to be <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>, but some sects within major religions reject the existence of a personal, <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-winston2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winston2-90">[90]</a></sup> In recent years, certain religious denominations have accumulated a number of openly atheistic followers, such as <a href="/wiki/Atheist_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist Jew">atheistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">humanistic Judaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup></p>
<p>The strictest sense of positive atheism does not entail any specific beliefs outside of disbelief in any deity; as such, atheists can hold any number of spiritual beliefs. For the same reason, atheists can hold a wide variety of ethical beliefs, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">moral universalism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, which holds that a moral code should be applied consistently to all humans, to <a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">moral nihilism</a>, which holds that morality is meaningless.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup></p>
<p>Philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Botton" title="Alain de Botton">Alain de Botton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bard" title="Alexander Bard">Alexander Bard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_S%C3%B6derqvist" title="Jan Söderqvist">Jan Söderqvist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> have all argued that atheists should reclaim religion as an act of defiance against theism, precisely not to leave religion as an unwarranted monopoly to theists.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Divine_command_vs._ethics">Divine command vs. ethics</span></h3>
<p>According to Plato's <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a>, the role of the gods in determining right from wrong is either unnecessary or arbitrary. <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">The argument that morality must be derived from God</a>, and cannot exist without a wise creator, has been a persistent feature of political if not so much philosophical debate.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kant_CPR_A811_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kant_CPR_A811-102">[102]</a></sup> Moral precepts such as "murder is wrong" are seen as <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine laws</a>, requiring a divine lawmaker and judge. However, many atheists argue that treating morality legalistically involves a <a href="/wiki/False_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="False analogy">false analogy</a>, and that morality does not depend on a lawmaker in the same way that laws do.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> believed in a morality independent of theistic belief, and stated that morality based upon God "has truth only if God is truth—it stands or falls with faith in God."<sup id="cite_ref-Fortin_.26_Benestad_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortin_.26_Benestad-104">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Craig_.26_Moreland_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig_.26_Moreland-105">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-106">[106]</a></sup></p>
<p>There exist <a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">normative ethical systems</a> that do not require principles and rules to be given by a deity. Some include <a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">virtue ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand)">Objectivism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a> has proposed that moral prescription (ethical rule making) is not just an issue to be explored by philosophy, but that we can meaningfully practice a <a href="/wiki/Science_of_morality" title="Science of morality">science of morality</a>. Any such scientific system must, nevertheless, respond to the criticism embodied in the <a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">naturalistic fallacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup></p>
<p>Philosophers <a href="/wiki/Susan_Neiman" title="Susan Neiman">Susan Neiman</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Julian Baggini</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> (among others) assert that behaving ethically only because of divine mandate is not true ethical behavior but merely blind obedience. Baggini argues that atheism is a superior basis for ethics, claiming that a moral basis external to religious imperatives is necessary to evaluate the morality of the imperatives themselves—to be able to discern, for example, that "thou shalt steal" is immoral even if one's religion instructs it—and that atheists, therefore, have the advantage of being more inclined to make such evaluations.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> The contemporary British political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cohen_(philosopher)" title="Martin Cohen (philosopher)">Martin Cohen</a> has offered the more historically telling example of Biblical injunctions in favour of torture and slavery as evidence of how religious injunctions follow political and social customs, rather than vice versa, but also noted that the same tendency seems to be true of supposedly dispassionate and objective philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> Cohen extends this argument in more detail in <i>Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao</i>, where he argues that the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> played a role in perpetuating social codes from the early 7th century despite changes in secular society.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_of_religion">Criticism of religion</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div>
<p>Some prominent atheists—most recently <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, and following such thinkers as <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Robert G. Ingersoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, and novelist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a>—have criticized religions, citing harmful aspects of religious practices and doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup></p>
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<a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></div>
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<p>The 19th-century German political theorist and sociologist Karl Marx called religion "the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the <a href="/wiki/Opium_of_the_people" title="Opium of the people">opium of the people</a>". He goes on to say, "The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> said that "every religious idea and every idea of God is unutterable vileness&#160;... of the most dangerous kind, 'contagion' of the most abominable kind. Millions of sins, filthy deeds, acts of violence and physical contagions&#160;... are far less dangerous than the subtle, spiritual idea of God decked out in the smartest ideological constumes&#160;...".<sup id="cite_ref-MartinAmis_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinAmis-115">[115]</a></sup></p>
<p>Sam Harris criticises Western religion's reliance on divine authority as lending itself to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006a_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006a-116">[116]</a></sup> There is a correlation between <a href="/wiki/Religious_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious fundamentalism">religious fundamentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_religious_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic religious orientation">extrinsic religion</a> (when religion is held because it serves ulterior interests)<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira-almeida2006_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira-almeida2006-117">[117]</a></sup> and authoritarianism, dogmatism, and prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> These arguments—combined with historical events that are argued to demonstrate the dangers of religion, such as the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">inquisitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" title="Witch-hunt">witch trials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">terrorist attacks</a>—have been used in response to claims of beneficial effects of belief in religion.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> Believers counter-argue that some <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">regimes that espouse atheism</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, have also been guilty of mass murder.<sup id="cite_ref-John_S._Feinberg.2C_Paul_D._Feinberg_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_S._Feinberg.2C_Paul_D._Feinberg-120">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Totalitarianism_and_Atheism_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totalitarianism_and_Atheism-121">[121]</a></sup> In response to those claims, atheists such as Sam Harris and Richard Dawkins have stated that Stalin's atrocities were influenced not by atheism but by dogmatic <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, and that while Stalin and Mao happened to be atheists, they did not do their deeds in the name of atheism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006291_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006291-122">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
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The Greek word <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αθεοι</span> (<i>atheoi</i>), as it appears in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a> (<a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Ephesians&amp;verse=2:12&amp;src=!">2:12</a>) on the early 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a>. It is usually translated into English as "[those who are] without God".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup></div>
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<p>In early <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>, the adjective <i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">átheos</span></i> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄθεος">ἄθεος</a></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Privative_a" title="Privative a">privative ἀ-</a> + <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:θεός">θεός</a></span> "god") meant "godless". It was first used as a term of censure roughly meaning "ungodly" or "impious". In the 5th century BCE, the word began to indicate more deliberate and active godlessness in the sense of "severing relations with the gods" or "denying the gods". The term <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AE%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀσεβής">ἀσεβής</a> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">asebēs</span></i>) then came to be applied against those who impiously denied or disrespected the local gods, even if they believed in other gods. Modern translations of classical texts sometimes render <i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">átheos</span></i> as "atheistic". As an abstract noun, there was also <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀθεότης">ἀθεότης</a></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">atheotēs</span></i>), "atheism". <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> transliterated the Greek word into the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atheos#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:atheos">átheos</a></span></i>. The term found frequent use in the debate between <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Hellenists</a>, with each side attributing it, in the pejorative sense, to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-drachmann_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drachmann-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
<p>The term <i>atheist</i> (from Fr. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ath%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="wikt:athée">athée</a></span></i>), in the sense of "one who&#160;... denies the existence of God or gods",<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> predates <i>atheism</i> in English, being first found as early as 1566,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> and again in 1571.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> <i>Atheist</i> as a label of practical godlessness was used at least as early as 1577.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> The term <i>atheism</i> was derived from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ath%C3%A9isme" class="extiw" title="wikt:athéisme">athéisme</a></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-mw-online_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-online-129">[129]</a></sup> and appears in English about 1587.<sup id="cite_ref-Golding_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golding-130">[130]</a></sup> An earlier work, from about 1534, used the term <i>atheonism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup> Related words emerged later: <i>deist</i> in 1621,<sup id="cite_ref-1621Deist_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1621Deist-133">[133]</a></sup> <i>theist</i> in 1662,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a></i> in 1675,<sup id="cite_ref-1675Deism_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1675Deism-135">[135]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a></i> in 1678.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> At that time "deist" and "deism" already carried their modern meaning. The term <i>theism</i> came to be contrasted with deism.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a> writes that "During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the word 'atheist' was still reserved exclusively for <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a>&#160;... The term 'atheist' was an insult. Nobody would have dreamed of calling <i>himself</i> an atheist."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
<p><i>Atheism</i> was first used to describe a self-avowed belief in late 18th-century Europe, specifically denoting disbelief in the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic god">Abrahamic god</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adevism_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adevism-137">[137]</a></sup> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> contributed to the expansion of the term to refer to disbelief in all deities, though it remains common in Western society to describe atheism as simply "disbelief in God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2006_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2006-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History of atheism</a></div>
<p>While the earliest-found usage of the term <i>atheism</i> is in 16th-century <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mw-online_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-online-129">[129]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Golding_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golding-130">[130]</a></sup> ideas that would be recognized today as atheistic are documented from the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Indic_religion">Early Indic religion</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism in Hinduism</a></div>
<p>Atheistic schools are found in early Indian thought and have existed from the times of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> Among the six <a href="/wiki/Astika_and_Nastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika and Nastika">orthodox</a> schools of Hindu philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, the oldest philosophical school of thought, does not accept God, and the early <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> also rejected the notion of God.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> The thoroughly materialistic and anti-theistic philosophical <a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="C?rv?ka">C?rv?ka</a> (or <i>Lok?yata</i>) school that originated in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> around the 6th century BCE is probably the most explicitly atheistic school of philosophy in India, similar to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaic_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrenaic school">Cyrenaic school</a>. This branch of Indian philosophy is classified as <a href="/wiki/Nastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastika">heterodox</a> due to its rejection of the authority of <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and hence is not considered part of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism, but it is noteworthy as evidence of a materialistic movement within Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup> Chatterjee and Datta explain that our understanding of C?rv?ka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools, and that it is not a living tradition:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"Though <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> in some form or other has always been present in India, and occasional references are found in the Vedas, the Buddhistic literature, the Epics, as well as in the later philosophical works we do not find any systematic work on materialism, nor any organized school of followers as the other philosophical schools possess. But almost every work of the other schools states, for refutation, the materialistic views. Our knowledge of Indian materialism is chiefly based on these."<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Classical Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Purva Mimamsa</a>. The rejection of a personal creator God is also seen in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshi_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshi-142">[142]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_Louvre.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/170px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/255px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/340px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a>
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In <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (pictured) was accused by <a href="/wiki/Meletus" title="Meletus">Meletus</a> of not believing in the gods.</div>
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<p>Western atheism has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>, but did not emerge as a distinct world-view until the late <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup> The 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Melos" title="Diagoras of Melos">Diagoras</a> is known as the "first atheist",<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup> and is cited as such by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" title="De Natura Deorum">De Natura Deorum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIC_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIC-145">[145]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> attempted to explain the world in a purely <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> way, without reference to the spiritual or mystical. <a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a> viewed religion as a human invention used to frighten people into following moral order<sup id="cite_ref-eb2007-study-of-religion_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb2007-study-of-religion-146">[146]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a> also appears to have made clear atheistic statements in his work. <a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a> reports that Prodicus believed that "the gods of popular belief do not exist nor do they know, but primitive man, [out of admiration, deified] the fruits of the earth and virtually everything that contributed to his existence". Protagoras has sometimes been taken to be an atheist but rather espoused agnostic views, commenting that "Concerning the gods I am unable to discover whether they exist or not, or what they are like in form; for there are many hindrances to knowledge, the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life."<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup> In the 3rd-century BCE the Greek philosophers <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_the_Atheist" title="Theodorus the Atheist">Theodorus Cyrenaicus</a><sup id="cite_ref-CIC_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIC-145">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> did not believe in the existence of gods.</p>
<p>Socrates (c. 470–399 BCE) was associated in the Athenian public mind with the trends in pre-Socratic philosophy towards naturalistic inquiry and the rejection of divine explanations for phenomena. Although such an interpretation misrepresents his thought he was portrayed in such a way in <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' comic play <i>Clouds</i> and was later to be tried and executed for impiety and corrupting the young. At his trial Socrates is reported as vehemently denying that he was an atheist and contemporary scholarship provides little reason to doubt this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a> (c. 300 BCE) published his view that the gods were only the deified rulers, conquerors and founders of the past, and that their cults and religions were in essence the continuation of vanished kingdoms and earlier political structures.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> Although not strictly an atheist, Euhemerus was later criticized for having "spread atheism over the whole inhabited earth by obliterating the gods".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup></p>
<p>Also important in the history of atheism was Epicurus (c. 300 BCE). Drawing on the ideas of Democritus and the Atomists, he espoused a materialistic philosophy according to which the universe was governed by the laws of chance without the need for divine intervention (see <a href="/wiki/Scientific_determinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific determinism">scientific determinism</a>). Although he stated that deities existed, he believed that they were uninterested in human existence. The aim of the Epicureans was to attain peace of mind and one important way of doing this was by exposing fear of divine wrath as irrational. The Epicureans also denied the existence of an afterlife and the need to fear divine punishment after death.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup></p>
<p>The Roman philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a> held that one should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs—a form of skepticism known as <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a>—that nothing was inherently evil, and that <a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">ataraxia</a> ("peace of mind") is attainable by withholding one's judgment. His relatively large volume of surviving works had a lasting influence on later philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-gordonstein_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordonstein-155">[155]</a></sup></p>
<p>The meaning of "atheist" changed over the course of classical antiquity. The early Christians were labeled atheists by non-Christians because of their disbelief in pagan gods.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Christians were executed for their rejection of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Roman gods</a> in general and Emperor-worship in particular. When Christianity became the state religion of Rome under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 381, <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian heresy">heresy</a> became a punishable offense.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Middle_Ages_to_the_Renaissance">Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance</span></h3>
<p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> underwent a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a>. With the associated advances in science and philosophy, Arab and Persian lands produced outspoken rationalists and atheists, including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al_Warraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al Warraq">Muhammad al Warraq</a> (fl. 7th century), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rawandi" title="Ibn al-Rawandi">Ibn al-Rawandi</a> (827–911), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Al-Razi</a> (854–925), and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri" title="Al-Maʿarri">Al-Maʿarri</a> (973–1058). Al-Ma'arri wrote and taught that religion itself was a "fable invented by the ancients"<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson318_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson318-158">[158]</a></sup> and that humans were "of two sorts: those with brains, but no religion, and those with religion, but no brains."<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup> Despite being relatively prolific writers, nearly none of their writing survives to the modern day, most of what little remains being preserved through quotations and excerpts in later works by Muslim <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologists</a> attempting to refute them.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> Other prominent Golden Age scholars have been associated with rationalist thought and atheism as well, although the current intellectual atmosphere in the Islamic world, and the scant evidence that survives from the era, make this point a contentious one today.</p>
<p>In Europe, the espousal of atheistic views was rare during the Early Middle Ages and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Medieval Inquisition</a>); <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> and theology were the dominant interests pertaining to religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Zdybicka_2005_4_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_4-161">[161]</a></sup> There were, however, movements within this period that furthered heterodox conceptions of the Christian god, including differing views of the nature, transcendence, and knowability of God. Individuals and groups such as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_of_Dinant" title="David of Dinant">David of Dinant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Bena" title="Amalric of Bena">Amalric of Bena</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Brethren of the Free Spirit</a> maintained Christian viewpoints with <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> tendencies. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a> held to a form of <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a> he called <i><a href="/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia" title="De Docta Ignorantia">docta ignorantia</a></i> ("learned ignorance"), asserting that God is beyond human categorization, and thus our knowledge of him is limited to conjecture. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> inspired anti-metaphysical tendencies with his <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalistic</a> limitation of human knowledge to singular objects, and asserted that the divine <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> could not be intuitively or rationally apprehended by human intellect. Followers of Ockham, such as <a href="/wiki/John_of_Mirecourt" title="John of Mirecourt">John of Mirecourt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Nicholas of Autrecourt</a> furthered this view. The resulting division between <a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">faith and reason</a> influenced later radical and reformist theologians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zdybicka_2005_4_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_4-161">[161]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> did much to expand the scope of free thought and skeptical inquiry. Individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> sought experimentation as a means of explanation, and opposed <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeal to authority">arguments from religious authority</a>. Other critics of religion and the Church during this time included <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure_des_P%C3%A9riers" title="Bonaventure des Périers">Bonaventure des Périers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gordonstein_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordonstein-155">[155]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</span></h3>
<p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> had paved the way for atheists by attacking the authority of the Catholic Church, which in turn "quietly inspired other thinkers to attack the authority of the new Protestant churches".<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> gained influence in France, Prussia, and England. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> was "probably the first well known 'semi-atheist' to announce himself in a Christian land in the modern era", according to Blainey. Spinoza believed that natural laws explained the workings of the universe. In 1661 he published his <i>Short Treatise on God</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism of Christianity</a> became increasingly frequent in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in France and England, where there appears to have been a religious <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a>, according to contemporary sources. Some Protestant thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, espoused a materialist philosophy and skepticism toward supernatural occurrences, while Spinoza rejected <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a> in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Panentheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panentheistic">panentheistic</a> naturalism. By the late 17th century, deism came to be openly espoused by intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(Irish_Philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Toland (Irish Philosopher)">John Toland</a> who coined the term "pantheist".<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup></p>
<p>The first known explicit atheist was the German critic of religion <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Knutzen" title="Matthias Knutzen">Matthias Knutzen</a> in his three writings of 1674.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> He was followed by two other explicit atheist writers, the Polish ex-Jesuit philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_%C5%81yszczy%C5%84ski" title="Kazimierz ?yszczyński">Kazimierz ?yszczyński</a> and in the 1720s by the French priest <a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup> In the course of the 18th century, other openly atheistic thinkers followed, such as <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Andr%C3%A9_Naigeon" title="Jacques-André Naigeon">Jacques-André Naigeon</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/French_materialism" title="French materialism">French materialists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbach-SoN_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbach-SoN-167">[167]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> in contrast, though an advocate of tolerance, urged authorities not to tolerate atheism, believing that the denial of God's existence would undermine the social order and lead to chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup></p>
<p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> developed a skeptical epistemology grounded in <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s philosophy has strongly questioned the very possibility of a metaphysical knowledge. Both philosophers undermined the metaphysical basis of natural theology and criticized classical <a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_the_existence_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Arguments for the existence of God">arguments for the existence of God</a>.</p>
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<a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Essence_of_Christianity" title="The Essence of Christianity">The Essence of Christianity</a></i> (1841) would greatly influence philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>. He considered God to be a human invention and religious activities to be wish-fulfillment. For this he is considered the founding father of modern <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">anthropology of religion</a>.</div>
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<p>Blainey notes that, although <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> is widely considered to have strongly contributed to atheistic thinking during the Revolution, he also considered fear of God to have discouraged further disorder, having said "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him."<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> (1790), the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> denounced atheism, writing of a "literary cabal" who had "some years ago formed something like a regular plan for the destruction of the Christian religion. This object they pursued with a degree of zeal which hitherto had been discovered only in the propagators of some system of piety&#160;... These atheistical fathers have a bigotry of their own&#160;...". But, Burke asserted, "man is by his constitution a religious animal" and "atheism is against, not only our reason, but our instincts; and&#160;... it cannot prevail long".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a> was a prominent figure in the <a href="/wiki/French_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Enlightenment">French Enlightenment</a> who is best known for his atheism and for his voluminous writings against religion, the most famous of them being <i><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></i> (1770) but also <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></i>. One goal of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> was a restructuring and subordination of the clergy with respect to the state through the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a>. Attempts to enforce it led to <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anti-clerical</a> violence and the expulsion of many clergy from France, lasting until the <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a>. The radical <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobins</a> seized power in 1793, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>. The Jacobins were deists and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a> as a new French state religion. Some atheists surrounding <a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a> instead sought to establish a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a>, a form of atheistic pseudo-religion with a goddess personifying reason. The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> further institutionalized the secularization of French society.</p>
<p>In the latter half of the 19th century, atheism rose to prominence under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinking</a> philosophers. Many prominent German philosophers of this era denied the existence of deities and were critical of religion, including <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup></p>
<p>G.J. Holyoake was the last person (1842) imprisoned in Great Britain due to atheist beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Law" title="Stephen Law">Stephen Law</a> states that Holyoake "first coined the term 'secularism'".<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Since_1900">Since 1900</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></div>
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<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, the first leader of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%92Leninist_atheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist‒Leninist atheism">Marxist‒Leninist atheism</a> was influential in the 20th century.</div>
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<p>Atheism in the 20th century, particularly in the form of practical atheism, advanced in many societies. Atheistic thought found recognition in a wide variety of other, broader philosophies, such as <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand)">objectivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-feminism_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feminism-174">[174]</a></sup> and the general scientific and <a href="/wiki/Rationalist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalist movement">rationalist movement</a>.</p>
<p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> emerged in Eastern Europe and Asia during that period, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/China#Communist_Party" title="China">Communist China</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Atheist and anti-religious policies in the Soviet Union included <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">numerous legislative acts</a>, the outlawing of religious instruction in the schools, and the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Militant_Atheists" title="League of Militant Atheists">League of Militant Atheists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Viking_p.494_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viking_p.494-176">[176]</a></sup> After Mao, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China#Stance_on_religion" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist Party</a> remains an atheist organization, and regulates, but does not completely forbid, the practice of religion in mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup></p>
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1929 cover of the USSR <a href="/wiki/League_of_Militant_Atheists" title="League of Militant Atheists">League of Militant Atheists</a> <a href="/wiki/Bezbozhnik_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezbozhnik (magazine)">magazine</a>, showing the gods of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> being crushed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Communist 5-year plan</a></div>
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<p>While Geoffrey Blainey has written that "the most ruthless leaders in the Second World War were atheists and secularists who were intensely hostile to both Judaism and Christianity",<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup> Richard Madsen has pointed out that Hitler and Stalin each opened and closed churches as a matter of political expedience, and Stalin softened his opposition to Christianity in order to improve public acceptance of his regime during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup> Blackford and Schüklenk have written that "the Soviet Union was undeniably an atheist state, and the same applies to Maoist China and Pol Pot's fanatical Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia in the 1970s. That does not, however, show that the atrocities committed by these totalitarian dictatorships were the result of atheist beliefs, carried out in the name of atheism, or caused primarily by the atheistic aspects of the relevant forms of communism."<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup></p>
<p>Logical positivism and <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Neopositivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopositivism">neopositivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical philosophy">analytical philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalism</a>. Neopositivism and analytical philosophy discarded classical rationalism and metaphysics in favor of strict empiricism and epistemological <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a>. Proponents such as <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> emphatically rejected belief in God. In his early work, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> attempted to separate metaphysical and supernatural language from rational discourse. <a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a> asserted the unverifiability and meaninglessness of religious statements, citing his adherence to the empirical sciences. Relatedly the <a href="/wiki/Structural_anthropology" title="Structural anthropology">applied structuralism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a> sourced religious language to the human subconscious in denying its transcendental meaning. <a href="/wiki/John_Niemeyer_Findlay" title="John Niemeyer Findlay">J. N. Findlay</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">J. J. C. Smart</a> argued that the existence of God is not logically necessary. Naturalists and materialistic monists such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> considered the natural world to be the basis of everything, denying the existence of God or immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_developments">Other developments</span></h3>
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The British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></div>
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<p>Other leaders like <a href="/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy" title="Periyar E. V. Ramasamy">Periyar E. V. Ramasamy</a>, a prominent atheist leader of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, fought against <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> for discriminating and dividing people in the name of <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup> This was highlighted in 1956 when he arranged for the erection of a statue depicting a Hindu god in a humble representation and made <a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">antitheistic</a> statements.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup></p>
<p>Atheist <a href="/wiki/Vashti_McCollum" title="Vashti McCollum">Vashti McCollum</a> was the plaintiff in a landmark 1948 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> case that struck down religious education in US public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair" title="Madalyn Murray O'Hair">Madalyn Murray O'Hair</a> was perhaps one of the most influential American atheists; she brought forth the 1963 Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Murray_v._Curlett" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray v. Curlett">Murray v. Curlett</a></i> which banned compulsory prayer in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup> In 1966, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a></i> magazine asked "Is God Dead?"<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup> in response to the <a href="/wiki/God_is_dead#Death_of_God_theological_movement" title="God is dead">Death of God theological movement</a>, citing the estimation that nearly half of all people in the world lived under an anti-religious power, and millions more in Africa, Asia, and South America seemed to lack knowledge of the Christian view of theology.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a> was co-founded by Anne Nicol Gaylor and her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Laurie_Gaylor" title="Annie Laurie Gaylor">Annie Laurie Gaylor</a>, in 1976 in the United States, and incorporated nationally in 1978. It promotes the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutCalling_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutCalling-190">[190]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup></p>
<p>Since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, the number of actively anti-religious regimes has reduced considerably. In 2006, Timothy Shah of the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Forum</a> noted "a worldwide trend across all major religious groups, in which God-based and faith-based movements in general are experiencing increasing confidence and influence vis-à-vis secular movements and ideologies."<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul" title="Gregory S. Paul">Gregory S. Paul</a> and Phil Zuckerman consider this a myth and suggest that the actual situation is much more complex and nuanced.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></sup></p>
<p>A 2010 survey found that those identifying themselves as atheists or agnostics are on average more knowledgeable about religion than followers of major faiths. Nonbelievers scored better on questions about tenets central to Protestant and Catholic faiths. Only Mormon and Jewish faithful scored as well as atheists and agnostics.<sup id="cite_ref-religion_knowledge_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion_knowledge-194">[194]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 2012, the first "Women in Secularism" conference was held in Arlington, Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></sup> Secular Woman was organized in 2012 as a national organization focused on nonreligious women.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">atheist feminist movement</a> has also become increasingly focused on fighting sexism and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> within the atheist movement itself.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></sup> In August 2012, Jennifer McCreight (the organizer of <a href="/wiki/Boobquake" title="Boobquake">Boobquake</a>) founded a movement within atheism known as Atheism Plus, or A+, that "applies skepticism to everything, including social issues like sexism, racism, politics, poverty, and crime".<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 2013 the first atheist monument on American government property was unveiled at the <a href="/wiki/Bradford_County,_Florida" title="Bradford County, Florida">Bradford County</a> Courthouse in Florida: a 1,500-pound granite bench and plinth inscribed with quotes by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair" title="Madalyn Murray O'Hair">Madalyn Murray O'Hair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Atheism">New Atheism</span></h3>
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The "<a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Non-Apocalypse" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Horsemen of the Non-Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Non-Apocalypse</a>" (clockwise from top left): <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></div>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></div>
<p>New Atheism is the name given to a movement among some early-21st-century atheist writers who have advocated the view that "religion should not simply be tolerated but should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever its influence arises."<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></sup> The movement is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Dennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel C. Dennett">Daniel C. Dennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenger2009_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenger2009-205">[205]</a></sup> Several best-selling books by these authors, published between 2004 and 2007, form the basis for much of the discussion of New Atheism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenger2009_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenger2009-205">[205]</a></sup></p>
<p>These atheists generally seek to disassociate themselves from the mass political atheism that gained ascendency in various nations in the 20th century. In best selling books, the religiously motivated terrorist <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">events of 9/11</a> and the partially successful attempts of the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a> to change the American science curriculum to include <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationist</a> ideas, together with support for those ideas from <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2005, have been cited by authors such as Harris, Dennett, Dawkins, Stenger, and Hitchens as evidence of a need to move society towards atheism.<sup id="cite_ref-sharedvalues_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharedvalues-206">[206]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics of atheism</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religiosity_and_education" title="Religiosity and education">Religiosity and education</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Atheists_Agnostics_Zuckerman_en.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atheists_Agnostics_Zuckerman_en.svg/220px-Atheists_Agnostics_Zuckerman_en.svg.png" width="220" height="97" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atheists_Agnostics_Zuckerman_en.svg/330px-Atheists_Agnostics_Zuckerman_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atheists_Agnostics_Zuckerman_en.svg/440px-Atheists_Agnostics_Zuckerman_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a>
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Proportion of atheists and <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostics</a> around the world</div>
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<p>It is difficult to quantify the number of atheists in the world. Respondents to religious-belief polls may define "atheism" differently or draw different distinctions between <i>atheism</i>, non-religious beliefs, and non-theistic religious and spiritual beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup> A Hindu atheist would declare oneself as a Hindu, although also being an atheist at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></sup> A 2010 survey published in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> found that the non-religious made up about 9.6% of the world's population, and atheists about 2.0%, with a very large majority based in Asia. This figure did not include those who follow atheistic religions, such as some Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-eb-2010_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2010-209">[209]</a></sup> The average annual change for atheism from 2000 to 2010 was −0.17%.<sup id="cite_ref-eb-2010_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2010-209">[209]</a></sup> A broad figure estimates the number of atheists and agnostics on Earth at 1.1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to global studies done by <a href="/wiki/WIN/GIA" title="WIN/GIA">Gallup International</a>, 13% of respondents were "convinced atheists" in 2012 and 11% were "convinced atheists" in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-wingia2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wingia2-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallup2012_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup2012-211">[211]</a></sup> As of 2012, the top ten countries with people who viewed themselves as "convinced atheists" were <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (47%), <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (31%), the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (30%), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (29%), <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (15%), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (15%), <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (14%), <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (10%), and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (10%) <sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Europe">Europe</span></h3>
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Percentage of people in various European countries who said: "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force." (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-EB2010_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2010-213">[213]</a></sup></div>
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<p>According to the 2010 Eurobarometer Poll, the percentage of those polled who agreed with the statement "you don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force" varied from: France (40%), Czech Republic (37%), Sweden (34%), Netherlands (30%), and Estonia (29%), down to Poland (5%), Greece (4%), Cyprus (3%), Malta (2%), and Romania (1%), with the European Union as a whole at 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-EU_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-28">[28]</a></sup> In a 2012 Eurobarometer poll on discrimination in the European Union, 16% of those polled considered themselves non believers/agnostics and 7% considered themselves atheists.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey in 2012 <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">religiously unaffiliated</a> (including agnostics and atheists) make up about 18% of Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Religiously_Unaffiliated_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religiously_Unaffiliated-215">[215]</a></sup> According to the same survey, the religiously unaffiliated are the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%).<sup id="cite_ref-Religiously_Unaffiliated_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religiously_Unaffiliated-215">[215]</a></sup> There are another four countries where the unaffiliated make up a majority of the population: North Korea (71%), Japan (57%), Hong Kong (56%), and China (52%).<sup id="cite_ref-Religiously_Unaffiliated_215-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religiously_Unaffiliated-215">[215]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span></h3>
<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>, 22% of Australians have "no religion", a category that includes atheists.<sup id="cite_ref-abs_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-216">[216]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span></h3>
<p>In the US, there was a 1% to 5% increase in self-reported atheism from 2005 to 2012, and a larger drop in those who self-identified as "religious", down by 13%, from 73% to 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCViewpoints_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCViewpoints-217">[217]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a>, 4.4% of Americans self-identified as atheists in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-WVS_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVS-218">[218]</a></sup> However, the same survey showed that 11.1% of all respondents stated "no" when asked if they believed in God.<sup id="cite_ref-WVS_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVS-218">[218]</a></sup> In 1984, these same figures were 1.1% and 2.2%, respectively. According to a 2015 report by the Pew Research Center, 3.1% of the US adult population identify as atheist, up from 1.6% in 2007, and within the religiously unaffiliated (or "no religion") demographic, atheists made up 13.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></sup> According to the 2015 General Sociological Survey the number of atheists and agnostics in the US has remained relatively flat in the past 23 years since in 1991 only 2% identified as atheist and 4% identified as agnostic and in 2014 only 3% identified as atheists and 5% identified as agnostics.<sup id="cite_ref-GSS_2014_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSS_2014-220">[220]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arab_world">Arab world</span></h3>
<p>In recent years, the profile of atheism has risen substantially in the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-221">[221]</a></sup> In major cities across the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, atheists have been organizing in cafés and social media, despite regular crackdowns from authoritarian governments.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-221">[221]</a></sup> A 2012 poll by Gallup International revealed that 5% of Saudis considered themselves to be "convinced atheists."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_221-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-221">[221]</a></sup> However, very few young people in the Arab world have atheists in their circle of friends or acquaintances. According to one study, less than 1% did in Morocco, Egypt, Saudia Arabia, or Jordan; only 3% to 7% in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabah2016_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabah2016-222">[222]</a></sup> When asked whether they have "seen or heard traces of atheism in [their] locality, community, and society" only about 3% to 8% responded yes in all the countries surveyed. The only exception was the UAE, with 51%.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabah2016_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabah2016-222">[222]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Atheism.2C_wealth.2C_and_education">Atheism, wealth, and education</span></h3>
<p>A study noted positive correlations between levels of education and secularism, including atheism, in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-87">[87]</a></sup> According to evolutionary psychologist Nigel Barber, atheism blossoms in places where most people feel economically secure, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracies</a> of Europe, as there is less uncertainty about the future with extensive social safety nets and better health care resulting in a greater quality of life and higher life expectancy. By contrast, in underdeveloped countries, there are virtually no atheists.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></sup> In a 2008 study, researchers found intelligence to be negatively related to religious belief in Europe and the United States. In a sample of 137 countries, the correlation between national IQ and disbelief in God was found to be 0.60.<sup id="cite_ref-intmag_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intmag-224">[224]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brights_movement" title="Brights movement">Brights movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dysteleology" title="Dysteleology">Dysteleology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></i></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-encyc-unbelief-def-issues-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyc-unbelief-def-issues_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc-unbelief-def-issues_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harvey, Van A. <i>Agnosticism and Atheism</i>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Van+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Harvey&amp;rft.btitle=Agnosticism+and+Atheism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> in <a href="#CITEREFFlynn2007">Flynn 2007</a>, p.&#160;35: "The terms <i>ATHEISM</i> and <i>AGNOSTICISM</i> lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative <i>a</i> both before the Greek <i>theos</i> (divinity) and <i>gnosis</i> (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them&#160;... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-oxdicphil-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxdicphil_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxdicphil_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Simon Blackburn, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001/acref-9780199541430-e-278?rskey=GC0Coc&amp;result=279">"atheism"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy</i> (2008 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>. <q>Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=atheism&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199541430.001.0001%2Facref-9780199541430-e-278%3Frskey%3DGC0Coc%26result%3D279&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-religioustolerance-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religioustolerance_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onelook.com/?w=atheism&amp;ls=a">"atheism"</a>) first list one of the more narrow definitions.</span>
<ul>
<li><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_D._Runes" title="Dagobert D. Runes">Runes, Dagobert D.(editor)</a> (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html"><i>Dictionary of Philosophy</i></a>. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams &amp; Co. Philosophical Library. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-463461-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-463461-2">0-06-463461-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234916/http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Dagobert+D.%28editor%29&amp;rft.aulast=Runes&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1942&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Frunes%2Fa.html&amp;rft.isbn=0-06-463461-2&amp;rft.place=New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Littlefield%2C+Adams+%26+Co.+Philosophical+Library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> – entry by <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Ferm" title="Vergilius Ferm">Vergilius Ferm</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/atheism">"Atheism"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fatheism&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eb2011-atheism-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb2011-atheism_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsen2013">Nielsen 2013</a>: "Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons&#160;...&#160;: for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God&#160;... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers&#160;... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., "God" is just another name for love, or&#160;... a symbolic term for moral ideals."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-encyc-philosophy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyc-philosophy_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2005">Edwards 2005</a>: "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RoweRoutledge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoweRoutledge_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe1998">Rowe 1998</a>: "As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of 'atheism' is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God.&#160;... an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-reldef-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reldef_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as.ua.edu/rel/aboutreldefinitions.html">"Definitions: Atheism"</a>. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Definitions%3A+Atheism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.as.ua.edu%2Frel%2Faboutreldefinitions.html&amp;rft.pub=Department+of+Religious+Studies%2C+University+of+Alabama&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-OED-theism-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED-theism_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-theism_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). 1989. <q>Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism">"Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>...belief in the existence of a god or gods...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftheism&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smart, J. J. C. Zalta, Edward N., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">"Atheism and Agnosticism"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Smart&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Agnosticism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2013%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism%2F&amp;rft.pub=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Spring+2013+Edition%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-drachmann-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drachmann_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drachmann_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Drachmann, A. B. (1977) [1922]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=cguq-yNii_QC&amp;dq=Atheism+in+Pagan+Antiquity&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;q="><i>Atheism in Pagan Antiquity</i></a>. Chicago: Ares Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89005-201-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89005-201-8">0-89005-201-8</a>. <q>Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said <i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">átheos</span></i> and <i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">atheotēs</span></i>; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, <i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">átheos</span></i> was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Drachmann&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism+in+Pagan+Antiquity&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dcguq-yNii_QC%26dq%3DAtheism%2Bin%2BPagan%2BAntiquity%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26q%3D&amp;rft.isbn=0-89005-201-8&amp;rft.pub=Chicago%3A+Ares+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1999">Armstrong 1999</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HancockLambert-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HancockLambert_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hancock, Ralph (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC"><i>The Legacy of the French Revolution</i></a>. Lanham, United States: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. p.&#160;22. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7842-6">978-0-8476-7842-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralph&amp;rft.aulast=Hancock&amp;rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+the+French+Revolution&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPgQy3VJ3iIC&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8476-7842-6&amp;rft.pages=22&amp;rft.place=Lanham%2C+United+States&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC&amp;pg=PA22">Extract of page 22</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-logical-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-logical_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-logical_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-logical_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Various authors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/atheism/logical.html">"Logical Arguments for Atheism"</a>. <i>The Secular Web Library</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Infidels" title="Internet Infidels">Internet Infidels</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Logical+Arguments+for+Atheism&amp;rft.au=Various+authors&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fnontheism%2Fatheism%2Flogical.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Secular+Web+Library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Shook, John R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shook.pragmatism.org/skepticismaboutthesupernatural.pdf">"Skepticism about the Supernatural"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=John+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Shook&amp;rft.btitle=Skepticism+about+the+Supernatural&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshook.pragmatism.org%2Fskepticismaboutthesupernatural.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Drange-1996-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drange-1996_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drange-1996_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Drange" title="Theodore Drange">Drange, Theodore M.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/aeanb.html">"The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief"</a>. <i>Secular Web Library</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Infidels" title="Internet Infidels">Internet Infidels</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=The+Arguments+From+Evil+and+Nonbelief&amp;rft.aufirst=Theodore+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Drange&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Ftheodore_drange%2Faeanb.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Secular+Web+Library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-honderich-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honderich_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. p 376. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198661320" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-866132-0</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fales, Evan. <i>Naturalism and Physicalism</i>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Evan&amp;rft.aulast=Fales&amp;rft.btitle=Naturalism+and+Physicalism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, pp.&#160;122–131.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, pp.&#160;3–4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenger2007">Stenger 2007</a>, pp.&#160;17–18, citing <cite class="citation book">Parsons, Keith M. (1989). <i>God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism</i>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-551-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-551-5">978-0-87975-551-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Parsons&amp;rft.btitle=God+and+the+Burden+of+Proof%3A+Plantinga%2C+Swinburne%2C+and+the+Analytical+Defense+of+Theism&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87975-551-5&amp;rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Martin2007-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin2007_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zuckerman, Phil (2007). Martin, Michael T, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&amp;pg=PA56"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Atheism</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60367-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60367-6">978-0-521-60367-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL22379448M">22379448M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;rft.aulast=Zuckerman&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAeFipOVx4MC%26pg%3DPA56&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-60367-6&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WIN.2FGIA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WIN.2FGIA_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf">"Religiosity and Atheism Index"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Zurich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>: <a href="/wiki/WIN/GIA" title="WIN/GIA">WIN/GIA</a>. 27 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Religiosity+and+Atheism+Index&amp;rft.date=2012-07-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingia.com%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2F14%2Ffile%2F14.pdf&amp;rft.place=Zurich&amp;rft.pub=WIN%2FGIA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-wingia2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wingia2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wingia2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/04/13/399338834/new-survey-shows-the-worlds-most-and-least-religious-places">"New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 13 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=New+Survey+Shows+the+World%27s+Most+and+Least+Religious+Places&amp;rft.date=2015-04-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fthetwo-way%2F2015%2F04%2F13%2F399338834%2Fnew-survey-shows-the-worlds-most-and-least-religious-places&amp;rft.pub=NPR&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC-2004-demographics-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-2004-demographics_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/wtwtgod/3518375.stm">"UK among most secular nations"</a>. BBC News. 2004-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=UK+among+most+secular+nations&amp;rft.date=2004-02-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fwtwtgod%2F3518375.stm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eb2007-demographics-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb2007-demographics_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1360391/Religion-Year-In-Review-2007">"Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2007"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Worldwide+Adherents+of+All+Religions+by+Six+Continental+Areas%2C+Mid-2007&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1360391%2FReligion-Year-In-Review-2007&amp;rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
<ul>
<li>2.3% Atheists: Persons professing atheism, skepticism, disbelief, or irreligion, including the militantly antireligious (opposed to all religion).</li>
<li>11.9% Nonreligious: Persons professing no religion, nonbelievers, agnostics, freethinkers, uninterested, or dereligionized secularists indifferent to all religion but not militantly so.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GallupInternational-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GallupInternational_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/files/2015/04/WIN.GALLUP-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUSITY-INDEX.pdf">"Gallup International Religiosity Index"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Washington Post</i>. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Gallup+International+Religiosity+Index&amp;rft.date=2015-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F04%2FWIN.GALLUP-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUSITY-INDEX.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EU-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf"><i>Social values, Science and Technology</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Directorate General Research, European Union. 2010. p.&#160;207. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430163128/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Social+values%2C+Science+and+Technology&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_341_en.pdf&amp;rft.pages=207&amp;rft.pub=Directorate+General+Research%2C+European+Union&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eb1911-atheism-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb1911-atheism_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism">"Atheism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 1911. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015453/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1911encyclopedia.org%2FAtheism&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-agnosticism-compatible-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agnosticism-compatible_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1990">Martin 1990</a>, pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&amp;pg=PA466&amp;dq=%22compatible+with+negative+atheism%22">467–468</a>: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-flint-agnostic-atheism-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flint-agnostic-atheism_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlint1903">Flint 1903</a>, pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWMtAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA49&amp;dq=%22The+atheist+may+however+be%22">49–51</a>: "The atheist may however be, and not unfrequently is, an agnostic. There is an agnostic atheism or atheistic agnosticism, and the combination of atheism with agnosticism which may be so named is not an uncommon one."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-encyc-unbelief-compatible-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyc-unbelief-compatible_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holland, Aaron. <i>Agnosticism</i>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Aaron&amp;rft.aulast=Holland&amp;rft.btitle=Agnosticism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> in <a href="#CITEREFFlynn2007">Flynn 2007</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=xvzhT-_WFIaQ8wSivd2GCA&amp;id=YR4RAQAAIAAJ&amp;dq=agnosticism+compatible+with+atheism&amp;q=%22It+is+important+to+note+that+this+interpretation+of+agnosticism%22">34</a>: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that <i>knowledge</i> of God's existence is unattainable."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-martin-agnosticism-entails-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin-agnosticism-entails_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin-agnosticism-entails_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, p.&#160;2: "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism <i>entails</i> negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist <i>might</i> disbelieve in God but need not."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-barker-agnostic-atheism-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barker-agnostic-atheism_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker2008">Barker 2008</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fAjPWYgIfCoC&amp;pg=PA96&amp;dq=%22both+an+atheist+and+an+agnostic%22">96</a>: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-besant-open-to-new-truth-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-besant-open-to-new-truth_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Wood_Besant" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Wood Besant">Besant, Annie</a>. <i>Why Should Atheists Be Persecuted?</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Annie&amp;rft.aulast=Besant&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Should+Atheists+Be+Persecuted%3F&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> in <a href="#CITEREFBradlaughBesantBradlaughMoss1884">Bradlaugh et al. 1884</a>, pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jh8HAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA185&amp;dq=%22The+Atheist+waits+for+proof+of+God%22">185–186</a>: "The Atheist waits for proof of God. Till that proof comes he remains, as his name implies, without God. His mind is open to every new truth, after it has passed the warder Reason at the gate."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-holyoake-question-of-probability-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holyoake-question-of-probability_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">Holyoake, George Jacob</a> (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFY9AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA186">"Mr. Mackintosh's New God"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oracle_of_Reason" title="The Oracle of Reason">The Oracle of Reason, Or, Philosophy Vindicated</a></i> <b>1</b> (23): 186. <q>On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to <i>believe</i> that there is a god. I do not pretend to <i>know</i> that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, <i>belief</i> or <i>disbelief</i>, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Mr.+Mackintosh%27s+New+God&amp;rft.aufirst=George+Jacob&amp;rft.aulast=Holyoake&amp;rft.date=1842&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFY9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA186&amp;rft.issue=23&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Oracle+of+Reason%2C+Or%2C+Philosophy+Vindicated&amp;rft.pages=186&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eb2011-atheism-critique-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb2011-atheism-critique_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsen2013">Nielsen 2013</a>: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eb2011concise-atheism-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb2011concise-atheism_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/atheism?show=0&amp;t=1323944845">"Atheism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Concise</i>. Merriam Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-15</span></span>. <q>Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Concise&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fconcise%2Fatheism%3Fshow%3D0%26t%3D1323944845&amp;rft.pub=Merriam+Webster&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eb1911-atheism-sceptical-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb1911-atheism-sceptical_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism">"Atheism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 1911. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015453/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1911encyclopedia.org%2FAtheism&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2006-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2006_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2006_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2006_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism">"Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> <b>1</b> (15th ed.). 2011. p.&#160;666. 0852294735. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015453/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism+as+rejection+of+religious+beliefs&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.edition=15th&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F40634%2Fatheism&amp;rft.pages=666&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach, P. H. T.</a> (1772). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7319"><i>Good Sense</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+H.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=d%27Holbach&amp;rft.btitle=Good+Sense&amp;rft.date=1772&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F7319&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>, p.&#160;14.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Nagel1959-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nagel1959_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Nagel, Ernest</a> (1959). "Philosophical Concepts of Atheism". <i>Basic Beliefs: The Religious Philosophies of Mankind</i>. Sheridan House. <q>I shall understand by "atheism" a critique and a denial of the major claims of all varieties of theism&#160;... atheism is not to be identified with sheer unbelief&#160;... Thus, a child who has received no religious instruction and has never heard about God, is not an atheist – for he is not denying any theistic claims. Similarly in the case of an adult who, if he has withdrawn from the faith of his father without reflection or because of frank indifference to any theological issue, is also not an atheist – for such an adult is not challenging theism and not professing any views on the subject.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Philosophical+Concepts+of+Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Ernest&amp;rft.aulast=Nagel&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Beliefs%3A+The+Religious+Philosophies+of+Mankind&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Sheridan+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><br />
reprinted in <i>Critiques of God</i>, edited by Peter A. Angeles, Prometheus Books, 1997.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-presumption-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-presumption_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-presumption_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlew1976">Flew 1976</a>, pp.&#160;14ff: "In this interpretation an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. Let us, for future ready reference, introduce the labels 'positive atheist' for the former and 'negative atheist' for the latter."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaritain1949" class="citation journal">Maritain, Jacques (July 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/jm3303.htm">"On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism"</a>. <i>The Review of Politics</i> <b>11</b> (3): 267–280. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500044168">10.1017/S0034670500044168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Meaning+of+Contemporary+Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacques&amp;rft.aulast=Maritain&amp;rft.date=1949-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.edu%2FDepartments%2FMaritain%2Fjm3303.htm&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500044168&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&amp;rft.pages=267-280&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=11" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kenny2006-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenny2006_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenny2006_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Kenny, Anthony</a> (2006). "Why I Am Not an Atheist". <i>What I believe</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8971-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8971-0">0-8264-8971-0</a>. <q>The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism&#160;... a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Why+I+Am+Not+an+Atheist&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft.aulast=Kenny&amp;rft.btitle=What+I+believe&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-8264-8971-0&amp;rft.pub=Continuum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/omar-baddar/why-im-not-an-atheist-the-case-for-agnosticism_b_3345544.html">"Why I'm Not an Atheist: The Case for Agnosticism"</a>. Huffington Post. 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Why+I%27m+Not+an+Atheist%3A+The+Case+for+Agnosticism&amp;rft.date=2013-05-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fomar-baddar%2Fwhy-im-not-an-atheist-the-case-for-agnosticism_b_3345544.html&amp;rft.pub=Huffington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Breda_O%27Brien" title="Breda O'Brien">O'Brien, Breda</a> (7 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0725/1224251303564.html">"Many atheists I know would be certain of a high place in heaven"</a>. Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520132651/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0725/1224251303564.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Many+atheists+I+know+would+be+certain+of+a+high+place+in+heaven&amp;rft.aufirst=Breda&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Brien&amp;rft.date=2009-07-07&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fopinion%2F2009%2F0725%2F1224251303564.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Warner, Matthew (8 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/blog/matthew-warner/more-faith-to-be-an-atheist-than-a-christian">"More faith to be an atheist than a Christian"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft.aulast=Warner&amp;rft.btitle=More+faith+to+be+an+atheist+than+a+Christian&amp;rft.date=2012-06-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fmatthew-warner%2Fmore-faith-to-be-an-atheist-than-a-christian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, pp.&#160;30–34. "Who seriously claims we should say 'I neither believe nor disbelieve that the Pope is a robot', or 'As to whether or not eating this piece of chocolate will turn me into an elephant I am completely agnostic'. In the absence of any good reasons to believe these outlandish claims, we rightly disbelieve them, we don't just suspend judgement."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, p.&#160;22. "A lack of proof is no grounds for the suspension of belief. This is because when we have a lack of absolute proof we can still have overwhelming evidence or one explanation which is far superior to the alternatives."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-stanford-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smart, J.C.C. (9 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">"Atheism and Agnosticism"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=J.C.C.&amp;rft.aulast=Smart&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Agnosticism&amp;rft.date=2004-03-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins200650-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins200650_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkins2006">Dawkins 2006</a>, p.&#160;50.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">Cudworth, Ralph</a> (1678). <i>The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralph&amp;rft.aulast=Cudworth&amp;rft.btitle=The+True+Intellectual+System+of+the+Universe%3A+the+first+part%2C+wherein+all+the+reason+and+philosophy+of+atheism+is+confuted+and+its+impossibility+demonstrated&amp;rft.date=1678&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: <cite class="citation news">Pressley, Sue Anne (September 8, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/features/ohair090896.htm">"Atheist Group Moves Ahead Without O'Hair"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheist+Group+Moves+Ahead+Without+O%27Hair&amp;rft.aufirst=Sue+Anne&amp;rft.aulast=Pressley&amp;rft.date=1996-09-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Ffeatures%2Fohair090896.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lowder, Jeffery Jay (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/society.html">"Atheism and Society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522025011/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/society.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffery+Jay&amp;rft.aulast=Lowder&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Society&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fjeff_lowder%2Fsociety.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2F.3Fid.3DypyMZlkgHGIC.26pg.3DPA51.26dq.3DNo.2Bone.2Bever.2Bneeds.2Bto.2Bidentify.2Bhimself.2Bas.2Ba.2B.2522non-astrologer.2522.2Bor.2Ba.2B.2522non-alchemist.26f.3Dfalse_51.5D-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2F.3Fid.3DypyMZlkgHGIC.26pg.3DPA51.26dq.3DNo.2Bone.2Bever.2Bneeds.2Bto.2Bidentify.2Bhimself.2Bas.2Ba.2B.2522non-astrologer.2522.2Bor.2Ba.2B.2522non-alchemist.26f.3Dfalse_51.5D_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris 2006</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ypyMZlkgHGIC&amp;pg=PA51&amp;dq=No+one+ever+needs+to+identify+himself+as+a+%22non-astrologer%22+or+a+%22non-alchemist&amp;f=false">51</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach, <i>System of Nature; or, the Laws of the Moral and Physical World</i> (London, 1797), Vol. 1, p. 25</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Zdybicka-p20-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka-p20_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka-p20_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka-p20_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>, p.&#160;20.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-neps-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neps_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Schafersman, Steven D. (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:NSuw6hjn_w0J:www.tcnj.edu/~scholars/111%2520Evolution%2520FSP/NATURALISM%2520IS%2520AN%2520ESSENTIAL%2520PART%2520OF%2520SCIENCE%2520AND%2520CRITICAL%2520INQUIRY.doc+Naturalism+is+an+Essential+Part+of+Science+and+Critical+Inquiry&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=ca&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESiOoQ0c8zeA-NUM5qRN7EZqXoJs8b3hGUyuOedNRD9OheY2WLJHpdgNCsxwDJ0iJVdxIhSyytGXR-RXodM3cV8JYd6mEmBRuSQhAsvgFyIDPrw2HT3KXZTEoujo4lXsMckPLn-U&amp;sig=AHIEtbS7vrl9TTdgC7ZY94opxblINuXYMw&amp;pli=1">"Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry"</a>. Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Schafersman&amp;rft.btitle=Naturalism+is+an+Essential+Part+of+Science+and+Critical+Inquiry&amp;rft.date=1997-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3ANSuw6hjn_w0J%3Awww.tcnj.edu%2F~scholars%2F111%252520Evolution%252520FSP%2FNATURALISM%252520IS%252520AN%252520ESSENTIAL%252520PART%252520OF%252520SCIENCE%252520AND%252520CRITICAL%252520INQUIRY.doc%2BNaturalism%2Bis%2Ban%2BEssential%2BPart%2Bof%2BScience%2Band%2BCritical%2BInquiry%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dca%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESiOoQ0c8zeA-NUM5qRN7EZqXoJs8b3hGUyuOedNRD9OheY2WLJHpdgNCsxwDJ0iJVdxIhSyytGXR-RXodM3cV8JYd6mEmBRuSQhAsvgFyIDPrw2HT3KXZTEoujo4lXsMckPLn-U%26sig%3DAHIEtbS7vrl9TTdgC7ZY94opxblINuXYMw%26pli%3D1&amp;rft.pub=Conference+on+Naturalism%2C+Theism+and+the+Scientific+Enterprise.+Department+of+Philosophy%2C+The+University+of+Texas&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Revised May 2007</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>, p.&#160;21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-hume-metaphysics-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hume-metaphysics_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1748">Hume 1748</a>, Part III: "If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Drange" title="Theodore Drange">Drange, Theodore M.</a> (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/definition.html">Atheism, Agnosticism, Noncognitivism</a>". <a href="/wiki/Internet_Infidels" title="Internet Infidels">Internet Infidels</a>, <i>Secular Web Library</i>. Retrieved 2007-APR-07.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Ayer">Ayer, A. J.</a> (1946). <i>Language, Truth and Logic</i>. Dover. pp. 115–116. In a footnote, Ayer attributes this view to "Professor H. H. Price".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>, p.&#160;19.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1779-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1779_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1779">Hume 1779</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V.A. Gunasekara, <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102053643/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm">"The Buddhist Attitude to God"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm">the original</a> on 2008-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Attitude+to+God&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistinformation.com%2Fbuddhist_attitude_to_god.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feuerbach, Ludwig (1841) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Essence_of_Christianity" title="The Essence of Christianity">The Essence of Christianity</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walpola Rahula, <i>What the Buddha Taught.</i> Grove Press, 1974. Pages 51–52.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bakunin" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Bakunin">Bakunin, Michael</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bakunin/godandstate/godandstate_ch1.html">"God and the State"</a>. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521195435/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bakunin/godandstate/godandstate_ch1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Bakunin&amp;rft.btitle=God+and+the+State&amp;rft.date=1916&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwardmac.pitzer.edu%2Fanarchist_archives%2Fbakunin%2Fgodandstate%2Fgodandstate_ch1.html&amp;rft.pub=New+York%3A+Mother+Earth+Publishing+Association&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">The Raelian Foundation (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rael.org/request.php?1"><i>Intelligent Design</i></a>. p.&#160;312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.au=The+Raelian+Foundation&amp;rft.btitle=Intelligent+Design&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rael.org%2Frequest.php%3F1&amp;rft.pages=312&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Neopaganism-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neopaganism_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Johnson, Philip; et al. (2005). Claydon, David; et al., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=RfGhUW8RdUIC&amp;pg=PA194&amp;dq=neopaganism+atheism#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Religious and Non-Religious Spirituality in the Western World ("New Age")</i></a>. <i>A New Vision, A New Heart, A Renewed Call</i> <b>2</b> (William Carey Library). p.&#160;194. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-364-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-364-0">978-0-87808-364-0</a>. <q>Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices&#160;... Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exist), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in God).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.au=Clifford%2C+Ross&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+Mark&amp;rft.au=Madsen%2C+Ole+Skjerbaek&amp;rft.au=Morehead%2C+John+W.&amp;rft.au=Mulholland%2C+Ken&amp;rft.au=Payne%2C+Simeon&amp;rft.au=Riecke%2C+Christina&amp;rft.au=Smulo%2C+John&amp;rft.btitle=Religious+and+Non-Religious+Spirituality+in+the+Western+World+%28%22New+Age%22%29&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DRfGhUW8RdUIC%26pg%3DPA194%26dq%3Dneopaganism%2Batheism%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87808-364-0&amp;rft.pages=194&amp;rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wicca-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wicca_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Matthews, Carol S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=stQQJlV9FT8C&amp;pg=PA115&amp;dq=neopaganism+atheism#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>New Religions</i></a>. Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8096-2">978-0-7910-8096-2</a>. <q>There is no universal worldview that all Neo-Pagans/Wiccans hold. One online information source indicates that depending on how the term <i>God</i> is defined, Neo-Pagans might be classified as monotheists, duotheists (two gods), polytheists, pantheists, or atheists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Carol+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Matthews&amp;rft.btitle=New+Religions&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DstQQJlV9FT8C%26pg%3DPA115%26dq%3Dneopaganism%2Batheism%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7910-8096-2&amp;rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&amp;pg=PA71&amp;hl=en#v=onepage&amp;q=atheist&amp;f=false"><i>Hinduism, a way of life</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p.&#160;65. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7">978-81-208-0899-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-15</span></span>. <q>For the thoroughgoing atheist, the path is extremely difficult, if not lonely, for he can not develop any relationship of love with God, nor can he expect any divine help on the long and arduous journey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Sitansu&amp;rft.aulast=Chakravarti&amp;rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+a+way+of+life&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_-rASTgw8wC%26pg%3DPA71%26hl%3Den%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Datheist%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-208-0899-7&amp;rft.pages=65&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-devdutt-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-devdutt_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Pattanaik, Devdutt (2009-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927173952/http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2009/aug/180809-Vardhamana-Mahavir-Jainism-Devlok-Play-24th-Tirthankara.htm">"63 worthy beings"</a>. Mid-day. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2009/aug/180809-Vardhamana-Mahavir-Jainism-Devlok-Play-24th-Tirthankara.htm">the original</a> on September 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Devdutt&amp;rft.aulast=Pattanaik&amp;rft.btitle=63+worthy+beings&amp;rft.date=2009-08-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Fspecials%2F2009%2Faug%2F180809-Vardhamana-Mahavir-Jainism-Devlok-Play-24th-Tirthankara.htm&amp;rft.pub=Mid-day&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Muni Nagraj. <i>Āgama and Tripiṭaka: A Comparative Study&#160;: a Critical Study of the Jaina and the Buddhist Canonical Literature, Volume 1</i>. Today &amp; Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers. p.&#160;203. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-730-4">978-81-7022-730-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.au=Muni+Nagraj&amp;rft.btitle=%C4gama+and+Tripi%E1%B9aka%3A+A+Comparative+Study+%3A+a+Critical+Study+of+the+Jaina+and+the+Buddhist+Canonical+Literature%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7022-730-4&amp;rft.pages=203&amp;rft.pub=Today+%26+Tomorrow%27s+Printers+and+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kedar, Nath Tiwari (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.vc/books?id=Jb0rCQD9NcoC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q=atheism&amp;f=false"><i>Comparative Religion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p.&#160;50. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0293-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0293-4">81-208-0293-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Nath+Tiwari&amp;rft.aulast=Kedar&amp;rft.btitle=Comparative+Religion&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.vc%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJb0rCQD9NcoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Datheism%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=81-208-0293-4&amp;rft.pages=50&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-misconceptions-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-misconceptions_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gleeson, David (10 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.exchristian.net/2006/12/common-misconceptions-about-atheists.html">"Common Misconceptions About Atheists and Atheism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Gleeson&amp;rft.btitle=Common+Misconceptions+About+Atheists+and+Atheism&amp;rft.date=2006-08-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.exchristian.net%2F2006%2F12%2Fcommon-misconceptions-about-atheists.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>, p.&#160;275. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to <a href="/wiki/Moral_bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral bankruptcy">moral bankruptcy</a>."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal, Blaise</a> (1669). <i><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9es" title="Pensées">Pensées</a></i>, II: "The Misery of Man Without God".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre2004127-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre2004127_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre2004127_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartre2004">Sartre 2004</a>, p.&#160;127.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre200145-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre200145_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartre2001">Sartre 2001</a>, p.&#160;45.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre200132-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre200132_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartre2001">Sartre 2001</a>, p.&#160;32.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). <i>Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Pippa&amp;rft.au=Inglehart%2C+Ronald&amp;rft.aulast=Norris&amp;rft.btitle=Sacred+and+Secular%3A+Religion+and+Politics+Worldwide&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bruce, Steve (2003). <i>Religion and Politics</i>. Cambridge, UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rft.aulast=Bruce&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Zuckerman-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2009" class="citation journal">Zuckerman, Phil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pitweb.pitzer.edu/academics/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/12/FAC-Zuckerman-Sociology-Compass.pdf">"Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sociology Compass</i> <b>3</b> (6): 949–971. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-9020.2009.00247.x">10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism%2C+Secularity%2C+and+Well-Being%3A+How+the+Findings+of+Social+Science+Counter+Negative+Stereotypes+and+Assumptions&amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;rft.aulast=Zuckerman&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpitweb.pitzer.edu%2Facademics%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F38%2F2014%2F12%2FFAC-Zuckerman-Sociology-Compass.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1751-9020.2009.00247.x&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Sociology+Compass&amp;rft.pages=949-971&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=3" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Guardian-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/sep/12/pope-benedict-atheism-secularism">"Societies without God are more benevolent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 2 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Societies+without+God+are+more+benevolent&amp;rft.date=2010-09-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2010%2Fsep%2F12%2Fpope-benedict-atheism-secularism&amp;rft.pub=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wallace, B. Alan Ph.D. (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwallace.org/Is%20Buddhism%20Really%20Nontheistic_.pdf">"Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. National Conference of the American Academy of Religion lectures. Boston, MA. p.&#160;8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+Alan+Ph.D.&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;rft.btitle=Is+Buddhism+Really+Non-Theistic%3F&amp;rft.date=1999-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alanwallace.org%2FIs%2520Buddhism%2520Really%2520Nontheistic_.pdf&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&amp;rft.series=National+Conference+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion+lectures&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>"Thus, in light of the theoretical progression from the bhavaºga to the tath›gatagarbha to the primordial wisdom of the absolute space of reality, Buddhism is not so simply non-theistic as it may appear at first glance."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-winston2-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winston2_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Winston, Robert (Ed.) (2004). <i>Human</i>. New York: DK Publishing, Inc. p.&#160;299. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-1901-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-1901-7">0-7566-1901-7</a>. <q>Nonbelief has existed for centuries. For example, Buddhism and Jainism have been called atheistic religions because they do not advocate belief in gods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+%28Ed.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Winston&amp;rft.btitle=Human&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7566-1901-7&amp;rft.pages=299&amp;rft.pub=New+York%3A+DK+Publishing%2C+Inc&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml">"Humanistic Judaism"</a>. BBC. 20 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110416143510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Humanistic+Judaism&amp;rft.date=2006-07-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fsubdivisions%2Fhumanistic.shtml&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLevin1995" class="citation journal">Levin, S. (May 1995). "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish Atheism</a>". <i>New Humanist</i> <b>110</b> (2): 13–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Jewish+Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Levin&amp;rft.date=1995-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Humanist&amp;rft.pages=13-15&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=110" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/christianatheism.shtml">"Christian Atheism"</a>. BBC. 17 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Christian+Atheism&amp;rft.date=2006-05-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fatheism%2Ftypes%2Fchristianatheism.shtml&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._J._Altizer" title="Thomas J. J. Altizer">Altizer, Thomas J. J.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523"><i>The Gospel of Christian Atheism</i></a>. London: Collins. pp.&#160;102–103<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Altizer&amp;rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Christian+Atheism&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowbook.asp%3Ftitle%3D523&amp;rft.pages=102-103&amp;rft.pub=London%3A+Collins&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLyas1970" class="citation journal">Lyas, Colin (January 1970). "On the Coherence of Christian Atheism". <i>Philosophy: the Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy</i> <b>45</b> (171): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100009578">10.1017/S0031819100009578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Coherence+of+Christian+Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Colin&amp;rft.aulast=Lyas&amp;rft.date=1970-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100009578&amp;rft.issue=171&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophy%3A+the+Journal+of+the+Royal+Institute+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=1-19&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=45" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>, pp.&#160;21–22</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slavoj Žižek: Less Than Nothing (2012)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alain de Botton: <a href="/wiki/Religion_for_Atheists" title="Religion for Atheists">Religion for Atheists</a> (2012)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist: The Global Empire (2012)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>, p.&#160;275. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread - [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]or more disastrous in its effects—than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Dostoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a></i> (Book Eleven: <i>Brother Ivan Fyodorovich</i>, Chapter 4) there is the famous argument that <i>If there is no God, all things are permitted.</i>: "'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?'"</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kant_CPR_A811-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kant_CPR_A811_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, the presupposition of God, soul, and freedom was a practical concern, for "Morality, by itself, constitutes a system, but happiness does not, unless it is distributed in exact proportion to morality. This, however, is possible in an intelligible world only under a wise author and ruler. Reason compels us to admit such a ruler, together with life in such a world, which we must consider as future life, or else all moral laws are to be considered as idle dreams&#160;..." (<i>Critique of Pure Reason</i>, A811).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, p.&#160;38</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fortin_.26_Benestad-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fortin_.26_Benestad_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=19ccmx1W58IC&amp;pg=PA16"><i>Human Rights, Virtue, and the Common Good</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman &amp; Littlefield">Rowman &amp; Littlefield</a>. 1996. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8279-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8279-9">978-0-8476-8279-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>That problem was brought home to us with dazzling clarity by Nietzsche, who had reflected more deeply than any of his contemporaries on the implications of godlessness and come to the conclusion that a fatal contradiction lay at the heart of modern theological enterprise: it thought that Christian morality, which it wished to preserve, was independent of Christian dogma, which it rejected. This, in Nietzsche's mind, was an absurdity. It amounted to nothing less than dismissing the architect while trying to keep the building or getting rid of the lawgiver while claiming the protection of the law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Rights%2C+Virtue%2C+and+the+Common+Good&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D19ccmx1W58IC%26pg%3DPA16&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8279-9&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Craig_.26_Moreland-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Craig_.26_Moreland_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=g8bHRrVu3SsC&amp;pg=PA392"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. 11 May 2009. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7657-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7657-6">978-1-4051-7657-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>Morality "has truth only if God is truth–it stands or falls with faith in God" (Nietzsche 1968, p. 70). The moral argument for the existence of God essentially takes Nietzsche's assertion as one of its premises: if there is no God, then "there are altogether no moral facts".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Natural+Theology&amp;rft.date=2009-05-11&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dg8bHRrVu3SsC%26pg%3DPA392&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7657-6&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Miller-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=VgMB9-tMSMoC&amp;pg=PA85"><i>Victorian Subjects</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. 1991. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1110-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1110-2">978-0-8223-1110-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>Like other mid-nineteenth-century writers, George Eliot was not fully aware of the implications of her humanism, and, as Nietzsche saw, attempted the difficult task of upholding the Christian morality of altruism without faith in the Christian God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Victorian+Subjects&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DVgMB9-tMSMoC%26pg%3DPA85&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1110-2&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore, G. E.</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/g-e-moore/principia-ethica/s.13"><i>Principia Ethica</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514054112/http://fair-use.org/g-e-moore/principia-ethica/s.13">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.btitle=Principia+Ethica&amp;rft.date=1903&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffair-use.org%2Fg-e-moore%2Fprincipia-ethica%2Fs.13&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Neiman" title="Susan Neiman">Susan Neiman</a> (6 November 2006). <i>Beyond Belief Session 6</i> (Conference). <a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Salk Institute">Salk Institute</a>, La Jolla, CA: The Science Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Beyond+Belief+Session+6&amp;rft.date=2006-11-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.place=Salk+Institute%2C+La+Jolla%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=The+Science+Network&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, p.&#160;40</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, p.&#160;43</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">101 Ethical Dilemmas, 2nd edition, by Cohen, M., Routledge 2007, pp&#160;184–5. (Cohen notes particularly that Plato and Aristotle produced arguments in favour of slavery.)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao, by Cohen, M, Second edition 2008</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2005">Harris 2005</a>, <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris 2006</a>, <a href="#CITEREFDawkins2006">Dawkins 2006</a>, <a href="#CITEREFHitchens2007">Hitchens 2007</a>, <a href="#CITEREFRussell1957">Russell 1957</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, K. 1976. Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Collected Works, v. 3. New York.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MartinAmis-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MartinAmis_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Amis; Koba the Dread; Vintage Books; London; 2003; <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099438021" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-09-943802-1</a>; p.&#160;30–31</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006a-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006a_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2006a">Harris 2006a</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Moreira-almeida2006-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moreira-almeida2006_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoreira-almeidaNetoKoenig2006" class="citation journal">Moreira-almeida, A.; Neto, F.; Koenig, H. G. (2006). "Religiousness and mental health: a review". <i>Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria</i> <b>28</b> (3): 242–250. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1590%2FS1516-44462006005000006">10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924349">16924349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Religiousness+and+mental+health%3A+a+review&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Koenig%2C+H.+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Moreira-almeida&amp;rft.au=Neto%2C+F.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS1516-44462006005000006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16924349&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Psiquiatria&amp;rft.pages=242-250&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=28" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: <cite id="CITEREFKahoe1977" class="citation journal">Kahoe, R.D. (June 1977). "Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i> <b>16</b> (2): 179–182. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1385749">10.2307/1385749</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1385749">1385749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Intrinsic+Religion+and+Authoritarianism%3A+A+Differentiated+Relationship&amp;rft.aufirst=R.D.&amp;rft.aulast=Kahoe&amp;rft.date=1977-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1385749&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1385749&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&amp;rft.pages=179-182&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=16" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Also see: <cite id="CITEREFAltemeyerHunsberger1992" class="citation journal">Altemeyer, Bob; Hunsberger, Bruce (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_for_the_Psychology_of_Religion" title="International Journal for the Psychology of Religion">International Journal for the Psychology of Religion</a></i> <b>2</b> (2): 113–133. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327582ijpr0202_5">10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Authoritarianism%2C+Religious+Fundamentalism%2C+Quest%2C+and+Prejudice&amp;rft.aufirst=Bob&amp;rft.au=Hunsberger%2C+Bruce&amp;rft.aulast=Altemeyer&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327582ijpr0202_5&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+the+Psychology+of+Religion&amp;rft.pages=113-133&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=2" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Harris, Sam</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto">"An Atheist Manifesto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truthdig" title="Truthdig">Truthdig</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516191405/http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.btitle=An+Atheist+Manifesto&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthdig.com%2Fdig%2Fprint%2F200512_an_atheist_manifesto&amp;rft.pub=Truthdig&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-John_S._Feinberg.2C_Paul_D._Feinberg-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_S._Feinberg.2C_Paul_D._Feinberg_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Feinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Feinberg">Feinberg, John S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Feinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul D. Feinberg">Feinberg, Paul D.</a> (4 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Nl-f5SKq9mgC&amp;pg=PA697"><i>Ethics for a Brave New World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greg_Koukl" title="Greg Koukl">Stand To Reason</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-712-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-712-8">978-1-58134-712-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-18</span></span>. <q>Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spent well-nigh 50 years working on the history of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.au=Feinberg%2C+Paul+D.&amp;rft.aufirst=John+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Feinberg&amp;rft.btitle=Ethics+for+a+Brave+New+World&amp;rft.date=2010-11-04&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DNl-f5SKq9mgC%26pg%3DPA697&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58134-712-8&amp;rft.pub=Stand+To+Reason&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Totalitarianism_and_Atheism-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Totalitarianism_and_Atheism_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza, Dinesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0214.htm">"Answering Atheist's Arguments"</a>. Catholic Education Resource Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Dinesh&amp;rft.aulast=D%27Souza&amp;rft.btitle=Answering+Atheist%27s+Arguments&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholiceducation.org%2Farticles%2Fapologetics%2Fap0214.htm&amp;rft.pub=Catholic+Education+Resource+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006291-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006291_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkins2006">Dawkins 2006</a>, p.&#160;291.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/harris06/harris06_index.html">10 myths and 10 truths about Atheism</a> Sam Harris</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αθεοι</span>—in any of its forms—appears nowhere else in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> or the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. <cite class="citation book">Robertson, A.T. (1960) [1932]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/r/robertson_at/wordpictures/htm/EPH2.RWP.html">"Ephesians: Chapter 2"</a>. <i>Word Pictures in the New Testament</i>. Broadman Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul's words in Ro 1:18–32.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Ephesians%3A+Chapter+2&amp;rft.aufirst=A.T.&amp;rft.aulast=Robertson&amp;rft.btitle=Word+Pictures+in+the+New+Testament&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fr%2Frobertson_at%2Fwordpictures%2Fhtm%2FEPH2.RWP.html&amp;rft.pub=Broadman+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/atheist">"atheist"</a>. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=atheist&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fatheist&amp;rft.pub=American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(priest)" title="John Marshall (priest)">Martiall, John</a> (1566). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20snAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22to%20entre#v=snippet&amp;q=atheist&amp;f=false"><i>A Replie to Mr Calfhills Blasphemous Answer Made Against the Treatise of the Cross</i></a>. English recusant literature, 1558–1640 <b>203</b>. Louvain. p.&#160;51<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Martiall&amp;rft.btitle=A+Replie+to+Mr+Calfhills+Blasphemous+Answer+Made+Against+the+Treatise+of+the+Cross&amp;rft.date=1566&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20snAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522to%2520entre%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Datheist%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=51&amp;rft.place=Louvain&amp;rft.series=English+recusant+literature%2C+1558%931640&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendered as <i>Atheistes</i>: <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Golding" title="Arthur Golding">Golding, Arthur</a> (1571). <i>The Psalmes of David and others, with <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">J. Calvin</a>'s commentaries</i>. pp.&#160;Ep. Ded. 3. <q>The Atheistes which say..there is no God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;rft.aulast=Golding&amp;rft.btitle=The+Psalmes+of+David+and+others%2C+with+J.+Calvin%27s+commentaries&amp;rft.date=1571&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=Ep.+Ded.+3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Translated from Latin.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Hanmer" title="Meredith Hanmer">Hanmer, Meredith</a> (1577). <i>The auncient ecclesiasticall histories of the first six hundred years after Christ, written by Eusebius, Socrates, and Evagrius</i>. London. p.&#160;63. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/55193813">55193813</a>. <q>The opinion which they conceaue of you, to be Atheists, or godlesse men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Meredith&amp;rft.aulast=Hanmer&amp;rft.btitle=The+auncient+ecclesiasticall+histories+of+the+first+six+hundred+years+after+Christ%2C+written+by+Eusebius%2C+Socrates%2C+and+Evagrius&amp;rft.date=1577&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55193813&amp;rft.pages=63&amp;rft.pub=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mw-online-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mw-online_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mw-online_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atheism"><i>Merriam-Webster Online:Atheism</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>, <q>First Known Use: 1546</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online%3AAtheism&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fatheism&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Golding-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golding_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golding_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendered as <i>Athisme</i>: <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Mornay" title="Philippe de Mornay">de Mornay, Philippe</a> (1581). <i>A Woorke Concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion: Against Atheists, Epicures, Paynims, Iewes, Mahumetists, and other infidels</i> [<i>De la vérite de la religion chréstienne (1581, Paris)</i>]. Translated from French to English by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Golding" title="Arthur Golding">Arthur Golding</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a> and published in London, 1587. <q>Athisme, that is to say, vtter godlesnes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Philippe&amp;rft.aulast=de+Mornay&amp;rft.btitle=A+Woorke+Concerning+the+Trewnesse+of+the+Christian+Religion%3A+Against+Atheists%2C+Epicures%2C+Paynims%2C+Iewes%2C+Mahumetists%2C+and+other+infidels&amp;rft.date=1581&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vergil, Polydore (c. 1534). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=gW-gAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=vergil+english+history#v=onepage&amp;q=Godd%20would%20not&amp;f=false"><i>English history</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>Godd would not longe suffer this impietie, or rather atheonisme.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Polydore&amp;rft.aulast=Vergil&amp;rft.btitle=English+history&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DgW-gAAAAMAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dvergil%2Benglish%2Bhistory%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DGodd%2520would%2520not%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> also records an earlier, irregular formation, <i>atheonism</i>, dated from about 1534. The later and now obsolete words <i>athean</i> and <i>atheal</i> are dated to 1611 and 1612 respectively. <cite class="citation book">prep. by J. A. Simpson&#160;... (1989). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">The Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Second ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2">0-19-861186-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.au=prep.+by+J.+A.+Simpson+...&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-861186-2&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1621Deist-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1621Deist_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1621" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burton_(scholar)" title="Robert Burton (scholar)">Burton, Robert</a> (1621). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=cPgveWnCdRcC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=anatomy+of+melancholy#v=onepage&amp;q=deists&amp;f=false"><i>deist</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Melancholy" title="The Anatomy of Melancholy">The Anatomy of Melancholy</a></i>. Part III, section IV. II. i<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>. <q>Cousin-germans to these men are many of our great Philosophers and Deists</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Burton&amp;rft.btitle=deist&amp;rft.date=1621&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DcPgveWnCdRcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Danatomy%2Bof%2Bmelancholy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Ddeists%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=Part+III%2C+section+IV.+II.+i&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin, Edward (1662). "Five Letters". <i>His opinion concerning the difference between the Church of England and Geneva [etc.]</i> London. p.&#160;45. <q>To have said my office..twice a day..among Rebels, Theists, Atheists, Philologers, Wits, Masters of Reason, Puritanes [etc.].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Five+Letters&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.btitle=His+opinion+concerning+the+difference+between+the+Church+of+England+and+Geneva+%5Betc.%5D&amp;rft.date=1662&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft.pub=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1675Deism-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1675Deism_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bailey, Nathan (1675). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=CFBGAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PT255&amp;dq=deism#v=onepage&amp;q=deism&amp;f=false"><i>An universal etymological English dictionary</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Nathan&amp;rft.aulast=Bailey&amp;rft.btitle=An+universal+etymological+English+dictionary&amp;rft.date=1675&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DCFBGAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPT255%26dq%3Ddeism%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Ddeism%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Secondly, that nothing out of nothing, in the sense of the atheistic objectors, viz. that nothing, which once was not, could by any power whatsoever be brought into being, is absolutely false; and that, if it were true, it would make no more against theism than it does against atheism&#160;..." Cudworth, Ralph. The true intellectual system of the universe. 1678. Chapter V Section II p.73</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-adevism-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adevism_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In part because of its wide use in monotheistic Western society, <i>atheism</i> is usually described as "disbelief in God", rather than more generally as "disbelief in deities". A clear distinction is rarely drawn in modern writings between these two definitions, but some archaic uses of <i>atheism</i> encompassed only disbelief in the singular God, not in <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> deities. It is on this basis that the obsolete term <i><a href="/wiki/Adevism" title="Adevism">adevism</a></i> was coined in the late 19th century to describe an absence of belief in plural deities.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pandian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=B90uj14NHjMC&amp;pg=PA64"><i>India, that is, sidd</i></a>. Allied Publishers. p.&#160;64. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-561-3">978-81-7023-561-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.au=Pandian&amp;rft.btitle=India%2C+that+is%2C+sidd&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DB90uj14NHjMC%26pg%3DPA64&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7023-561-3&amp;rft.pages=64&amp;rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dasgupta, Surendranath (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&amp;pg=PA258"><i>A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p.&#160;258. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8">978-81-208-0412-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Surendranath&amp;rft.aulast=Dasgupta&amp;rft.btitle=A+history+of+Indian+philosophy%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DPoaMFmS1_lEC%26pg%3DPA258&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-208-0412-8&amp;rft.pages=258&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. <i>A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy</i>. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–249. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691019584" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-01958-4</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. <i>An Introduction to Indian Philosophy</i>. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984). p. 55.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Joshi-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joshi_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1966" class="citation journal">Joshi, L.R. (1966). "A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism". <i>Philosophy East and West</i> <b>16</b> (3/4): 189–206. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1397540">10.2307/1397540</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1397540">1397540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=A+New+Interpretation+of+Indian+Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=L.R.&amp;rft.aulast=Joshi&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397540&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397540&amp;rft.issue=3%2F4&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&amp;rft.pages=189-206&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=16" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, pp.&#160;73–74. "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Solmsen" title="Friedrich Solmsen">Solmsen, Friedrich</a> (1942). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?vid=0blEqYn0npw5h4r_qPHc_fk&amp;id=rLASAAAAIAAJ&amp;pgis=1">Plato's Theology</a></i>. Cornell University Press. p 25.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CIC-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>...&#160;nullos esse omnino Diagoras et Theodorus Cyrenaicus&#160;...</i> Cicero, Marcus Tullius: <i>De natura deorum.</i> Comments and English text by Richard D. McKirahan. Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, 1997, page 3. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0929524896" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-929524-89-6</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eb2007-study-of-religion-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb2007-study-of-religion_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497151/study-of-religion">"religion, study of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=religion%2C+study+of&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F497151%2Fstudy-of-religion&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bremmer, Jan. <i>Atheism in Antiquity</i>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.aulast=Bremmer&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism+in+Antiquity&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, pp.&#160;12–13</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, ii</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Lucullus</i>, 121. in Reale, G., <i>A History of Ancient Philosophy</i>. SUNY Press. (1985).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bremmer, Jan. <i>Atheism in Antiquity</i>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.aulast=Bremmer&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism+in+Antiquity&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, pp.&#160;14–19</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brickhouse, Thomas C.; Smith, Nicholas D. (2004). <i>Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates</i>. Routledge. p.&#160;112. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15681-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15681-5">0-415-15681-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Brickhouse&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicholas+D.&amp;rft.btitle=Routledge+Philosophy+Guidebook+to+Plato+and+the+Trial+of+Socrates&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-15681-5&amp;rft.pages=112&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> In particular, he argues that the claim he is a complete atheist contradicts the other part of the indictment, that he introduced "new divinities".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fragments of Euhemerus' work in Ennius' Latin translation have been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Patristic</a> writings (e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>), which all rely on earlier fragments in <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a> 5,41–46 &amp; 6.1. Testimonies, especially in the context of polemical criticism, are found e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, <i>Hymn to Zeus</i> 8.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Moralia—Isis and Osiris</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/B.html#23">23</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epicurus/">"Epicurus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"</a>. <i>Plato.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Epicurus+%28Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fepicurus%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Plato.stanford.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gordonstein-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordonstein_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordonstein_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein, Gordon (Ed.) (1980). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990c25.htm">The History of Freethought and Atheism</a>". <i>An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism</i>. New York: Prometheus. Retrieved 2007-APR-03.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />&#160;<cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Atheism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Atheism">Atheism</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maycock, A. L. and Ronald Knox (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmL8CljbqDwC">Inquisition from Its Establishment to the Great Schism: An Introductory Study</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0766172902" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7661-7290-2</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Nicholson318-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson318_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, 1962, <i>A Literary History of the Arabs</i>, page 318. Routledge</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdsmt.edu/student-orgs/tfs/reading/freethought/islam.html">Freethought Traditions in the Islamic World</a> by Fred Whitehead; also quoted in Cyril Glasse, (2001), <i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, p. 278. Rowman Altamira.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Al-Zandaqa Wal Zanadiqa</i>, by Mohammad Abd-El Hamid Al-Hamad, first edition 1999, Dar Al-Taliaa Al-Jadida, Syria (Arabic)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_4-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka_2005_4_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka_2005_4_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>, p.&#160;4</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p.388</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p.343</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pantheism">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dpantheism&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winfried Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. See also Rececca Moore, <i>The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought</i> (2011), calling Knutzen "the first open advocate of a modern atheist perspective" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.sdsu.edu/germany.html">online here</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue40/Onfray40.htm">"Michel Onfray on Jean Meslier"</a>. William Paterson University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Michel+Onfray+on+Jean+Meslier&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnova.wpunj.edu%2Fnewpolitics%2Fissue40%2FOnfray40.htm&amp;rft.pub=William+Paterson+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Holbach-SoN-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holbach-SoN_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach, P. H. T.</a> (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fulltextarchive.com/page/The-System-of-Nature-Vol-21/"><i>The System of Nature</i></a> <b>2</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+H.+T.&amp;rft.aulast=d%27Holbach&amp;rft.btitle=The+System+of+Nature&amp;rft.date=1770&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffulltextarchive.com%2Fpage%2FThe-System-of-Nature-Vol-21%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron" title="Jeremy Waldron">Jeremy Waldron</a>; <i>God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought</i>; Cambridge, UK; 2002; p.217</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; pp.&#160;390–391</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/burke/edmund/reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france/">"Reflections on the Revolution in France"</a>. <i>adelaide.edu.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Revolution+in+France&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fb%2Fburke%2Fedmund%2Freflections-on-the-revolution-in-france%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=adelaide.edu.au&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ray, Matthew Alun (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=BKz2FcDrFy0C&amp;pg=PA1"><i>Subjectivity and Irreligion: Atheism and Agnosticism in Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3456-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3456-0">978-0-7546-3456-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+Alun&amp;rft.aulast=Ray&amp;rft.btitle=Subjectivity+and+Irreligion%3A+Atheism+and+Agnosticism+in+Kant%2C+Schopenhauer%2C+and+Nietzsche&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DBKz2FcDrFy0C%26pg%3DPA1&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3456-0&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Law, Stephen (2011). <i>Humanism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;23. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955364-8">978-0-19-955364-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.aulast=Law&amp;rft.btitle=Humanism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-955364-8&amp;rft.pages=23&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Law notes that he may have also been the first imprisoned on such a charge.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Law, Stephen (2011). <i>Humanism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;23. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955364-8">978-0-19-955364-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.aulast=Law&amp;rft.btitle=Humanism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-955364-8&amp;rft.pages=23&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-feminism-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-feminism_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Overall, Christine (2006). "Feminism and Atheism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&amp;pg=PA233&amp;lpg=PA233&amp;dq=%22Feminism+and+Atheism%22&amp;q=%22Feminism%20and%20Atheism%22"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Atheism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3">978-1-139-82739-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Feminism+and+Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Christine&amp;rft.aulast=Overall&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DtAeFipOVx4MC%26pg%3DPA233%26lpg%3DPA233%26dq%3D%2522Feminism%2Band%2BAtheism%2522%26q%3D%2522Feminism%2520and%2520Atheism%2522&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-139-82739-3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, pp.&#160;233–246</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>; <i>Russia under the Bolshevik Regime</i>; The Harvill Press; 1994; pp. 339–340</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Viking_p.494-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Viking_p.494_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Christianity" title="A Short History of Christianity">A Short History of Christianity</a></i>; Viking; 2011; p. 494</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowan Callick; Party Time – Who Runs China and How; Black Inc; 2013; p.112</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/zjxy/t36492.htm">"White Paper—Freedom of Religious Belief in China"</a>. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. October 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=White+Paper%94Freedom+of+Religious+Belief+in+China&amp;rft.date=1997-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-embassy.org%2Feng%2Fzt%2Fzjxy%2Ft36492.htm&amp;rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90133.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2007 — China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)"</a>. U.S.Department of State. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2007+%94+China+%28includes+Tibet%2C+Hong+Kong%2C+and+Macau%29&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90133.htm&amp;rft.pub=U.S.Department+of+State&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Christianity" title="A Short History of Christianity">A Short History of Christianity</a></i>; Viking; 2011; p.543</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Madsen, Richard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMd7AgAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PA172&amp;pg=PA586">"Religion Under Communism"</a>. In Smith, S. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMd7AgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;588. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960205-6">978-0-19-960205-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Religion+Under+Communism&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Madsen&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Communism&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMd7AgAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPA172%26pg%3DPA586&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-960205-6&amp;rft.pages=588&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Blackford, R.; Schüklenk, U. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fR1rAAAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PA79&amp;pg=PA85">"Myth 27 Many Atrocities Have Been Committed in the Name of Atheism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fR1rAAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>50 great myths about atheism</i></a>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. p.&#160;88. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67404-8">978-0-470-67404-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Myth+27+Many+Atrocities+Have+Been+Committed+in+the+Name+of+Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Blackford&amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%BCklenk%2C+U.&amp;rft.btitle=50+great+myths+about+atheism&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfR1rAAAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPA79%26pg%3DPA85&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-67404-8&amp;rft.pages=88&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>, p.&#160;16</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Michael, S. M. (1999). "Dalit Visions of a Just Society". In S. M. Michael (ed.). <i>Untouchable: Dalits in Modern India</i>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.&#160;31–33. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-697-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-697-8">1-55587-697-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Dalit+Visions+of+a+Just+Society&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Michael&amp;rft.btitle=Untouchable%3A+Dalits+in+Modern+India&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=1-55587-697-8&amp;rft.pages=31-33&amp;rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He who created god was a fool, he who spreads his name is a scoundrel, and he who worships him is a barbarian." Hiorth, Finngeir (1996). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iheu.org/content/atheism-south-india-2">Atheism in South India</a>". <a href="/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union" title="International Humanist and Ethical Union">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a>, <i>International Humanist News</i>. Retrieved 2013-11-21</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Martin, Douglas (26 Aug 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9805E1DB103EF935A1575BC0A9609C8B63">"Vashti McCollum, 93, Plaintiff In a Landmark Religion Suit – Obituary (Obit); Biography"</a>. New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.btitle=Vashti+McCollum%2C+93%2C+Plaintiff+In+a+Landmark+Religion+Suit+%93+Obituary+%28Obit%29%3B+Biography&amp;rft.date=2006-08-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9805E1DB103EF935A1575BC0A9609C8B63&amp;rft.pub=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jurinski, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=0Yq_z5LaCjsC&amp;pg=PA48&amp;lpg=PA48"><i>Religion on Trial</i></a>. Walnut Creek, California: AltraMira Press. p.&#160;48. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0601-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0601-0">0-7591-0601-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Jurinski&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+on+Trial&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0Yq_z5LaCjsC%26pg%3DPA48%26lpg%3DPA48&amp;rft.isbn=0-7591-0601-0&amp;rft.pages=48&amp;rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California&amp;rft.pub=AltraMira+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19660408,00.html"><i>TIME Magazine</i> cover</a> online. Apr 8, 1966. Retrieved 2013-11-21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,835309,00.html">Toward a Hidden God</a>". <i>Time Magazine</i> online. Apr 8, 1966. Retrieved 2007-04-17.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-aboutCalling-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aboutCalling_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Erickson, Doug (25 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://host.madison.com/news/the-atheists-calling-the-madison-based-freedom-from-religion-foundation/article_85a849c9-f26a-50e8-8a04-cf8bc889d8a0.html">"The atheists' calling the Madison-based Freedom From Religion Foundation is taking its latest battle to the U.S. Supreme court. It's a milestone for the often-vilified but financially strong group, which has seen its membership grow to an all-time high"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Journal" title="Wisconsin State Journal">Wisconsin State Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=The+atheists%27+calling+the+Madison-based+Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation+is+taking+its+latest+battle+to+the+U.S.+Supreme+court.+It%27s+a+milestone+for+the+often-vilified+but+financially+strong+group%2C+which+has+seen+its+membership+grow+to+an+all-time+high&amp;rft.aufirst=Doug&amp;rft.aulast=Erickson&amp;rft.date=2010-02-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhost.madison.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-atheists-calling-the-madison-based-freedom-from-religion-foundation%2Farticle_85a849c9-f26a-50e8-8a04-cf8bc889d8a0.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+State+Journal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Erickson, Doug (25 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://host.madison.com/news/the-atheists-calling-the-madison-based-freedom-from-religion-foundation/article_85a849c9-f26a-50e8-8a04-cf8bc889d8a0.html">"The Atheists' Calling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Journal" title="Wisconsin State Journal">Wisconsin State Journal</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Doug&amp;rft.aulast=Erickson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Atheists%27+Calling&amp;rft.date=2007-02-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhost.madison.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-atheists-calling-the-madison-based-freedom-from-religion-foundation%2Farticle_85a849c9-f26a-50e8-8a04-cf8bc889d8a0.html&amp;rft.pub=Wisconsin+State+Journal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewforum.org/2006/07/18/timothy-samuel-shah-explains-why-god-is-winning/">Timothy Samuel Shah Explains 'Why God is Winning'</a>." 2006-07-18. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Retrieved 2013-11-21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaulZuckerman2007" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul" title="Gregory S. Paul">Paul, Gregory</a>; Zuckerman, Phil (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge209.html#gp">"Why the Gods Are Not Winning"</a>. <i>Edge</i> <b>209</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Why+the+Gods+Are+Not+Winning&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory&amp;rft.aulast=Paul&amp;rft.au=Zuckerman%2C+Phil&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge.org%2Fdocuments%2Farchive%2Fedge209.html%23gp&amp;rft.jtitle=Edge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=209" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-religion_knowledge-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religion_knowledge_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandsberg2010">Landsberg 2010</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womeninsecularism.org/2012/">"Women in Secularism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Women+in+Secularism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womeninsecularism.org%2F2012%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secularwoman.org/about">"Secular Woman:About"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Secular+Woman%3AAbout&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secularwoman.org%2Fabout&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethoughtblogs.com/greta/2013/08/13/a-timeline-of-the-sexual-harassment-accusations/">"A Timeline of the Sexual Harassment Accusations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=A+Timeline+of+the+Sexual+Harassment+Accusations&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreethoughtblogs.com%2Fgreta%2F2013%2F08%2F13%2Fa-timeline-of-the-sexual-harassment-accusations%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethoughtblogs.com/blaghag/2012/08/atheism/">"Blaghag: Atheism+"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Blaghag%3A+Atheism%2B&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreethoughtblogs.com%2Fblaghag%2F2012%2F08%2Fatheism%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethoughtblogs.com/blaghag/2012/08/how-i-unwittingly-infiltrated-the-boys-club-why-its-time-for-a-new-wave-of-atheism/">"How I unwittingly infiltrated the boys club, why it's time for a new wave of atheism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=How+I+unwittingly+infiltrated+the+boys+club%2C+why+it%27s+time+for+a+new+wave+of+atheism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreethoughtblogs.com%2Fblaghag%2F2012%2F08%2Fhow-i-unwittingly-infiltrated-the-boys-club-why-its-time-for-a-new-wave-of-atheism%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheismplus.com/faq.php">"About Atheism+"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=About+Atheism%2B&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatheismplus.com%2Ffaq.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alligator.org/news/local/article_f9a8713c-e2cf-11e2-b9d8-001a4bcf887a.html">"Alligator News"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Alligator+News&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alligator.org%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticle_f9a8713c-e2cf-11e2-b9d8-001a4bcf887a.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/06/29/atheists-unveil-monument-in-florida-and-promise-to-build-50-more">"Atheists unveil monument in Florida and promise to build 50 more"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Atheists+unveil+monument+in+Florida+and+promise+to+build+50+more&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rawstory.com%2Frs%2F2013%2F06%2F29%2Fatheists-unveil-monument-in-florida-and-promise-to-build-50-more&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hooper, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html">"The rise of the New Atheists"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+New+Atheists&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft.aulast=Hooper&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F11%2F08%2Fatheism.feature%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gribbin, Alice (22 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/12/richard-dawkins-issue-hitchens">"Preview: The Four Horsemen of New Atheism reunited"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Preview%3A+The+Four+Horsemen+of+New+Atheism+reunited&amp;rft.aufirst=Alice&amp;rft.aulast=Gribbin&amp;rft.date=2011-12-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-staggers%2F2011%2F12%2Frichard-dawkins-issue-hitchens&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenger2009-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenger2009_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenger2009_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenger2009">Stenger 2009</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-sharedvalues-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sharedvalues_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Garfield, Alan E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawreview.vermontlaw.edu/files/2012/02/13-Garfield-Book-2-Vol-33.pdf">"Finding Shared Values in a Diverse Society: Lessons From the Intelligent Design Controversy"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vermont Law Review</i> (Vermont Law Review). 33 Book 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Finding+Shared+Values+in+a+Diverse+Society%3A+Lessons+From+the+Intelligent+Design+Controversy&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+E&amp;rft.aulast=Garfield&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawreview.vermontlaw.edu%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F02%2F13-Garfield-Book-2-Vol-33.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Vermont+Law+Review&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=33+Book+2" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious">"Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, Section on accuracy of non-Religious Demographic Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422093857/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Major+Religions+of+the+World+Ranked+by+Number+of+Adherents%2C+Section+on+accuracy+of+non-Religious+Demographic+Data&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2FReligions_By_Adherents.html%23Nonreligious&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Huxley, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsUMTA4MebwC&amp;pg=PA120"><i>Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law</i></a>. Routledge. p.&#160;120. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1689-0">978-0-7007-1689-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL7763963M">7763963M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Huxley&amp;rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Law+and+Tradition%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Religious+Law&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsUMTA4MebwC%26pg%3DPA120&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1689-0&amp;rft.pages=120&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eb-2010-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb-2010_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-2010_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1731588/Religion-Year-In-Review-2010/298437/Worldwide-Adherents-of-All-Religions">"Religion: Year in Review 2010: Worldwide Adherents of All Religions"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Religion%3A+Year+in+Review+2010%3A+Worldwide+Adherents+of+All+Religions&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1731588%2FReligion-Year-In-Review-2010%2F298437%2FWorldwide-Adherents-of-All-Religions&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Joas, Hans; Wiegandt, Klaus, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQTdki1xyK0C&amp;pg=PA122"><i>Secularization and the World Religions</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p.&#160;122 (footnote 1). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-187-1">978-1-84631-187-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL25285702M">25285702M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Secularization+and+the+World+Religions&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQTdki1xyK0C%26pg%3DPA122&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84631-187-1&amp;rft.pages=122+%28footnote+1%29&amp;rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gallup2012-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallup2012_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wingia.com/en/news/win_gallup_international_ae_religiosity_and_atheism_index_ao_reveals_atheists_are_a_small_minority_in_the_early_years_of_21st_century/14/">"WIN-Gallup International "Religiosity and Atheism Index" reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century"</a>. 6 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=WIN-Gallup+International+%22Religiosity+and+Atheism+Index%22+reveals+atheists+are+a+small+minority+in+the+early+years+of+21st+century&amp;rft.date=2012-08-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingia.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fwin_gallup_international_ae_religiosity_and_atheism_index_ao_reveals_atheists_are_a_small_minority_in_the_early_years_of_21st_century%2F14%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="REDC" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf">"GLOBAL INDEX OF RELIGION AND ATHEISM – Press Release"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Red C (page does not exist)">Red C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=GLOBAL+INDEX+OF+RELIGION+AND+ATHEISM+%93+Press+Release&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredcresearch.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FRED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Gallup+%93+Red+C&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EB2010-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB2010_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer: Biotechnology"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. October 2010. p.&#160;381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer%3A+Biotechnology&amp;rft.date=2010-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_341_en.pdf&amp;rft.pages=381&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf">"Discrimination in the EU in 2012"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Special Eurobarometer</a></i>, 383 (<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>), p.&#160;233, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Discrimination+in+the+EU+in+2012&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_393_en.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Special+Eurobarometer&amp;rft.pages=233&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?", with a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and non-believer/agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Religiously_Unaffiliated-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religiously_Unaffiliated_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religiously_Unaffiliated_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religiously_Unaffiliated_215-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx">"Religiously Unaffiliated"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion &amp; Public Life Project</i>. 18 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Religiously+Unaffiliated&amp;rft.date=2012-12-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx&amp;rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-abs-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abs_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013">"Cultural Diversity In Australia"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Cultural+Diversity+In+Australia&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2F2071.0main%2Bfeatures902012-2013&amp;rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BBCViewpoints-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCViewpoints_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19262884">"BBC News – Viewpoints: Why is faith falling in the US?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a></i>. 22 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=BBC+News+%93+Viewpoints%3A+Why+is+faith+falling+in+the+US%3F&amp;rft.date=2012-08-22&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-19262884&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WVS-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WVS_218-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WVS_218-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp">"WVS Database"</a>. <i>World Values Survey</i>. Institute for Comparative Survey Research. March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=WVS+Database&amp;rft.date=2015-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvaluessurvey.org%2FWVSOnline.jsp&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Values+Survey&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/">America’s Changing Religious Landscape</a>, Pew Research Center, 12 May 2015.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GSS_2014-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSS_2014_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hout, Michael; Smith, Tom (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norc.org/PDFs/GSS%20Reports/GSS_Religion_2014.pdf">"Fewer Americans Affiliate with Organized Religions, Belief and Practice Unchanged: Key Findings from the 2014 General Social Survey"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>General Social Survey</i>. NORC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Fewer+Americans+Affiliate+with+Organized+Religions%2C+Belief+and+Practice+Unchanged%3A+Key+Findings+from+the+2014+General+Social+Survey&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Hout&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Tom&amp;rft.date=2015-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norc.org%2FPDFs%2FGSS%2520Reports%2FGSS_Religion_2014.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=General+Social+Survey&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-auto-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_221-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_221-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_221-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/4898/the-rise-of-arab-atheism">"The rise of Arab atheism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=The+rise+of+Arab+atheism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewhumanist.org.uk%2Farticles%2F4898%2Fthe-rise-of-arab-atheism&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Tabah2016-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabah2016_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabah2016_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmgsurvey.tabahfoundation.org/downloads/mmgsurvey_full_En_web.pdf">Muslim Millennial Attitudes on Religion and Religious Leadership, Arab World</a>, Tabah Foundation, Abu Dhabi, 2016</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Barber (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-human-beast/201005/why-atheism-will-replace-religion">Why Atheism Will Replace Religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>. Retrieved 2013-05-22.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-intmag-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intmag_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn, Richard</a>; Harvey, John; Nyborg, Helmuth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289608000238">"Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(journal)" title="Intelligence (journal)">Intelligence</a></i> <b>37</b>: 11–15. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2008.03.004">10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.004</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Average+intelligence+predicts+atheism+rates+across+137+nations&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.au=Harvey%2C+John&amp;rft.aulast=Lynn&amp;rft.au=Nyborg%2C+Helmuth&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0160289608000238&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2008.03.004&amp;rft.jtitle=Intelligence&amp;rft.pages=11-15&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=37" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1999" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (1999). <i>A History of God</i>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-927367-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-927367-5">0-09-927367-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen&amp;rft.aulast=Armstrong&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+God&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-09-927367-5&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Vintage&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBaggini2003" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini, Julian</a> (2003). <i>Atheism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280424-3">0-19-280424-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Julian&amp;rft.aulast=Baggini&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-280424-3&amp;rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBarker2008" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Barker, Dan</a> (2008). <i>Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists</i>. New York: Ulysses Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-677-5">978-1-56975-677-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL24313839M">24313839M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft.aulast=Barker&amp;rft.btitle=Godless%3A+How+an+Evangelical+Preacher+Became+One+of+America%27s+Leading+Atheists&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-56975-677-5&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBradlaughBesantBradlaughMoss1884" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Bradlaugh, Charles</a>; Besant, Annie; Bradlaugh, Alice; Moss, A. B.; Cattell, C. C.; Standring, G.; Aveling, E. (1884). <i>The Atheistic Platform</i>. London: Freethought Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.au=Aveling%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Besant%2C+Annie&amp;rft.au=Bradlaugh%2C+Alice&amp;rft.au=Cattell%2C+C.+C.&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.aulast=Bradlaugh&amp;rft.au=Moss%2C+A.+B.&amp;rft.au=Standring%2C+G.&amp;rft.btitle=The+Atheistic+Platform&amp;rft.date=1884&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Freethought+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2006" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=The%20God%20Delusion&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>The God Delusion</i></a>. Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-593-05548-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-593-05548-9">0-593-05548-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Dawkins&amp;rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyq1xDpicghkC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DThe%2520God%2520Delusion%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rft.isbn=0-593-05548-9&amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2005" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(philosopher)" title="Paul Edwards (philosopher)">Edwards, Paul</a> (2005) [1967]. "Atheism". In Donald M. Borchert. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Encyclopedia of Philosophy">The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). p.&#160;359. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865780-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865780-6">978-0-02-865780-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Edwards&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-02-865780-6&amp;rft.pages=359&amp;rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA+%28Gale%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFlew1976" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Flew, Antony</a> (1976). <i>The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality</i>. New York: Barnes and Noble.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Antony&amp;rft.aulast=Flew&amp;rft.btitle=The+Presumption+of+Atheism%2C+and+other+Philosophical+Essays+on+God%2C+Freedom%2C+and+Immortality&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFlint1903" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Flint" title="Robert Flint">Flint, Robert</a> (1903). <i>Agnosticism: The Croall Lecture for 1887–88</i>. William Blackwood and Sons. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL7193167M">7193167M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Flint&amp;rft.btitle=Agnosticism%3A+The+Croall+Lecture+for+1887%9388&amp;rft.date=1903&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=William+Blackwood+and+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2007" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Flynn_(author)" title="Tom Flynn (author)">Flynn, Tom</a>, ed. (25 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YR4RAQAAIAAJ">"The new encyclopedia of unbelief"</a>. <i>The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-391-3">978-1-59102-391-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL8851140M">8851140M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=The+new+encyclopedia+of+unbelief&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Unbelief&amp;rft.date=2007-10-25&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYR4RAQAAIAAJ&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59102-391-3&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Harris, Sam</a> (2005). <i>The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason</i>. W. W. Norton &amp; Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.btitle=The+End+of+Faith%3A+Religion%2C+Terror%2C+and+the+Future+of+Reason&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Harris, Sam</a> (19 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlZATs3xD0gC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PP1"><i>Letter to a Christian Nation</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27877-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27877-7">978-0-307-27877-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL25353925M">25353925M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.btitle=Letter+to+a+Christian+Nation&amp;rft.date=2006-09-19&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlZATs3xD0gC%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-307-27877-7&amp;rft.pub=Knopf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006a" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Harris, Sam</a> (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/articles/2863">"The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Inquiry" title="Free Inquiry">Free Inquiry</a></i> <b>26</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-0701">0272-0701</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Secular+Moral+Chaos&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.date=2006-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.secularhumanism.org%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2F2863&amp;rft.issn=0272-0701&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Free+Inquiry&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=26" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samharris.org/site/full_text/the-myth-of-secular-moral-chaos">alternate URL</a></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2007" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGgoYfGyqSMC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PP1"><i>god Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-4143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-4143-3">978-0-7710-4143-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rft.aulast=Hitchens&amp;rft.btitle=god+Is+Not+Great%3A+How+Religion+Poisons+Everything&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGgoYfGyqSMC%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7710-4143-3&amp;rft.pub=Random+House&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHume1779" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume, David</a> (1779). <i><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" class="extiw" title="s:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i>. London. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL7145748M">7145748M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Hume&amp;rft.btitle=Dialogues+Concerning+Natural+Religion&amp;rft.date=1779&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHume1748" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume, David</a> (1748). <i><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding" class="extiw" title="s:An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding">An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Hume&amp;rft.btitle=An+Enquiry+Concerning+Human+Understanding&amp;rft.date=1748&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLandsberg2010" class="citation news">Landsberg, Mitchell (28 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/28/nation/la-na-religion-survey-20100928">"Atheists, agnostics most knowledgeable about religion, survey says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180716/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/28/nation/la-na-religion-survey-20100928">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheists%2C+agnostics+most+knowledgeable+about+religion%2C+survey+says&amp;rft.aufirst=Mitchell&amp;rft.aulast=Landsberg&amp;rft.date=2010-09-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2010%2Fsep%2F28%2Fnation%2Fla-na-religion-survey-20100928&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMartin1990" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin_(philosopher)" title="Michael Martin (philosopher)">Martin, Michael</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Atheism: A Philosophical Justification</i></a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-642-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-642-0">978-0-87722-642-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL8110936M">8110936M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519174319/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&amp;pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+A+Philosophical+Justification&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNZqCoor4eoC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DAtheism%253A%2520A%2520Philosophical%2520Justification%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87722-642-0&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia&amp;rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMartin2006" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin_(philosopher)" title="Michael Martin (philosopher)">Martin, Michael</a>, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&amp;pg=PA8#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Atheism</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84270-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84270-0">0-521-84270-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL22379448M">22379448M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAeFipOVx4MC%26pg%3DPA8%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-84270-0&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2013" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Nielsen_(philosopher)" title="Kai Nielsen (philosopher)">Nielsen, Kai</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism">"Atheism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Kai&amp;rft.aulast=Nielsen&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F40634%2Fatheism&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRowe1998" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">Rowe, William L.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=lnuwFH_M5o0C&amp;pg=PA530">"Atheism"</a>. In Edward Craig. <i><a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Taylor &amp; Francis. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07310-3">978-0-415-07310-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=William+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Rowe&amp;rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DlnuwFH_M5o0C%26pg%3DPA530&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-07310-3&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFRussell1957" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> (1957). <i>Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects</i>. Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertrand&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Why+I+am+not+a+Christian%2C+and+other+essays+on+religion+and+related+subjects&amp;rft.date=1957&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSartre2001" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre, Jean-Paul</a> (2001) [1946]. "Existentialism and Humanism". In Priest, Stephen. <i>Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings</i>. London: Routledge. p.&#160;45. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21367-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21367-3">0-415-21367-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Existentialism+and+Humanism&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Sartre&amp;rft.btitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre%3A+Basic+Writings&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-21367-3&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSartre2004" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre, Jean-Paul</a> (2004) [1946]. "An existentialist ethics". In Gensler, Harry J.; Spurgin, Earl W.; Swindal, James C. <i>Ethics: Contemporary Readings</i>. London: Routledge. p.&#160;127. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25680-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25680-1">0-415-25680-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=An+existentialist+ethics&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Sartre&amp;rft.btitle=Ethics%3A+Contemporary+Readings&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-25680-1&amp;rft.pages=127&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith, George H.</a> (1979). <i>Atheism: The Case Against God</i>. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-124-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-124-X">0-87975-124-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/79002726">79002726</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL4401616M">4401616M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=George+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+The+Case+Against+God&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79002726&amp;rft.isbn=0-87975-124-X&amp;rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFStenger2007" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Stenger, Victor J.</a> (2007). <i>God: The Failed Hypothesis—How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist</i>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-652-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-652-5">978-1-59102-652-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Stenger&amp;rft.btitle=God%3A+The+Failed+Hypothesis%94How+Science+Shows+That+God+Does+Not+Exist&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59102-652-5&amp;rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFStenger2009" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Stenger, Victor J.</a> (22 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/battle.html"><i>The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason</i></a>. Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-751-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-751-9">1-59102-751-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Stenger&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Atheism%3A+Taking+a+Stand+for+Science+and+Reason&amp;rft.date=2009-09-22&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Fphilosophy%2Fvstenger%2Fbattle.html&amp;rft.isbn=1-59102-751-9&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFZdybicka2005" class="citation book">Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptta.pl/pef/haslaen/a/atheism.pdf">"Atheism"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptta.pl/pef"><i>Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a> <b>1</b>. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Zofia+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Zdybicka&amp;rft.btitle=Universal+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fptta.pl%2Fpef%2Fhaslaen%2Fa%2Fatheism.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Polish+Thomas+Aquinas+Association&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation book">Berman, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Li4OAAAAQAAJ&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=A%20History%20of%20Atheism%20in%20Britain%3A%20From%20Hobbes%20to%20Russell&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-04727-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-04727-7">0-415-04727-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Berman&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Atheism+in+Britain%3A+From+Hobbes+to+Russell&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLi4OAAAAQAAJ%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DA%2520History%2520of%2520Atheism%2520in%2520Britain%253A%2520From%2520Hobbes%2520to%2520Russell%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-04727-7&amp;rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Bradlaugh, Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and others. (1884) <i>The Atheistic Platform: 12 Lectures</i>. London: Freethought Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jh8HAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">[1]</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Buckley, M. J. (1990). <i>At the Origins of Modern Atheism</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04897-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04897-1">0-300-04897-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Buckley&amp;rft.btitle=At+the+Origins+of+Modern+Atheism&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-04897-1&amp;rft.pub=New+Haven%2C+CT%3A+Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Bullivant, Stephen and Michael Ruse, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbIVAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA267"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Atheism</i></a>. Oxford UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+and+Michael+Ruse%2C+eds.&amp;rft.aulast=Bullivant&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Atheism&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbIVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA267&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+UP&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Flew, Antony</a> (2005). <i>God and Philosophy</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-330-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-330-0">1-59102-330-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Antony&amp;rft.aulast=Flew&amp;rft.btitle=God+and+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-59102-330-0&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Tom Flynn, ed. (2007). <i>The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief</i>. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-391-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-391-2">1-59102-391-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Unbelief&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-59102-391-2&amp;rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Gaskin, J.C.A., ed. (1989). <i>Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre</i>. •New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-340681-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-340681-X">0-02-340681-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Unbelief%3A+From+Epicurus+to+Sartre&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-02-340681-X&amp;rft.pub=%A2New+York%3A+Macmillan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Germani, Alan (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2008-fall/mystical-ethics-new-atheists.asp">"The Mystical Ethics of the New Atheists"</a>. <i>The Objective Standard</i> (Glen Allen Press) <b>3</b> (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428193621/http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2008-fall/mystical-ethics-new-atheists.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=The+Mystical+Ethics+of+the+New+Atheists&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Germani&amp;rft.date=2008-09-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theobjectivestandard.com%2Fissues%2F2008-fall%2Fmystical-ethics-new-atheists.asp&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Objective+Standard&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=3" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Harbour, Daniel (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/An_Intelligent_Person%27s_Guide_to_Atheism" title="An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism">An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism</a></i>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3229-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3229-9">0-7156-3229-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.aulast=Harbour&amp;rft.btitle=An+Intelligent+Person%27s+Guide+to+Atheism&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7156-3229-9&amp;rft.pub=London%3A+Duckworth&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation news">Harris, Sam (2 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html">"The Problem with Atheism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524071308/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=The+Problem+with+Atheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.date=2007-10-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsweek.washingtonpost.com%2Fonfaith%2Fpanelists%2Fsam_harris%2F2007%2F10%2Fthe_problem_with_atheism.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Howson, Colin (2011). <i>Objecting to God.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521186650" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-18665-0</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Jacoby" title="Susan Jacoby">Jacoby, Susan</a> (2004). <i>Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism</i>. Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7442-0">978-0-8050-7442-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft.aulast=Jacoby&amp;rft.btitle=Freethinkers%3A+A+History+of+American+Secularism&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7442-0&amp;rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Krueger, D. E. (1998). <i>What is Atheism?: A Short Introduction</i>. New York: Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-214-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-214-5">1-57392-214-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Krueger&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+Atheism%3F%3A+A+Short+Introduction&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-57392-214-5&amp;rft.pub=New+York%3A+Prometheus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Ledrew, S. (2012). "The evolution of atheism: Scientific and humanistic approaches". <i>History of the Human Sciences</i> <b>25</b> (3): 70. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0952695112441301">10.1177/0952695112441301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amamp;rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+atheism%3A+Scientific+and+humanistic+approaches&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.aulast=Ledrew&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0952695112441301&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Human+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=70&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=25" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Le Poidevin, R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4YlYZi_cMUC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Arguing%20for%20Atheism%3A%20An%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Philosophy%20of%20Religion&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09338-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09338-4">0-415-09338-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.aulast=Le+Poidevin&amp;rft.btitle=Arguing+for+Atheism%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Religion&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4YlYZi_cMUC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DArguing%2520for%2520Atheism%253A%2520An%2520Introduction%2520to%2520the%2520Philosophy%2520of%2520Religion%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-09338-4&amp;rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie, J. L.</a> (1982). <i>The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-824682-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-824682-X">0-19-824682-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Mackie&amp;rft.btitle=The+Miracle+of+Theism%3A+Arguments+For+and+Against+the+Existence+of+God&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-824682-X&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Maritain, Jacques (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/range.htm"><i>The Range of Reason</i></a>. London: Geoffrey Bles<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacques&amp;rft.aulast=Maritain&amp;rft.btitle=The+Range+of+Reason&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.edu%2FDepartments%2FMaritain%2Fetext%2Frange.htm&amp;rft.pub=London%3A+Geoffrey+Bles&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin_(philosopher)" title="Michael Martin (philosopher)">Martin, Michael</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Atheism: A Philosophical Justification</i></a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87722-943-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87722-943-0">0-87722-943-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519174319/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&amp;pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+A+Philosophical+Justification&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNZqCoor4eoC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DAtheism%253A%2520A%2520Philosophical%2520Justification%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rft.isbn=0-87722-943-0&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia&amp;rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Michael Martin &amp; Ricki Monnier, ed. (2003). <i>The Impossibility of God</i>. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-120-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-120-0">1-59102-120-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=The+Impossibility+of+God&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-59102-120-0&amp;rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Michael Martin &amp; Ricki Monnier, ed. (2006). <i>The Improbability of God</i>. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-381-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-381-5">1-59102-381-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=The+Improbability+of+God&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-59102-381-5&amp;rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">McTaggart, John; McTaggart, Ellis (1930) [1906]. <i>Some Dogmas of Religion</i> (New ed.). London: Edward Arnold &amp; Co. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-548-14955-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-548-14955-0">0-548-14955-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=McTaggart&amp;rft.au=McTaggart%2C+Ellis&amp;rft.btitle=Some+Dogmas+of+Religion&amp;rft.date=1930&amp;rft.edition=New&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-548-14955-0&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Edward+Arnold+%26+Co.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Nielsen_(philosopher)" title="Kai Nielsen (philosopher)">Nielsen, Kai</a> (1985). <i>Philosophy and Atheism</i>. New York: Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-289-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-289-0">0-87975-289-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Kai&amp;rft.aulast=Nielsen&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Atheism&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87975-289-0&amp;rft.pub=New+York%3A+Prometheus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Nielsen, Kai (2001). <i>Naturalism and Religion</i>. New York: Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-853-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-853-4">1-57392-853-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Kai&amp;rft.aulast=Nielsen&amp;rft.btitle=Naturalism+and+Religion&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-57392-853-4&amp;rft.pub=New+York%3A+Prometheus&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Onfray, Michel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpEAYMo7pFkC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Atheist%20Manifesto&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Atheist Manifesto</i></a>. New York: Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-820-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-820-3">978-1-55970-820-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519174449/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpEAYMo7pFkC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Atheist%20Manifesto&amp;pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Michel&amp;rft.aulast=Onfray&amp;rft.btitle=Atheist+Manifesto&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpEAYMo7pFkC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DAtheist%2520Manifesto%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55970-820-3&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Oppy" title="Graham Oppy">Oppy, Graham</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlVtfUxPD14C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Arguing%20about%20Gods&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Arguing about Gods</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86386-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86386-4">0-521-86386-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519174846/https://books.google.com/books?id=DlVtfUxPD14C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Arguing%20about%20Gods&amp;pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Graham&amp;rft.aulast=Oppy&amp;rft.btitle=Arguing+about+Gods&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDlVtfUxPD14C%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DArguing%2520about%2520Gods%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-86386-4&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Rafford, R. L. (1987). "Atheophobia—an introduction". <i>Religious Humanism</i> <b>21</b> (1): 32–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheophobia%94an+introduction&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Rafford&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Religious+Humanism&amp;rft.pages=32-37&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=21" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Robinson, Richard (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/athval0.htm"><i>An Atheist's Values</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-824191-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-824191-7">0-19-824191-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425091126/http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/athval0.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Robinson&amp;rft.btitle=An+Atheist%27s+Values&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fhist%2Fathval0.htm&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-824191-7&amp;rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Rosenberg, Alex (2011). <i>The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life Without Illusions.</i> New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Co. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393080230" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-393-08023-0</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Russell, Paul (11 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-religion/">"Hume on Religion"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2013 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Hume+on+Religion&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2013-02-11&amp;rft.edition=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fhume-religion%2F&amp;rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Sharpe, R.A. (1997). <i>The Moral Case Against Religious Belief</i>. London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02680-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02680-6">0-334-02680-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=R.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Sharpe&amp;rft.btitle=The+Moral+Case+Against+Religious+Belief&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-334-02680-6&amp;rft.pub=London%3A+SCM+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (1999). <i>How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God</i>. New York: William H Freeman. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-3561-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-3561-X">0-7167-3561-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Shermer&amp;rft.btitle=How+We+Believe%3A+Science%2C+Skepticism%2C+and+the+Search+for+God&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7167-3561-X&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=William+H+Freeman&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Thrower, James (1971). <i>A Short History of Western Atheism</i>. London: Pemberton. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-301-71101-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-301-71101-1">0-301-71101-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Thrower&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Western+Atheism&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-301-71101-1&amp;rft.pub=London%3A+Pemberton&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Walters, Kerry (2010). <i>Atheism: A Guide for the Perplexed.</i> New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826424938" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8264-2493-8</a></li>
<li>Whitmarsh, Tim. (2015), <i>Battling the Gods: Atheism in the Ancient World</i></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Zuckerman, Phil (2010). <i>Society without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us About Contentment</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9723-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9723-7">0-8147-9723-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;rft.aulast=Zuckerman&amp;rft.btitle=Society+without+God%3A+What+the+Least+Religious+Nations+Can+Tell+Us+About+Contentment&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8147-9723-7&amp;rft.pub=NYU+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Zuckerman, Phil, ed. (2010). <i>Atheism and secularity</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35183-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35183-9">978-0-313-35183-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.btitle=Atheism+and+secularity&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-35183-9&amp;rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.+%5Bu.a.%5D&amp;rft.pub=Praeger&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/browse/atheism">Atheism</a> at <a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inpho.cogs.indiana.edu/idea/1006">Atheism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Philosophy_Ontology_Project" title="Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project">Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">"Atheism and Agnosticism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism+and+Agnosticism&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/atheism">"Atheism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism&amp;rft.atitle=Atheism&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fatheism&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/n-atheis">The New Atheists in <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Atheism/">Atheism</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a> – Includes links to organizations and websites.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/tochist.htm">Positive atheism: Great Historical Writings</a> Historical writing sorted by authors.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/">Religion &amp; Ethics—Atheism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bbc.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbc.co.uk">bbc.co.uk</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infidels.org/library/">Secular Web library</a> – Library of both historical and modern writings, a comprehensive online resource for freely available material on atheism.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agreeley.com/articles/hardcore.html">The Demand for Religion</a> – A study on the demographics of Atheism by Wolfgang Jagodzinski (University of Cologne) and Andrew Greeley (University of Chicago and University of Arizona).</li>
</ul>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Lists of atheists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_atheism" class="mw-redirect" title="New atheism">New</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination/Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism in Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">List of agnostics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Weak_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak agnosticism">Weak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_theism" title="Agnostic theism">Agnostic theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Pink_Unicorn" title="Invisible Pink Unicorn">Invisible Pink Unicorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" title="Nontheistic religions">Nontheistic religions</a></li>
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<li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></i></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secularist_organizations" title="List of secularist organizations">Organizations</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/American_Atheists" title="American Atheists">American Atheists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Humanist_Association" title="British Humanist Association">British Humanist Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union" title="International Humanist and Ethical Union">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Reason Rally">Reason Rally</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recovering_from_Religion" title="Recovering from Religion">Recovering from Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Pantheist_Movement" title="World Pantheist Movement">World Pantheist Movement</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" title="Laïcité">Laïcité</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions#Parody_or_mock_religions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Parody or mock religions</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">List of philosophies</a></div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Atheism</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">Immanence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monolatrism" title="Monolatrism">Monolatrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Shramanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more</a></i></li>
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<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Religious belief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Conceptions of God</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian view of God">Aristotelian view</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltheism">Maltheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Being" title="Supreme Being">Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81m_cosmological_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Kal?m cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_Universe" title="Fine-tuned Universe">Fine-tuning of the Universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_Wager" title="Pascal's Wager">Pascal's Wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_a_proper_basis" title="Argument from a proper basis">Proper basis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 Gambit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Atheism</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_existentialism" title="Agnostic existentialism">Agnostic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language-game_(philosophy)" title="Language-game (philosophy)">Language-game</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />
of religion</a></div>
<br />
(by date active)</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Ancient<br />
and<br />
Medieval</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Enlightenment</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />
1850</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />
1900</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W. K. Clifford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />
postwar</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />
1990<br />
2010</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Related topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" title="History of religions">History of religions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_science_of_religion" title="Political science of religion">Political science of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><b><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></b></li>
<li><b><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></b></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major religious groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Religious denominations</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic_churches" title="Independent Catholic churches">Independent Catholicism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholicism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Orthodoxy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maliki" title="Maliki">Maliki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twelver" title="Twelver">Twelver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidiyyah</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Mouride</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zahirism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahirism">Zahirism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Islam" title="European Islam">European Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Others</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azáli Bábism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Vietnamese Thi?n">Thi?n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Seon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Others</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" title="Śvēt?mbara">Śvēt?mbara</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Dharma">Gurung Dharma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people#Religion" title="Tamang people">Bon Lamaism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Iranian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">European</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_neopaganism" title="Armenian neopaganism">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Druwi" title="Druwi">Druwi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" title="Neo-Druidism">Druidry</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic neopaganism">Germanic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Roman_neopaganism" title="Italo-Roman neopaganism">Italo-Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_neopaganism" title="Slavic neopaganism">Slavic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Uralic</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_neopaganism" title="Hungarian neopaganism">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mari_native_religion" title="Mari native religion">Mari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_native_religion" title="Mordvin native religion">Mordvin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Central and<br />
Northern Asian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Chuvash</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Faism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Luoism">Luoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Shenism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shamanism" title="Chinese shamanism">Wuism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Muism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dongbaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongbaism">Dongbaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ua_Dab" title="Ua Dab">Hmongism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Taoism" title="Yao Taoism">Meishanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mileism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mileism">Mileism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Shigongism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Southeast Asian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" title="Cao ?ài">Caodaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satsana_Phi" title="Satsana Phi">Satsana Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian folk religion">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gawai_Dayak" title="Gawai Dayak">Gawai Dayak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Javanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanism">Javanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="?ạo Mẫu">?ạo Mẫu</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">African</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" title="Traditional African religion">Traditional</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akamba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamba mythology">Akamba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waaq" title="Waaq">Cushitic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dahomeyan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahomeyan mythology">Fon and Ewe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" title="Odinani">Igbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoko mythology">Isoko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waaq" title="Waaq">Waaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people#Religion_and_beliefs" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" title="Afro-American religion">Diasporic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other groups</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kirant_Mundhum" title="Kirant Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_narrative" title="Polynesian narrative">Polynesian</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">Recent</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" title="History of religions">Historical religions</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near East</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Indo-European</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Asia</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mithraic_mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithraic mysteries">Mithraism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;">Europe</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norse_religion" title="Norse religion">Norse</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Balkan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<hr /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">Topics</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Aspects</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Beliefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" title="Religious symbolism">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_religion" title="Development of religion">Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Evolutionary origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" title="History of religions">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neurotheology" title="Neurotheology">Neurotheology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" title="Theories about religions">Theories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and<br />
society</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">toleration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_science_of_religion" title="Political science of religion">Political science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">war</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and<br />
<a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Atheism</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction_and_religion" title="Deconstruction and religion">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligion by country">Irreligion by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand)">Objectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious affiliation">Unaffiliated</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Overviews<br />
and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings_in_history" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings in history">Mass gatherings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_studies_scholars" title="List of religious studies scholars">Scholars</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
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<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
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<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_topics" title="Template:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines#Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic disciplines">Branches</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">Traditional</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">Philosophy of</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Art</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Film</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_business" title="Philosophy of business">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_(Philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology (Philosophy)">Cosmos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_dialogue" title="Philosophy of dialogue">Dialogue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_futility" title="Philosophy of futility">Futility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_happiness" title="Philosophy of happiness">Happiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_healthcare" title="Philosophy of healthcare">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Human nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_humor" title="Theories of humor">Humor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_literature" title="Philosophy and literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" title="Philosophy of sex">Sexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics">Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Technology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_computer_science" title="Philosophy of computer science">Computer science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering" title="Philosophy of engineering">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">War</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">Schools of thought</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Roman</a></span></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesian_school" title="Ephesian school">Ephesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milesian_school" title="Milesian school">Milesian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">Sophism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="C?rv?ka">C?rv?ka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak#Mazdakism" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="European philosophy">European</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edo_Neo-Confucianism" title="Edo Neo-Confucianism">Edo Neo-Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Ny?ya">Navya-Ny?ya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna#Avicennian_philosophy" title="Avicenna">Avicennism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism#Persian_school_of_Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Persian Illuminationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideal</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" title="Matter (philosophy)">Material</a></span></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical realism">Classical realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Other</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Law">Natural Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Scholasticism" title="Neo-Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Generative_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative linguistics">Generative linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and Externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics#Contemporary_.27aretaic_turn.27" title="Virtue ethics">Neo-Aristotelian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Twentieth-century_developments" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Historicism" title="New Historicism">New Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand)">Objectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_idealism" title="Epistemological idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Reasonism" title="Reasonism">Reasonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Epistemology_and_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
</ul>
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</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li>
</ul>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li>
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<li>Philosophy by region</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Native America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy" title="Outline of philosophy">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" title="Index of philosophy">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_philosophy" title="List of years in philosophy">Years</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_philosophy" title="List of unsolved problems in philosophy">Problems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">Schools</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" title="Glossary of philosophy">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_philosophers" title="Lists of philosophers">Philosophers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_movement" title="Philosophical movement">Movements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_philosophy" title="List of important publications in philosophy">Publications</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">Miscellaneous</th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Women in philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sage (philosophy)</a></li>
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<td style="width:175px"><span style="font-size:125%"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books">Books</a></b></span><br />
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			<h3 id='p-wikibase-otherprojects-label'>In other projects</h3>

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						<li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atheism" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Atheism" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Atheism" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li>					</ul>
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			<h3 id='p-lang-label'>Languages</h3>

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						<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AFsme" title="Ateïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a href="//ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C4%93afl%C4%93asnes" title="Gelēaflēasnes – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="إلحاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmu" title="Ateísmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="নাস?তিক?যবাদ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisma" title="Ateisma – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn">Bahasa Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BB-s%C3%AEn-l%C5%ABn" title="Bû-sîn-lūn – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡорт?а</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?т?ізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Белару?ка?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?т?ізм – белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Белару?ка? (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="//bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Bikol Central" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="?теизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Българ?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A8%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷ་མེད་སྨྲ་བ་པོ? – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizam" title="Ateizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizoueegezh" title="Dizoueegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – бур?ад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Бур?ад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismus" title="Ateismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="//co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisimu" title="Ateisimu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anffyddiaeth" title="Anffyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αθεϊσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خداناباوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">?ارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudloysi" title="Gudloysi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C3%A9isme" title="Athéisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AFsme" title="Ateïsme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="//fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisim" title="Ateisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAindiachas" title="An tAindiachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="//gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjeeys" title="Anjeeys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-dhiadhaireachd" title="Neo-dhiadhaireachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="//hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BB-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%80n-lun" title="Vû-sṳ̀n-lun – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%8B%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="무신론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw"><a href="//haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8D%CA%BBole_Akua" title="H?ʻole Akua – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Աթեիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास?तिकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन?दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizam" title="Ateizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismo" title="Atheismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="//ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAleysi" title="Trúleysi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">?slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="?ת?יז? – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A9isme" title="Atéisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="?თეიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქ?რთული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukanaji_Mungu" title="Ukanaji Mungu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateyis" title="Ateyis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AEzm" title="Ateîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="//lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="//lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ອະເທວະນິ?ົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisms" title="Ateisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmas" title="Ateizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athe%C3%AFsme" title="Atheïsme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/caurceisi%27o" title="caurceisi'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismu" title="Ateismu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmus" title="Ateizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="?теизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македон?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="നിരീശ?വരവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="//mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atei%C5%BCmu" title="Ateiżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास?तिकता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="الحاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="ဘုရားမဲ့?ါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="//nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahte%C5%8Dmatiliztli" title="Ahte?matiliztli – N?huatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">N?huatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athe%C3%AFsme" title="Atheïsme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास?तिकता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="//new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="द?यःख?यालः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">?охчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AFsme" title="Ateïsme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਾਸਤਿਕਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ایتھیازم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="//pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismo" title="Atheismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="اتيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="//jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ietiyizim" title="Ietiyizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd"><a href="//pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A9ime" title="Atéime – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athismu" title="Athismu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Ру?инь?кый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Ру??кий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmi" title="Ateizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiismu" title="Atiismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="අදේවව?දය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmus" title="Ateizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sloven?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizem" title="Ateizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenš?ina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atejizm" title="Atejizm – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C" title="بێ باوەڕی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="?теизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Срп?ки / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizam" title="Ateizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / ?рп?кохрват?ки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismi" title="Ateismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இறைமற?ப?ப? – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="నాస?తికత?వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెల?గ?</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อเทวนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="?теїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Україн?ька</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="د?ریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="//ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="دىنسىزلىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_v%C3%B4_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Chủ nghĩa vô thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">?语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="?טע?יז? – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C4%97zmos" title="Ateėzmos – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li 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