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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Ancient Greek</h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">This article is about the language. For Ancient Greek population groups, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">List of ancient Greek tribes</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">"Classical Greek" redirects here. For the culture, see <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="above" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:130%; color: black; background-color:  #c9ffd9;">Ancient Greek</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color:  #c9ffd9;"><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἑλληνική</span><br />
<i><span title="ISO 843 Greek" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Hellēnikḗ</span></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Account of the construction of Athena Parthenos by Phidias.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg/200px-Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg" width="200" height="267" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg/300px-Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg/400px-Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a>
<div>Inscription about the construction of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, 440/439 BCE</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Region</th>
<td style="line-height:1.35em;">eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Era</th>
<td style="line-height:1.35em;">9th century BCE to the 6th century CE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div>
</th>
<td style="line-height:1.35em;">
<div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0">
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a>
<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;">
<li><b>Ancient Greek</b></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div>
</th>
<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color: black; background-color:  #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th>
<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><code><a href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=grc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:grc">grc</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th>
<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><code><a href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=grc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:grc">grc</a></code> (includes all pre-modern stages)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th>
<td style="line-height:1.35em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anci1242">anci1242</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeric_Greece-en.svg" class="image"><img alt="Homeric Greece-en.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/220px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png" width="220" height="184" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/330px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/440px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1253" /></a>
<div style="text-align:left;">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient (Homeric) Greece</a></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:307px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beginning_Odyssey.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Beginning_Odyssey.svg/305px-Beginning_Odyssey.svg.png" width="305" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Beginning_Odyssey.svg/458px-Beginning_Odyssey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Beginning_Odyssey.svg/610px-Beginning_Odyssey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="400" /></a>
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Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b>Ancient Greek</b> includes the forms of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">ancient world</a> from around the 9th century BCE to the 6th century CE. It is often roughly divided into the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> period (9th to 6th centuries BCE), <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> period (5th and 4th centuries BCE), and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (3rd century BCE to 6th century CE). It is antedated in the second millennium BCE by <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean Greek language">Mycenaean Greek</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> of the Hellenistic phase is known as <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> (common). Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own, although in its earliest form it closely resembled <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> and in its latest form it approaches <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>. Prior to the Koine period, Greek of the classic and earlier periods included several <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">regional dialects</a>.</p>
<p>Ancient Greek was the language of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Pericles" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Pericles">classical Athenian</a> historians, playwrights, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophers</a>. It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been a standard subject of study in educational institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical phases of the language.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Dialects"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Dialects</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Other_languages"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other languages</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Differences_from_Proto-Indo-European"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Differences from Proto-Indo-European</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Phonemic_inventory"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Phonemic inventory</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Morphology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Morphology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Augment"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Augment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Reduplication"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reduplication</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Writing_system"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Writing system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Example_text"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Example text</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Modern_use"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Modern use</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Grammar_learning"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar learning</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Classical_texts"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classical texts</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dialects">Dialects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient Greek dialects</a></div>
<p>Ancient Greek was a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>, divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>, many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">literature</a>, while others are attested only in inscriptions.</p>
<p>There are also several historical forms. <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>", and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of a lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>. They have the same general outline, but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> is <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, but its relationship to the historical dialects and the historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form.</p>
<p>Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a>(s)—and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to the historical <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>. The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians.</p>
<p>The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people—Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from the center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation.</p>
<p>One standard formulation for the dialects is:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AncientGreekDialects_(Woodard)_en.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/330px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png" width="330" height="278" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/495px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/660px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="555" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AncientGreekDialects_(Woodard)_en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Greek dialects</a> in Greek in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodard_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodard-4">[4]</a></sup>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;"><b>Western</b> group:
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #eacd85; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric proper</a></div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #cea980; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Northwest_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Northwest Doric</a></div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #b5ad96; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean Doric</a></div>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top;"><b>Central</b> group:
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ffee6f; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ccebc5; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcado-Cypriot</a></div>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top;"><b>Eastern</b> group:
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #eb85bd; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #bebada; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top;" colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>West Group
<ul>
<li>Northwest Greek</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Group</a>
<ul>
<li>Aegean/Asiatic Aeolic</li>
<li>Thessalian</li>
<li>Boeotian</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic-Attic Group</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attica</a></li>
<li>Euboea and colonies in Italy</li>
<li>Cyclades</li>
<li>Asiatic Ionia</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot Greek</a>
<ul>
<li>Arcadian</li>
<li>Cypriot</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>West vs. non-west Greek is the strongest marked and earliest division, with non-west in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-west is called East Greek.</p>
<p>Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age.</p>
<p>Boeotian had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to a lesser degree.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian Greek</a>, spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence.</p>
<p>Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Cretan" title="Doric Greek">Cretan Doric</a>), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Laconian.2C_Heraclean" title="Doric Greek">Laconian</a>, the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Corinthian" title="Doric Greek">Corinthian</a>).</p>
<p>The Lesbian dialect was <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a>.</p>
<p>All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects.</p>
<p>The dialects outside the Ionic group are known mainly from inscriptions, notable exceptions being fragments of the works of the poet <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> and the poems of the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> poet, <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>.</p>
<p>After the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in the late 4th century BCE, a new international dialect known as <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> or Common Greek developed, largely based on <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of the older dialects, although Doric dialect has survived in the <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian language</a>, which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>. By about the 6th century CE, the Koine had slowly metamorphosized into <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_languages">Other languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Other languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language closely related to Greek, but its exact relationship is unclear because of insufficient data: possibly a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">dialect of Greek</a>; a sibling language to Greek; or a close cousin to Greek, and perhaps related to some extent, to <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> languages. The <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a> is one of many finds that support the idea that the Ancient Macedonian language is closely related to the Doric Greek dialect. However, Ancient Macedonian was definitely not a Slavic language; Slavs migrated in Eastern Europe nine centuries later.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Phonology">Phonology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Differences_from_Proto-Indo-European">Differences from Proto-Indo-European</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Differences from Proto-Indo-European">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a></div>
<p>Ancient Greek differs from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a>, Ancient Greek words could only end in a vowel or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/n s r/</span>; final stops were lost, as in <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γάλα</span> "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in phonemic inventory:</p>
<ul>
<li>PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space: nowrap" xml:lang="ine">*s</span> became <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/h/</span> at the beginning of a word (<a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalization</a>): Latin <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sex</span></i>, English <i>six</i>, Ancient Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἕξ</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/héks/</span>.</li>
<li>PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space: nowrap" xml:lang="ine">*s</span> was <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">lost</a> between vowels via an intermediate step of debuccalization: Sanskrit <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:जनस?">janasas</a></span></i>, Latin <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">generis</span></i> (where <i>s</i> &gt; <i>r</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">rhotacism</a>), Greek *<i>genesos</i> &gt; *<i>genehos</i> &gt; Ancient Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γένεος</span> (<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/géneos/</span>), Attic <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γένους</span> (<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/géno?s/</span>) "of a kind".</li>
<li>PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space: nowrap" xml:lang="ine">*y</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/j/</span> became <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/h/</span> (debuccalization) or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/(d)z/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">fortition</a>): Sanskrit <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:यद?">yas</a></span></i>, Ancient Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὅς</span> "who" (relative pronoun); Latin <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iugum</span></i>, English <i>yoke</i>, Ancient Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ζυγός</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/zygós/</span>.</li>
<li>PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space: nowrap" xml:lang="ine">*w</span>, which occurred in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> and some non-Attic dialects, was lost: early Doric ?έ?γον, English <i>work</i>, Attic Greek ἔ?γον <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/érgon/</span>.</li>
<li>PIE and Mycenaean labiovelars changed to plain stops (labials, dentals, and velars) in the later Greek dialects: for instance, PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space: nowrap" xml:lang="ine">*kʷ</span> became <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/p/</span> or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/t/</span> in Attic: Attic Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποῦ</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/pô?/</span> "where?", Latin <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">qu?</span></i>; Attic Greek <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τίς</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/tís/</span>, Latin <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quis</span></i> "who?".</li>
<li>PIE "voiced aspirated" stops <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space: nowrap" xml:lang="ine">*bʰ dʰ ǵʰ gʰ gʷʰ</span> were devoiced and became the aspirated stops <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φ θ χ</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/pʰ tʰ kʰ/</span> in Ancient Greek.</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Phonemic_inventory">Phonemic inventory</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Phonemic inventory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a></div>
<p>The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek. Ancient Greek had <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long and short vowels</a>; many <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">double</a> and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" title="Stop consonant">stops</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>. In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short—many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/i/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">iotacism</a>). Some of the stops and <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glides</a> in diphthongs have become <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a>, and the pitch accent has changed to a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a>. Many of these changes took place in the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes.</p>
<p>The examples below represent Attic Greek in the 5th century BCE. Ancient pronunciation can never be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from this period is well documented and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Consonants">Consonants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;">
<tr>
<th colspan="2"></th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></th>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" title="Bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ν</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals#Alveolar" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals">n</a></span></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γ</span><br />
(<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" title="Velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>)</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a></th>
<th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small></th>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">β</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" title="Voiced bilabial stop">b</a></span></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar" title="Voiced dental and alveolar stops">d</a></span></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop" title="Voiced velar stop">ɡ</a></span></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small></th>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">π</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">p</a></span></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar stops">t</a></span></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a></span></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small></th>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></th>
<td></td>
<td>σ<br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></th>
<td></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">?</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">r</a></span></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></th>
<td></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span> occurred as an allophone of <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/n/</span> used before velars and as an allophone of <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ɡ/</span> before nasals. <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/r/</span> was probably voiceless when word-initial (written <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῥ</span>). <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/s/</span> was assimilated to <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[z]</span> before voiced consonants.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Vowels">Vowels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;">
<tr>
<th></th>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></small></th>
<th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></small></th>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a></th>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ι</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">i?</span></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">υ</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">y?</span></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a></th>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ε ει</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">e?</span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ο ου</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">o?</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a></th>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">η</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ?</a></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ω</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ?</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a></th>
<td colspan="3"><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">α</span><br />
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">a?</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/o?/</span> raised to <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[u?]</span>, probably by the 4th century BCE.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Morphology">Morphology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient Greek grammar</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/220px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/330px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/440px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="506" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">Ostracon</a> bearing the name of <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalos" title="Stoa of Attalos">Stoa of Attalos</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Greek, like all of the older <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> forms. In Ancient Greek, <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> (including proper nouns) have five <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">cases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>), three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">neuter</a>), and three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>). <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> have four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a>) and three <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voices</a> (active, middle, and <a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">passive</a>), as well as three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a> (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> (generally simply called "tenses"): the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a> are <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a> in aspect; the <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective aspect</a>); a <a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Future_perfect" title="Future perfect">future perfect</a>. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Augment">Augment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Augment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The indicative of past <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> adds (conceptually, at least) a prefix /e-/, called the <a href="/wiki/Augment_(linguistics)" title="Augment (linguistics)">augment</a>. This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the <a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">indicative</a> of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist).</p>
<p>The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes <i>e</i> (stems beginning with <i>r</i>, however, add <i>er</i>). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel:</p>
<ul>
<li>a, ?, e, ē → ē</li>
<li>i, ī → ī</li>
<li>o, ? → ?</li>
<li>u, ū → ū</li>
<li>ai → ēi</li>
<li>ei → ēi or ei</li>
<li>oi → ?i</li>
<li>au → ēu or au</li>
<li>eu → ēu or eu</li>
<li>ou → ou</li>
</ul>
<p>Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is <i>e</i> → <i>ei</i>. The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of <i>s</i> between vowels. In verbs with a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the prefix and the original verb. For example, π?οσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to π?οσ<b>έ</b>βαλoν in the aorist.</p>
<p>Following <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s practice, the augment is sometimes not made in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">epic</a> poetry.</p>
<p>The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reduplication">Reduplication</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Reduplication">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (Note that a few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Syllabic reduplication: Most verbs beginning with a single consonant, or a cluster of a stop with a sonorant, add a syllable consisting of the initial consonant followed by <i>e</i>. An aspirated consonant, however, reduplicates in its unaspirated equivalent: <a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's law</a>.</li>
<li>Augment: Verbs beginning with a vowel, as well as those beginning with a cluster other than those indicated previously (and occasionally for a few other verbs) reduplicate in the same fashion as the augment. This remains in all forms of the perfect, not just the indicative.</li>
<li>Attic reduplication: Some verbs beginning with an <i>a</i>, <i>e</i> or <i>o</i>, followed by a sonorant (or occasionally <i>d</i> or <i>g</i>), reduplicate by adding a syllable consisting of the initial vowel and following consonant, and lengthening the following vowel. Hence <i>er</i> → <i>erēr</i>, <i>an</i> → <i>anēn</i>, <i>ol</i> → <i>ol?l</i>, <i>ed</i> → <i>edēd</i>. This is not actually specific to <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, despite its name, but it was generalized in Attic. This originally involved reduplicating a cluster consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeal</a> and sonorant, hence <i>h₃l</i> → <i>h₃leh₃l</i> → <i>ol?l</i> with normal Greek development of laryngeals. (Forms with a stop were analogous.)</li>
</ul>
<p>Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, <i>lamban?</i> (root <i>lab</i>) has the perfect stem <i>eilēpha</i> (not *<i>lelēpha</i>) because it was originally <i>slamban?</i>, with perfect <i>seslēpha</i>, becoming <i>eilēpha</i> through compensatory lengthening.</p>
<p>Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by <i>i</i>. A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer1996p262_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer1996p262-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Writing_system">Writing system</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
<tr>
<td style="padding:0.4em 0;padding:1.0em 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg" class="image"><img alt="Greek alphabet alpha-omega.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg/100px-Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg.png" width="100" height="22" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg/150px-Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg/200px-Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="118" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#ccf;font-size:150%;padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;">
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Αα</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td>
<td>?ν</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Ββ</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></td>
<td>Ξξ</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Γγ</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td>
<td>Οο</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Δδ</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td>
<td>Ππ</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Εε</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td>
<td>Ρ?</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Ζζ</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td>
<td>Σσς</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Ηη</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td>
<td>Ττ</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Θθ</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td>
<td>Υυ</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Ιι</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td>
<td>Φφ</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Κκ</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td>
<td>Χχ</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Λλ</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td>
<td>Ψψ</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" title="Psi (letter)">Psi</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td>Μμ</td>
<td style="padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td>
<td>Ωω</td>
<td style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic local variants</a>
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma"><img alt="Digamma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta"><img alt="Heta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San"><img alt="San" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Greek_San_slanted.svg/13px-Greek_San_slanted.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Greek_San_slanted.svg/19px-Greek_San_slanted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Greek_San_slanted.svg/26px-Greek_San_slanted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa"><img alt="Koppa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi"><img alt="Sampi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg/13px-Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg/19px-Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg/26px-Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tsan" title="Tsan"><img alt="Tsan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a>
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <small>(6)</small></a></li>
<li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <small>(90)</small></a></li>
<li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <small>(900)</small></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">Use in other languages</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet#Greek" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.1em">Related topics</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="plainlist" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.6em;font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Greek_alphabet" title="Book:Greek alphabet">Book</a></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Category</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_alphabet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek alphabet">Commons</a></li>
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek orthography</a></div>
<p>Ancient Greek was written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a> style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of Ancient Greek texts are usually written with <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">accents and breathing marks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">interword spacing</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">mixed case</a>, but these were all introduced later.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Example_text">Example text</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Example text">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The beginning of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> exemplifies the Archaic period of Ancient Greek (see <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> for more details):</p>
<div style="margin-left: 2em" class="poem">
<p><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος<br />
ο?λομένην, ἣ μυ?ί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε,<br />
πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι π?ο?αψεν<br />
ἡ?ώων, α?τοὺς δὲ ἑλώ?ια τεῦχε κ?νεσσιν<br />
οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ’ ?τελείετο βουλή·<br />
?ξ οὗ δὴ τὰ π?ῶτα διαστήτην ??ίσαντε<br />
Ἀτ?ε?δης τε ἄναξ ἀνδ?ῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλε?ς.</span></p>
</div>
<p>The beginning of <a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a> by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> exemplifies <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> from the Classical period of Ancient Greek:</p>
<dl>
<dd><span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">?τι μὲν ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἄνδ?ες Ἀθηναῖοι, πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ?μῶν κατηγό?ων, ο?κ οἶδα· ?γὼ δ' οὖν καὶ α?τὸς ὑπ' α?τῶν ὀλίγου ?μαυτοῦ ?πελαθόμην, οὕτω πιθανῶς ἔλεγον. Καίτοι ἀληθές γε ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ο?δὲν εἰ?ήκασιν.</span></dd>
</dl>
<p>Using the <a href="/wiki/IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA">IPA</a>:</p>
<dl>
<dd><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[hóti men hy?mê?s | ɔ̂? ándres atʰɛ?naî̯i̯oi | pepóntʰate | hypo tɔ̂?n emɔ̂?ŋ katɛ?ɡórɔ?n | u?k oî̯da ‖ éɡɔ? dû?ŋ kai̯ au̯tos | hyp au̯tɔ̂?n olíɡu? emau̯tû? | epelatʰómɛ?n | hǔ?tɔ? pitʰanɔ̂?s éleɡon ‖ kaí̯toi̯ alɛ?tʰéz ɡe | hɔ?s épos e?pê?n | u?den e?rɛ̌?ka?sin ‖]</span></dd>
</dl>
<p>Transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">Erasmian scheme</a>:</p>
<dl>
<dd><i><span lang="grc-Latn" xml:lang="grc-Latn">Hóti mèn hūmeîs, ô ándres Athēnaîoi, pepónthate hupò tôn emôn katēgór?n, ouk oîda: egṑ d' oûn kaì autòs hup' aut?n olígou emautoû epelathómēn, hoút? pithanôs élegon. Kaítoi alēthés ge h?s épos eipeîn oudèn eirḗk?sin.</span></i></dd>
</dl>
<p>Translated into English:</p>
<dl>
<dd>How you, men of Athens, are feeling under the power of my accusers, I do not know: actually, even I myself almost forgot who I was because of them, they spoke so persuasively. And yet, loosely speaking, nothing they have said is true.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_use">Modern use</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Modern use">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" title="Classical compound">Classical compound</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Molon_labe.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Molon_labe.jpg/220px-Molon_labe.jpg" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Molon_labe.jpg/330px-Molon_labe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Molon_labe.jpg/440px-Molon_labe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2390" data-file-height="1662" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Molon_labe.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The phrase "<a href="/wiki/Molon_labe" title="Molon labe">molon labe</a>" as inscribed on the marble of the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonidas Monument">Leonidas Monument</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The study of Ancient Greek in European countries in addition to <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> occupied an important place in the syllabus from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> until the beginning of the 20th century. Ancient Greek is still taught as a compulsory or optional subject especially at traditional or elite schools throughout Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (UK)">public schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It is compulsory in the <a href="/wiki/Liceo_classico" title="Liceo classico">Liceo classico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, in the gymnasium in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, in some classes in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> in <i>klasi?na gimnazija</i>, in Classical Studies in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium#Structure" title="Education in Belgium">ASO</a> in Belgium and it is optional in the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Humanistisches Gymnasium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (usually as a third language after Latin and English, from the age of 14 to 18). In 2006/07, 15,000 pupils studied Ancient Greek in Germany according to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany" title="Federal Statistical Office of Germany">Federal Statistical Office of Germany</a>, and 280,000 pupils studied it in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> It is a compulsory subject alongside Latin in the Humanities branch of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain#Spanish_Baccalaureate_.28Bachillerato.29" title="Education in Spain">Spanish Bachillerato</a>. Ancient Greek is also taught at most major <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> worldwide, often combined with <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a>. It will also be taught in state primary schools in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, to boost children’s language skills,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> and will be offered as a foreign language to pupils in all primary schools from 2014 as part of a major drive to boost education standards, together with Latin, Mandarin, French, German, Spanish, and Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Ancient Greek is also taught as a compulsory subject in <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lykia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
<p>Modern authors rarely write in Ancient Greek, though <a href="/wiki/Jan_K%C5%99esadlo" title="Jan Křesadlo">Jan Křesadlo</a> wrote some poetry and prose in the language, and some volumes of <a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> have been translated into Ancient Greek. Ὀνόματα Kεχιασμένα (<i><a href="/wiki/Onomata_Kechiasmena" title="Onomata Kechiasmena">Onomata Kechiasmena</a></i>) is the first magazine of crosswords and puzzles in Ancient Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Its first issue appeared in April 2015 as an annex to <i><a href="/wiki/Hebdomada_Aenigmatum" title="Hebdomada Aenigmatum">Hebdomada Aenigmatum</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs" title="Alfred Rahlfs">Alfred Rahlfs</a> included a preface, a short history of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> text, and other <a href="/wiki/Front_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Front matter">front matter</a> translated into Ancient Greek in his 1935 edition of the Septuagint; Robert Hanhart also included the introductory remarks to the 2006 revised Rahlfs–Hanhart edition in the language as well.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
<p>Ancient Greek is also used by organizations and individuals, mainly Greek, who wish to denote their respect, admiration or preference for the use of this language. This use is sometimes considered graphical, nationalistic or funny. In any case, the fact that modern Greeks can still wholly or partly understand texts written in non-archaic forms of ancient Greek shows the affinity of modern Greek language to its ancestral predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
<p>An isolated community near <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, an area where <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a> is spoken, has been found to speak a variety of Greek that has parallels, both structurally and in its vocabulary, to Ancient Greek not present in other varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> As few as 5,000 people speak the dialect but linguists believe that it is the closest living language to Ancient Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
<p>Ancient Greek is often used in the coinage of modern technical terms in the European languages: see <a href="/wiki/English_words_of_Greek_origin" title="English words of Greek origin">English words of Greek origin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> forms of Ancient Greek roots are used in many of the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and in scientific terminology.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient Greek grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient Greek dialects</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Varieties of Modern Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exploring_the_Ancient_Greek_Language_and_Culture" title="Exploring the Ancient Greek Language and Culture">Exploring the Ancient Greek Language and Culture</a> (competition)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" title="List of Greek phrases">List of Greek phrases</a> (mostly Ancient Greek)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English">List of Greek and Latin roots in English</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anci1242">"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek&amp;rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+%28to+1453%29&amp;rft.btitle=Glottolog&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fanci1242&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imprecisely attested and somewhat reconstructive due to its being written in an ill-fitting syllabary (<a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This one appears in recent versions of the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, which also lists the major works that define the subject.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2010)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Woodard-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodard_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: <i>The Ancient Languages of Europe</i>, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Palmer1996p262-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer1996p262_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Robert_Palmer" title="Leonard Robert Palmer">Palmer, Leonard</a> (1996). <i>The Greek Language</i>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p.&#160;262. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2844-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2844-5">0-8061-2844-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek&amp;rft.aufirst=Leonard&amp;rft.aulast=Palmer&amp;rft.btitle=The+Greek+Language&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8061-2844-5&amp;rft.pages=262&amp;rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/statistiche/numeri_2007.pdf">[1]</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/7917191/Ancient-Greek-to-be-taught-in-state-schools.html">"Ancient Greek 'to be taught in state schools<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i>. 30 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek&amp;rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+%27to+be+taught+in+state+schools%27&amp;rft.date=2010-07-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Feducationnews%2F7917191%2FAncient-Greek-to-be-taught-in-state-schools.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educationnews.org/global/97078.html">"Primaries go Greek to help teach English"</a> - Education News - 30 July 2010.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=6052410">"Now look, Latin's fine, but Greek might be even Beta"</a>, TES Editorial, 2010 - TSL Education Ltd.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9683536/More-primary-schools-to-offer-Latin-and-ancient-Greek.html">More primary schools to offer Latin and ancient Greek</a>, The Telegraph, 26 November 2012</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fa3.gr/phys_educ_2/33-orologio-programma-Gymnasiou.htm">"Ω?ολόγιο Π?όγ?αμμα των μαθημάτων των Α, Β, Γ τάξεων του Hμε?ησίου Γυμνασίου"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek&amp;rft.btitle=%CE%A9%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD++%CE%91%2C+%CE%92%2C+%CE%93+%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+H%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85++%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fa3.gr%2Fphys_educ_2%2F33-orologio-programma-Gymnasiou.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.klimaka.gr/leitoyrgia-sxoleivn/lykeio/755-wrologio-programma-genika-lykeia.html">"ΩΡΟΛΟΓΙΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΓΕ?ΙΚΟΥ ΛΥΚΕΙΟΥ"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek&amp;rft.btitle=%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%99%CE%9F+%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%9C%CE%9C%CE%91+%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%9F%CE%A5+%CE%9B%CE%A5%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9F%CE%A5&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.klimaka.gr%2Fleitoyrgia-sxoleivn%2Flykeio%2F755-wrologio-programma-genika-lykeia.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asterix-obelix.nl/index.php?page=manylanguages/languages.inc&amp;lng=ae">"Asterix around the World - the many Languages of Asterix"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek&amp;rft.btitle=Asterix+around+the+World+-+the+many+Languages+of+Asterix&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asterix-obelix.nl%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dmanylanguages%2Flanguages.inc%26lng%3Dae&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Areios Potēr kai ē tu philosophu lithos</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a> 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/158234826X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-58234-826-X</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.repubblica.it/ultimora/24ore/nazionale/news-dettaglio/4581488">http://www.repubblica.it/ultimora/24ore/nazionale/news-dettaglio/4581488</a> <i>Enigmistica: nasce prima rivista in greco antico</i> 2015).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahlfs, Alfred, and Hanhart, Robert (eds.), <i>Septuaginta, editio altera</i> (<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bibelgesellschaft" title="Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft">Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft</a>, 2006).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akwn.net/">"Akropolis World News"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek&amp;rft.btitle=Akropolis+World+News&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akwn.net%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/jason-and-the-argot-land-where-greeks-ancient-language-survives-2174669.html"><i>Jason and the argot: land where Greek's ancient language survives</i></a>, <i>The Independent</i>, 3 January 2011</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/against-all-odds-archaic-greek-in-a-modern-world">Against all odds: archaic Greek in a modern world</a>, University of Cambridge</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcAYP4irSyQ">Archaic Greek in a modern world</a> video from Cambridge University, on YouTube</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chantraine" title="Pierre Chantraine">P. Chantraine</a> (1968), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Dictionnaire-Etymologique-Grec">Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque</a>,</i> Klincksieck, Paris.</li>
<li><i>Athenaze: An Introduction to Ancient Greek</i> (Oxford University Press). [A series of textbooks on Ancient Greek published for school use.]</li>
<li>Hansen, Hardy and Quinn, Gerald M. (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Greek.html?id=T9Gi7jYCxegC"><i>Greek: An Intensive Course</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a></li>
<li>Easterling, P &amp; Handley, C. <i>Greek Scripts: An illustrated introduction</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Hellenic_Studies" title="Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies">Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies</a>, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0902984179" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-902984-17-9</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
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<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></b></i></td>
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</table>
<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
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<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" width="32" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="//incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/grc/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/grc/Κυ?ία Δέλτος">Ancient Greek test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></td>
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<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
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<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="//wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Category:Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek repository</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>, the free library</td>
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<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
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<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Ancient Greek, see the <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Ancient Greek language"><i><b>Ancient Greek language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</td>
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<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
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<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="s:el:Κ??ια Σελίδα/Α?χαία">Texts in Ancient Greek</a></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/grkol-0-X.html">Classical Greek Lessons</a> (free online through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/lrctr/">Linguistics Research Center</a> at UT Austin)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tododiccionarios.com/rosetta/griego.html">Online Greek resources</a> – Dictionaries, grammar, virtual libraries, fonts, etc.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpheios.net">Alpheios</a> – Combines LSJ, Autenrieth, Smyth's grammar and inflection tables in a browser add-on for use on any web site</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&amp;morpho=0&amp;basename=new100\ier\grk&amp;limit=-1">Ancient Greek basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Ancient_Greek_Swadesh_list">Ancient Greek Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh list appendix</a>)</li>
<li><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />&#160;<cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Greek_Language" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Greek Language">Greek Language</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek&amp;rft.atitle=Greek+Language&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slavonicpro.ru/polytonicEn.html">Slavonic</a> - online editor for Ancient Greek</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Grammar_learning">Grammar learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Grammar learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.home.nl/petjoeprietveld/muomgram/grammar/">A more extensive grammar of the Ancient Greek language written by J. Rietveld</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/Greek.htm">Recitation of classics books</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_PersInfo.html">Perseus Greek dictionaries</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greek-language.com">Greek-Language.com</a> – Information on the history of the Greek language, application of modern Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for learning Greek</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-language.asp">Free Lessons in Ancient Greek, Bilingual Libraries, Forum</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greekgrammar.wikidot.com">A critical survey of websites devoted to Ancient Greek</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/ancient_greek_start.html">Ancient Greek Tutorials</a> – Berkeley Language Center of the University of California</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daedalus.umkc.edu/FirstGreekBook/index.html">A Digital Tutorial For Ancient Greek Based on White's First Greek Book</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntgreek.net/">New Testament Greek</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akwn.net/">Acropolis World News</a> – A summary of the latest world news in Ancient Greek, Juan Coderch, University of St Andrews</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Classical_texts">Classical texts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Classical texts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_Greco-Roman.html">Perseus – Greek and Roman Materials</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/en/texts1en.htm">Ancient Greek Texts</a></li>
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<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Periods</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" title="Roman Greece">Roman Greece</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doric_hexapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric hexapolis">Doris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argos" title="Argos">Argos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalkis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boeotarch" title="Boeotarch">Boeotarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphē paranóm?n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apella" title="Apella">Apella</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harmost" title="Harmost">Harmost</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Lydia" title="List of kings of Lydia">Kings of Lydia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Others</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agis_II" title="Agis II">Agis II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_I" title="Leonidas I">Leonidas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miltiades" title="Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(general)" title="Pausanias (general)">Pausanias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Groups</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of Ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By culture</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Culture" title="Ancient Greece">Culture</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_calendars" title="Hellenic calendars">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek wedding customs">Wedding customs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_science" title="Category:Ancient Greek science">Sciences</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Structures</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera <span style="font-size:90%;">(Olympia)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus <span style="font-size:90%;">(Olympia)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><strong class="selflink">Language</strong></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece-related_lists" title="Category:Ancient Greece-related lists">Lists</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Greek_language&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Origin and genealogy</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Greek">Proto-Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (c. 1600–1100 BC)</li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Ancient Greek</strong> (c. 800–300 BC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (c. 300 BC–AD 330)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (c. 330–1453)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Varieties</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li>
<li>Italiot
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_dialect_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabrian dialect (Greek)">Greco/Calabrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" title="Griko dialect">Griko/Apulian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rume%C3%ADka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumeíka">Mariupolitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Phonology</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Grammar</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar_(tables)" title="Ancient Greek grammar (tables)">tables</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Writing systems</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li>
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</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Promotion and study</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek morphemes">Morphemes in English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li>
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<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Template:Languages of Tunisia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official languages</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">Vernacular languages</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerba_Berber" title="Jerba Berber">Jerba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matmata_Berber" title="Matmata Berber">Matmata</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian Sign Language</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">Historical languages</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Greek</strong><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic language</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician language</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language">Numidian language</a><sup>†</sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">Main liturgical languages</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Main foreign languages</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language_periods" title="Template:Greek language periods"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%">Ages of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></div>
</th>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;">
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">C.</a> 3rd millenium BC</span></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight:normal;">C. 1600–1100 BC</span></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight:normal;">C. 800–300 BC</span></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight:normal;">C. 300 BC&#160;–&#160;AD 330</span></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight:normal;">C. 330–1453</span></td>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Since 1453</span></td>
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<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
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<td style="padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<p><strong class="selflink">Ancient</strong></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;">
<div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern</a></p>
</div>
</td>
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</table>
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</td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4113791-7">4113791-7</a></span></span></li>
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